=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-3039/paper2
|storemode=property
|title=Energy Monitoring System based on IoT
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3039/paper2.pdf
|volume=Vol-3039
|authors=Serhii Tsyrulnyk,Tromsuk Volodymyr,Maksym Tsyrulnyk,Pavlo Rymar
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ittap/TsyrulnykVTR21
}}
==Energy Monitoring System based on IoT==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3039/paper2.pdf
Energy Monitoring System based on IoT
Serhii Tsyrulnyka,b, Volodymyr Tromsyuka, Maksym Tsyrulnykc and Pavlo Rymarc
a
Vinnytsia Technical College, Khmelnytske highway, 91/2, Vinnytsia, 21021, Ukraine
b
Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, str. Sonyachna, 3, City, Vinnytsia, 21008, Ukraine
c
Vasyl' Stus Donetsk National University, str. 600-richchia, 21, Vinnytsia, 21021, Ukraine
Abstract
Today, electrical appliances at home and work have become indispensable assistants that create
comfortable conditions for people. Automated and intelligent electricity meters are being
introduced around the world to monitor and assess electricity use in every home and workplace.
The paper proposes a system designed for remote monitoring of electricity consumption from
anywhere in the world and sends e-mail notifications when energy consumption reaches the
threshold value. This technique uses a WeMos wireless control module with an ESP8266
microcontroller using a Wi-Fi channel, which is built into the Internet of Things and allows
you to measure the current consumption of the load connected to the 220V mains and transmit
the measured value via Wi-Fi. The ACS712 current sensor measures the current consumption
and also provides insulation between the load and the IoT module. The Adafruit IO free cloud
service and the MQTT Dashboard Android mobile app are used to track energy usage, and the
IFTTT cloud service links the data to SMS / email notifications.
Keywords 1
Energy Monitoring System, Remote monitoring, Automatic billing, Internet of Things, module
IoT
1. Introduction
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a rapidly growing industry, which includes technologies such as
"Smart and Safe House", "Smart City", "Virtual Marketing", "Communication and Navigation
Equipment", "Virtual Engineering". Such technologies already cover almost every segment in the
industry, business, healthcare, and consumer goods. IoT is one of the main trends in the IT industry [1].
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new field that is now developing rapidly. Internet-related things
are designed to make life even more functional and comfortable. Thanks to intelligence and
communications, a new set of functions appears in the equipment: monitoring, control, optimization,
autonomy [2-4].
Connecting devices to the Internet provides new opportunities for both consumers and
manufacturers. Consumers can control their costs and manage time, and manufacturers can control the
operation of devices, more easily solve the problem of its maintenance, as well as offer new revenue-
generating structures.
The main trend that affects the development of information systems in the energy sector is the Smart
Grid concept. According to the Smart Grid concept, the priority direction of IT development in the
energy sector in the coming years is the widespread introduction of smart (smart) meters. Smart
electricity meters are provided with communication tools for the transmission of accumulated
information using network technologies to monitor and make payments for utilities [5, 6].
ITTAP’2021: 1nd International Workshop on Information Technologies: Theoretical and Applied Problems, November 16–18, 2021,
Ternopil, Ukraine
EMAIL: sovm@ukr.net (S. Tsyrulnyk); 2013tvd@gmail.com (V. Tromsyuk); maximtsyrulnyk@gmail.com (M. Tsyrulnyk);
p.rymar@donnu.edu.ua (P. Rymar)
ORCID: 0000-0002-5703-9761 (S. Tsyrulnyk); 0000-0001-5022-8159 (V. Tromsyuk); 0000-0002-0647-2020 (P. Rymar)
©️ 2021 Copyright for this paper by its authors.
Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)
2. System Architecture
The power monitoring system is a software and hardware module of wireless control using a Wi-Fi
channel, which is built into the Internet of Things [2, 3, 7] and allows you to measure the current
consumption of the load connected to the 220V mains and transmit the measured value via Wi-Fi
network with remote access from a mobile phone, tablet or personal computer and sends an e-mail bill
for electricity [8, 9].
