=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-3039/paper48
|storemode=property
|title=Transformation Of Intellectual Capital Into Intellectual-Information In The Process Of Formation And Implementation Of Modern Information
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3039/paper48.pdf
|volume=Vol-3039
|authors=Nahorniak Halyna,Sverstiuk Andriy
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ittap/HalynaA21
}}
==Transformation Of Intellectual Capital Into Intellectual-Information In The Process Of Formation And Implementation Of Modern Information==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3039/paper48.pdf
Transformation of Intellectual Capital into Intellectual-information
in the Process of Formation and Implementation Modern
Information
Halyna Nahorniaka, Andriy Sverstiukb
a
Ternopil Ivan Puluj’s National Technical University, Ruska st. 56, Ternopil, 46001, Ukraine
b
Ternopil Ivan Gorbachevskij’s National Medical University, Maidan Voli, 1, 46001, Ukraine
Abstract
The new stage of development of modern economy caused as information economy, is characterized
by the increasing value of knowledge and information which are provided, in turn, by creation of the
mechanism of realization and development of the economic relations of unique resources which
arise in the course of their transformation in the capital benefits of society. Increase in a role of
information and knowledge in modern economy induces to development of new functional forms of
capital, such as intellectual capital, information capital, brand capital, etc. However, noting specifics
of each of the specified forms, it is necessary to emphasize complexity their disengagement in real
economy. The necessary synthesizing approach which allows to render on the basis of the qualitative
analysis of the general regularities of the economic address of these forms of the capital features of
transformation of the intellectual capital in information and intellectual in process formation that to
implementation of modern information technologies of subjects of economic activity. However,
noting specifics of each of the specified forms, it is necessary to emphasize complexity their
disengagement in real economy. The necessary synthesizing approach which allows to render on the
basis of the qualitative analysis of the general regularities of the economic address of these forms of
the capital features of formation of the intellectual and information capital in general.
Keywords
Intellectual capital, intellectual and information capital, information technologies, information
systems, knowledge, digital economy.
Introduction
In the conditions of change of a paradigm of civilization development, connected with the developing world
financial and economic, energy and epidemiological crisis gains the special theoretical and practical importance of a
research of the intellectual capital as key resource of the modern enterprises, definition of the directions of its influence
on ensuring constant development. Ensuring constant development of the enterprise which allows to keep its
competitiveness acts as strategic priorities of management of the intellectual capital, to create conditions for economic
security and to form a basis for ensuring profitability of business. Formations of qualitatively new relations between
employees of the enterprise and its management are a necessary condition of development of the intellectual capital.
The highly qualified modern specialist takes care of increase in the intellectual and cultural level as he sells to owners
of the enterprise not the ability to work, and concrete results of intellectual activity. Therefore in new conditions the
importance of formation at workers not only professional kompetents, but also creativity, persistence, personal
initiatives, creativity, ability to production of the fruitful business ideas which turn into a special type of the human
capital increases.
Dynamic development of modern society possible only in conditions intensive, resistant, the directed
development and reproduction of the personality, her intellectual and creative opportunities. In the advanced
corporations of the world the attention is focused on uniqueness and exclusive value of a contribution of each worker
both purposeful and maximum use of his intellectual potential that is a basis of reproduction of the general capital of the
enterprise. The intellectual capital of certain workers forms intellectual potential of society that is a key factor, has
influence on formation of innovative economy. In such economy people who own knowledge, professional
competences, capable to intellectual activity, continuous formation and increase in the creative potential become the
main strategic resource of development.
___________________________
ITTAP’2021: 1nd International Workshop on Information Technologies: Theoretical and Applied Problems, November 16–18, 2021, Ternopil,
Ukraine
EMAIL: Galinka2005_08@ukr.net (Halyna Nahorniak); sverstyuk@tdmu.edu.ua (Andriy Sverstiuk); ORCID: 0000-0002-5446-2417 (Halyna
Nahorniak); 0000-0001-8644-0776 (Andriy Sverstiuk)
©️ 2021 Copyright for this paper by its authors.
Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)
As theoretical basis of a research are theoretical researches of economic science, results of
scientific views of domestic and foreign scientists from problems of transformation of the intellectual capital
in intellectual and information, development of modern information technologies of subjects of economic
activity, normative legal acts of public authorities management act. Dynamic development of modern society
possible only in conditions intensive, resistant, the directed development and reproduction of the personality,
her intellectual and creative opportunities. In the advanced corporations of the world the attention is focused
on uniqueness and exclusive value of a contribution of each worker both purposeful and maximum use of his
intellectual potential that is a basis of reproduction of the general capital of the enterprise. The intellectual
capital of certain workers forms intellectual potential of society that is a key factor, has influence on
formation of innovative economy. In such economy people who own knowledge, professional competences,
capable to intellectual activity, continuous formation and increase in the creative potential become the main
strategic resource of development.
Active participation in a research of the intellectual capital was taken by foreign scientists: E.
Bruking, S. Payk, Y. Ruus, T. Stewart, K. Taylor, J. Tis, L. Fernstrem, Y. Schumpeter, L. Evynsson.
In Ukraine a research of this problem is covered in scientific works of such Ukrainian scientists as: V.
Bazilevich, V. Vrublevskiy, N. Gavkalov, V. Geyets, A. Gritsenko, B. Dergalyuk, Yu. Zaytseva, A. Kolot, L.