Current
Microcontroller
sensor
~220V
Figure 1: Block diagram of the electricity meter
2.1 Hardware
The main element of the electricity monitoring system is the IoT-based control module, which
receives information from the current sensor and transmits via Wi-Fi to the cloud service, to which the
user can connect and view information about electricity consumption.
The control module can be implemented in the following ways. The first way is to connect to an
Arduino Uno and a Wi-Fi shield based on HDG04 [3, 11]. Hardware connection of these modules is
performed by applying a Wi-Fi shield to the Arduino Uno, in the form of a "sandwich". Wi-Fi shield is
based on the HDG104 module, which is a system on the chip, which provides an Arduino connected to
the Internet via wireless LAN 802.11b / g (Wi-Fi). This assembly has strong disadvantages, namely:
high price, large size.
The second way is to connect to the Arduino Pro Mini and ESP-01. In this connection, the Arduino
Pro Mini acts as a microcontroller, and the ESP-01 (ESP8266) acts as an Internet transmission device.
Since the level of the output signals of the microcontroller is 5V, there is no need for a level conversion
device. Connections are made through a board to which two modules are soldered.
The third way is to use the IoT module on the ESP8266 chip in the design version of the Node MCU
V3 or WeMos D1, which acts as a data transmission device via the Internet and a microcontroller
control. This method has the most advantages in terms of characteristics, size, price and is therefore
used to implement an electricity monitoring system.
Figure 2: A pinout diagram of a WeMos D1 mini module and their corresponding functions
The port distribution of the WeMos D1 mini-module is shown in Figure 2. The module contains 11
general-purpose ports. Some ports have additional functions: GPIO1, GPIO3 - UART, GPIO5 / D1,
GPIO4 / D2 - I²C / TWI, D5..D8 - SPI, D1..D7 - PWM outputs (PWM), A0 - analog output from ADC.
A current sensor is connected to the module via A0.To connect this module, simply apply a supply
voltage of + 5V.
A key component of the electricity monitoring system is the current sensor ACS712 [10] from
Allegro. The ACS712 module works on the principle of the Hall effect: if a conductor with a current is
placed in a magnetic field, then at its edges there is an EMF directed perpendicular to both the direction
of the current and the direction of the magnetic field. The Hall sensor is used to measure the magnetic
field around a current-carrying conductor. The result of the measurement is called the Hall voltage. This
Hall voltage is proportional to the current flowing through the conductor. The main advantage of using
the ACS712 current sensor is that it can measure both AC and DC, and also provides isolation between
the load (AC / DC load) and the measuring unit (part of the microcontroller). Technical characteristics
of the ACS712-30A sensor [10]: sensitivity 185 mV / A, supply voltage +5.0 V; current consumption
does not exceed 11 mA; current bus resistance 1.2 mOhm. The diagram of the ACS712-30A module is
shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Diagram of the ACS712 module
As shown in Figure 3, connector P2 is used to connect to a microcontroller (WeMos). Connector P2
is designed to pass current through it. The module operates at + 5 V, so Vcc must be powered from 5
V, and the ground must be connected to the ground of the system. Output Vout has a bias voltage of
2500 mV. When there is no current through the wire, then the output voltage will be 2500 mV, and
when the current is positive, the voltage will be more than 2500 mV, and when the current is negative,
the voltage will be less than 2500 mV.
Figure 4: Connecting the ACS712 current sensor to the microcontroller
The analog output A0 of the WeMos module will be used to read the output voltage (Vout) of the
module, which will be 512 (2500 mV) when the current does not pass through the wire. A resistive
divider will be used to match the levels between the WeMos module and the ACS712. In Figure 4
shows that to measure current, the sensor is connected to the circuit between the power supply and the
load. Table 1 helps to understand how the output voltage and ADC value change depending on the
current flowing through the wire.
Table 1
The value of the output voltage and ADC depending on the current
Analog Value Vout (mV) Current Through the Wires (A)
1023 5000 13.51351351
800 3910.068426 7.621991493
700 3421.309873 4.980053367
512 2502.443793 0.013209691
300 1466.27566 -5.587699136
301 1471.163245 -5.561279755
0 0 -13.51351351
The values in Table 1 were calculated based on the information provided in the datasheet ACS712-
30A [10]. They can be calculated by the following formulas using the following formulas:
V out (mV) = (ADC value / 1023) * 5000
Current (A) = (Vout (mV) -2500) / 185.
An AC-DC Hi-Link HLK-PM01 voltage converter with a 5V output voltage and a maximum output
current of 0.6A is used to power the WeMos D1 mini-module and the ASC712 sensor with a voltage of
+ 5V from the mains voltage. The unit has a small sealed housing with legs for mounting on a printed
circuit board. There is built-in protection against short circuits.
2.2. Software
2.2.1. Web-integration
Various sensors transmit information about different physical quantities through the appropriate
channels, while consumers subscribe to receive them. MQTT is the most popular Internet of Things
protocol. MQTT is a subscription publication protocol that facilitates one-to-many communication.
Clients can post messages to the broker and/or subscribe to the broker to receive certain messages.
Messages are organized by topics that act as a system for sending messages to subscribers [4].
Figure 5: Start page of the Adafruit IO service
An MQTT broker must be used to monitor energy consumption over the Internet. The Adafruit IO
platform is used as an MQTT broker [1, 2, 9]. The procedure for setting up the service is given below.
In Figure 5 shows the login or registration for the Adafruit IO service with your credentials. Go to
the IO tab at the top of the Adafruit IO service page which is shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6: IO tab Adafruit IO service page
In Figure 7 shows how to create a new information panel (Dashboard).
Figure 7: Creating an information panel
Click the My Key button and write down the value of Active Key, which will be used in the program
code, as shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8: Viewing the value of the Adafruit IO Key project
In the Dashboard properties, select the Create New Block command. Click on the "Gauge" button
to display the energy usage level, as shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9: Selecting the Gauge block for the information panel
In the settings of the "Sensor" block, fill in the name (Power) and the minimum and maximum values
from 0 and 100, respectively, as shown in Figure 10.
Figure 10: Configuring the properties of the "Sensor" block
On the Dashboard, we add the block of type "Text" and we adjust similarly its properties, as shown
in Figure 11. As a result, the information panel will look like Figure 12.
Automation connects the Internet of Things web services. IFTTT [2, 12] is a leading application for
automation. Using a series of conditional statements, you can force certain events to trigger certain
actions. The IFTTT service has a very low entry threshold, free, simple, integrates with a huge number
of services, so it is advisable to use it for integration with the Adafruit IO platform, which will allow
you to send the results of electricity monitoring by e-mail. Consider the settings of the IFTTT service.
Figure 13, 14 shows how to configure the Adafruit service to work with the IFTTT service [9, 12].
Figure 11: Configuring the properties of the "Text" block
Figure 12: Appearance of the energy meter information panel
Figure 13: Selecting the IFTTT service to work with the Adafruit service
Figure 14: Configuring the Adafruit service to work with the IFTTT service
Next, create an applet in IFTTT [2, 12] to send an e-mail to the energy meter, if the value of the
electricity bill is equal to or exceeds a certain value. To do this, go to the IFTTT service from your
account and select the Create command, as shown in Figure 15.
In the window for creating a new applet, see Figure 16, select the Add command to select the service.
In Figure 17, in the search window, enter Adafruit and select the applet "Monitor a feed on Adafruit
IO", which is shown in Figure 18.
Figure 15: Creating a new applet in the IFTTT service
Figure 16: Selecting a service to create a new event
Figure 17: Searching for the Adafruit event source service
Figure 18: Adafruit event source applets
Figure 19: Configuring the Monitor a feed on Adafruit IO applet
Figure 20 shows how to configure the fields of the Monitor a feed on the Adafruit IO applet to work
with the Adafruit dashboard. After clicking the "Create trigger" button, a window for selecting an action
on the event from the Adafruit applet opens. You need to select the Add button and go to search for the
Gmail service, select its applets, and configure the applet "Send yourself an email", which is shown in
Figures 21, 22, 23.
Figure 20: Adding an action from the Adafruit applet
Figure 21: Select a Gmail service to send an email to an event
After clicking the "Create action" button, the IFTTT service window opens, which is all configured:
when an event occurs in Adafruit, an email will be sent to the user's e-mail, which is shown in Figures
22, 23.
Figure 22: Setting up the applet “Send yourself an email”
Figure 23: Completing the Adafruit and Gmail interaction setup
2.2.2. IoT module software
The software for the ESP8266 microcontroller was developed in the Arduino IDE environment [2,
4, 13].
The ACS712.h library is used to operate the ACS712 sensor [10].
The ACS712.h library has a built-in function for calculating current. The command is used to
connect the library
#include "ACS712.h"
Create an array to store energy to send it to the NodeMCU.
char watt [5];
Create an instance to use ACS712-30Amp, which is connected to A0.
ACS712 sensor(ACS712_30A, A0);
In the setup function, we determine the data rate 115200 with WeMos and call the sensor.calibrate()
function to calibrate the current sensor to obtain accurate measurement readings.
void setup () {
Serial.begin (115200);
sensor.calibrate ();
}
In the loop function, call the sensor.getCurrentAC() function to obtain the current value and save it
in variable I. After receiving the current, calculate the power by the formula P = V * I.
void loop () {
float V = 220;
float I = sensor.getCurrentAC ();
float P = V * I;
Next, the code converts the power to W * h (Wh).
last_time = current_time;
current_time = millis();
Wh = Wh + P *((current_time -last_time)/3600000.0);
Convert the value of Wh to characters to send it from WeMos, using the function dtostrf (); will
convert float to a char array so that it can then be easily printed:
dtostrf(floatvar, StringLengthIncDecimalPoint, numVarsAfterDecimal, charbuf);
The AdaFruit MQTT library is required to work with WeMos. We include all libraries for the Wi-
Fi ESP12 module and AdaFruit MQTT.
#include
#include "Adafruit_MQTT.h"
#include "Adafruit_MQTT_Client.h"
#define WLAN_SSID "xxxxxxxx"; SSID/назва Wi-Fi
#define WLAN_PASS "xxxxxxxxxxx"; пароль Wi-Fi
Next, configure the connection to the AdaFruit service (server, port, username and code (Figire 2.8))
#define AIO_SERVER "io.adafruit.com"
#define AIO_SERVERPORT 1883
#define AIO_USERNAME "********";ім’я користувача AdaFruit
#define AIO_KEY "**********************";код проекту AdaFruit
Create a WiFiClient class to connect to the MQTT server, configure the MQTT client class by
passing the WiFi client and the MQTT server and login data.
WiFiClient client;
Adafruit_MQTT_Client mqtt(&client, AIO_SERVER, AIO_SERVERPORT, AIO_USERNAME,
AIO_KEY);
Adafruit_MQTT_Publish Power = Adafruit_MQTT_Publish(&mqtt, AIO_USERNAME
"/feeds/Power");
Adafruit_MQTT_Publish bill = Adafruit_MQTT_Publish(&mqtt, AIO_USERNAME "/feeds/bill");
In the setup () function, add the information output setting to the Port Monitor and connect the Wi-
Fi module to the Wi-Fi access point.
void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
delay(10);
Serial.println(F("Adafruit MQTT demo"));
// Connect to WiFi access point.
Serial.println(); Serial.println();
Serial.print("Connecting to ");
Serial.println(WLAN_SSID);
WiFi.begin(WLAN_SSID, WLAN_PASS);
….
}
In the loop function we publish data in AdaFruit IO.
void loop() {
MQTT_connect();
int i=0;
float watt1;
The next function calculates the amount of the bill by multiplying the power (in W · h) by the energy
tariff and dividing it by 1000 to make the power in kWh.
bill_amount = watt1 * (energyTariff/1000); // 1unit = 1kwH
The data can then be published to the MQTT broker
Serial.print(F("\nSending Power val "));
Serial.println(watt1);
Serial.print("...");
if (! Power.publish (watt1)) {Serial.println (F ("Failed"));}
else {Serial.println (F ("Добре!"));}
if (! bill.publish (bill_amount)) {Serial.println (F ("Failed"));}
else {Serial.println (F ("Добре!")); }
2.3. Problem Faced
In this system, the WeMos module and the ACS712 current sensor are very important elements on
which the accuracy of measuring the consumed electricity depends. The ACS712.h library provides the
ability to calibrate the ACS712 sensor programmatically. Therefore, the electricity monitoring system
needs to be calibrated before operation.
3. ACS712 current sensor operation and calibration test
A computer model of the power monitoring system in the Proteus 8.7 software environment was
developed to study the operation and calibration of the ACS712 current sensor, which is shown in
Figure 24 [14].
Figure 24: Scheme of modeling of an electricity monitoring system based on IoT
Figure 24 Virtual Terminal simulates the operation of the WiFi module and allows you to check the
data that the monitoring system transmits to the cloud service or to the mobile application. A test
program was recorded for the Arduino module, the purpose of which was to check the operation of the
ACS712 sensor, the reliability of the data (voltage, current, energy) that the Arduino transmits to the
Virtual Terminal. Listing test program 1:
const int currentPin = A0;
int sensitivity = 66;
int adcValue= 0;
int offsetVoltage = 121;
double adcVoltage = 0;
double currentValue = 0;
double p;
double Wh =0 ;
double bill_amount = 0;
unsigned int energyTariff = 1.68;
unsigned long last_time =0;
unsigned long current_time =0;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop(){
adcValue = analogRead(currentPin);
adcVoltage = (adcValue / 1024.0) * 466;
currentValue = ((adcVoltage - offsetVoltage) / sensitivity);
Serial.print("\t Voltage(V) = ");
Serial.print(adcVoltage,1);
Serial.print("\t Current = ");
Serial.print(currentValue,2);
p = adcVoltage * currentValue;
last_time = current_time;
current_time = millis();
Wh = Wh + p *(( current_time -last_time) /3600000.0) ;
Serial.print("\t Wh = ");
Serial.println(Wh,2);
delay(10000);
bill_amount = Wh * (energyTariff/1000); // 1unit = 1kwH
if (bill_amount > 4){
for (int i =0; i<=2; i++){
Serial.print("\t Bill_amount = ");
Serial.println(bill_amount);
delay(5000);}
}
delay (5000);
}
Figure 24 uses an AC generator (220V / 50Hz), a lamp (220V / 40W), and an AC ammeter. Every
10 seconds, data on voltage, current, consumed electricity, electricity bills are transmitted to the Virtual
Terminal if the consumed electricity exceeds 4 kW. The results of modeling the IoT-based monitoring
system are shown in Figure 25.
Figure 25: Results of modeling the electricity monitoring system
The obtained data correspond to the readings of the ammeter, which is connected in series with the
load and the value of the mains voltage, however, the real scheme will need to adjust the value issued
by the sensor ACS712. The manufacturer recommends setting the sensitivity value for the ACS712-
30A sensor to 66 mV / A. We will make changes to the test program so that the user can change the
values of sensitivity and FormFactor. To do this, add another Virtual Terminal to the scheme, which
will simulate commands coming from a mobile application or cloud service. The test program provides
commands "*" or "/", which increase or decrease by 1 the value of the sensor sensitivity, and "+", "-",
which increase/decrease the FormFactor by 1.05. Test program to study the effect of sensitivity and
FormFactor values on measurement accuracy:
#include "ACS712.h"
// Arduino UNO has 5.0 volt with a max ADC value of 1023 steps
// ACS712 5A uses 185 mV per A, 20A-100 mV, 30A-66 mV
ACS712 ACS(A0, 5.0, 1023, 66);
void setup(){
Serial.begin(9600);
ACS.autoMidPoint();
}
void loop(){
int mA = ACS.mA_AC();
Serial.println(mA);
if (Serial.available() > 0)
{
char c = Serial.read();
if (c == '*') ACS.setmVperAmp(ACS.getmVperAmp() + 1);
if (c == '/') ACS.setmVperAmp(ACS.getmVperAmp() - 1);
Serial.print("mVperAmp:\t");
Serial.println(ACS.getmVperAmp());
if (c == '+') ACS.setFormFactor(ACS.getFormFactor() * 1.05);
if (c == '-') ACS.setFormFactor(ACS.getFormFactor() / 1.05);
Serial.print("formFactor:\t");
Serial.println(ACS.getFormFactor());
}
delay(1000);
}
Figure 26: Investigation of the influence of sensitivity and FormFactor values on the measurement
accuracy of the ACS712-30 sensor.
The results of the study of the influence of sensitivity and FormFactor values on the measurement
accuracy of the ACS712-30 sensor are shown in Table 2 and Figures 26, 27.
Figure 27: Investigation of the influence of sensitivity and FormFactor values on the measurement
accuracy of the ACS712-30 sensor
According to the results of the study, it was found that during the simulation, the most accurate
values of the current measurement of the sensor ACS712-30 are achieved at the value sensitivity = 65
and FormFactor = 0.72.
Table 2
Study of the influence of sensitivity values on the measurement accuracy of the sensor ACS712-30
mVperAmp 60 61 62 63 64 65
I_ASC712, mA 1632 1592 1566 1521 1517 1500
mVperAmp 66 67 68 69 70
I_ASC712, mA 1471 1455 1428 1389 1345
4. Results
The power monitoring system based on the IoT module is based on the ESP8266 microcontroller,
which is part of the WeMos D1 mini platform. The microcontroller organizes data transfer via WiFi to
the MQTT broker. ACS712 is used as a current sensor, which can measure both alternating and direct
current, and also provides insulation between the load (alternating/direct current load) and the
measuring unit (part of the microcontroller). A prototype of the electricity monitoring system is shown
in Figure 28.
Figure 28: Appearance of an IoT-based electricity meter
Figure 29: MQTT Dashboard mobile application configuration window for IoT-based power monitoring
system
Launch the MQTT Dashboard application on the mobile phone and configure it according to Figure
29. Figure 30 shows the window of the mobile application, which allows you to monitor the values of
Power and Bill.
Figure 30: MQTT Dashboard mobile application Window
Check the values in the Power field of the application on the mobile phone in half an hour. If the
value exceeds or is less than 37.5, ACS712-30 must be calibrated. To do this, enter a sensitivity factor
in the program code (line 61) and reprogram the WeMos module.
5. Conclusion
The Internet of Things captures virtually every segment of the industry, business, healthcare, and
consumer goods. Smart devices for the home such as irrigation systems, code access, and protection,
lighting, thermostats are easily implemented through the IFTTT service, which allows you to combine
a variety of network applications, as well as the system "Smart Home".
Going to the Internet of Things is quite simple. You must select a hardware platform, development
environment, and create a graphical interface for your device.
For Internet of Things projects, the question arises of choosing a mobile application or online
service. For non-commercial projects, the most optimal connection is the AdaFruit IO online platform,
the IFTTT service, and the MQTT Dashboard application for the Android platform. They will allow
you to access private or public online access from any device that has access to the Internet and the
ability to have its mobile application interface. This connection allows you to monitor the data.
The article proposes practical aspects of the implementation of the electricity monitoring system
based on the IoT module WeMos and the sensor ACS712-30 with a minimum cost and the ability to
adapt to the home automation system. The use of wireless technologies provides several advantages:
ease of installation and operation, scalability and ease of solution, integration of mobile devices.
The proposed system allows you to quickly monitor and analyze the mode of consumption of
electricity and power by major consumers of electrical equipment over long distances, which increases
comfort. Wireless technology is an attractive choice when renovating, repairing, and installing new
systems.
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