Kurilo, L. Lazebnyk, V. Lychf, G. Lyashenko, E. Libanova, V. Mandybura, A. Oleshko, S. Onyshko, Yu.
Pahomov, V. Savchuk, V. Svichkar, L. Fedulova, A. Chukhno, O. Shkurupiy, V. Yakubenko, etc.
Being the property reproduced by the party, the intellectual and information capital also, as well as
traditional forms of capital, in the course of the reproduction provides economic realization of the relations
of property in certain, inherent in it to a form. In this regard objective need is formations and distribution of
investment income which arises in the course of use of intellectual and information capital as significant
factor which provides not only expanded reproduction of knowledge and information, but also coordination
of economic interests. The increasing value of information and knowledge in modern economy finds the
expression both in theoretical researches, and at the political level – when developing concepts and programs
of social and economic development of the different countries. It is necessary to mark out importance of
development of social and economic institutes which govern economic the relations of subjects of
intellectual activity on which the efficiency of reproduction of the intellectual and information capital caused
not only by the level of development of productive forces of society, but also degree of the specification of
the property rights depends. Thus, defining efficiency of economic development both on micro, and at the
macrolevel, the intellectual and information capital is the most significant factor of competitiveness of
national economy. The relevance of a subject of a research consists in need of creation of effective
mechanisms formation and reproduction of intellectual and information capital in a national economic
system.
The XXI century is an era of active development of digital technologies and communication
technologies, the Internet, IT which is characterized, generally digitalization and automation of all processes
which can be automated. The material world intertwines with the world virtual more and more closely, and
in the near future the digitalization and the so-called “hybrid world” (the world formed to combinations of
two realities) will become the integral characteristics of new reality. Digital transformations gradually gain
steam, and more and more production and management processes automate. Many functions are delegated
between people and cars, and something is already completely transferred to “hands” of devices, robots and
artificial intelligence. From this trend in the future the refusal of a part of professions and spheres of
professional activity in which involved (or were involved) people naturally follows. Many professions
already begin to disappear, and it means that a large number of jobs will be released and will disappear that
will lead to irreversible changes in the sphere of personnel management. Shortly to the person to sustain the
competition to the equipment and to keep “afloat”, new competences will be necessary. The inevitable reality
induces the modern worker to develop new habits which will not allow it to be “thrown out by what a board”
work and to avoid unemployment to which, in connection with the future global release of personnel caused
by digitalization and business process automation, perhaps threatens to become a new scourge of the
Ukrainian or even world reality.
Significant growth in the sector of economy which development is the cornerstone processes of
transfer and information processing, improvement of information technologies and mass character their
introduction to all spheres of life of society allows to say that “post-industrial society is not a projection and
not extrapolation of the development trends which are already existing in the western society, but the new
principle of the social and technical organization of life, the same as industrial system which replaced with
itself agrarian” [1, p. 40].
Allocation in the history of a world civilization of three waves of development of society was offered
in Elvin Toffler's work “The third wave” (1980). In social development, according E. Toffler, four spheres
interact: techno-, sotsio-, info – and the psychosphere, but the crucial role in the wavy direction of changes is
played by the first of them. Therefore, as a source and driving force of innovations in society technological
revolutions as a result of which they are formed agrarian (to the XVIII article), industrial (to the 50th of the
XX article) and post-industrial (from 50th and till present) stages of social development act. Last, “third”
wave of development of society E. Toffler calls information, fairly including that formations and further
development of information society are result of this post-industrial wave. As intrinsic characteristics of this
society it allocates reduction of concentration of production, growth of quantitative volumes and qualitative
value of information exchange, development of the personal human capital on the basis of individual
economic interests, at the same time a solidarization of the last in the course of social and economic
relationship and formation of social groups. “In these conditions has to fall on each dollar invested in
economy of the Third wave several dollars invested in the human capital – at training education, retraining
working, resettlement, social rehabilitation, cultural adaptation” [5].
Thus, in researches of the authors stated above, individualization of accumulation of the human
capital, on the one hand, and growth of a role of the cumulative capital of information and knowledge as
most significant production factor of modern economy, from another acts as a social and economic
prerequisite of formation of information society. Technical and technological prerequisites of development
are defined by the level of development of modern technologies of automation of production, and, first of all,
information and communication technologies in sphere of formation and scientific research, production and
administrative systems.
At existence of a large number of approaches, most of domestic and foreign scientists committed to
opinion which act as a basic component of the intellectual capital knowledge intellectual resources that is
result of mental activity and such component as a strategic business asset be what enterprise which uses it for
obtaining competitive advantages and value creation. At the same time, the carried-out analysis shows that a
number of the existing definitions differ in an insufficient specification, lack of the analysis of functioning
and development of the intellectual capital in the conditions of management of digital economy. In the
majority of works there is a common fault connected with lack of conditions of interaction of different
components of the intellectual capital, at which possible synergetic effect (accounting of added value,
competitive advantage, etc.).
In general, the intellectual capital needs to be considered at the individual, corporate and state levels.
The individual intellectual capital is a set of individual abilities of the worker, the saved-up stock the identity
of common cultural, special and special knowledge, professional kompetenсes which are implemented in
objects of productively used intellectual property and copyright which allow the worker to gain additional
income and other benefits. Fully the individual human capital is embodied in conditions of its transformation
to a part of the intellectual capital of the enterprise where it finds not only the sphere of own application, but
also an opportunity for development in the form of different forms of knowledge embodied in an object.
In modern conditions of post-industrial development the intellectual capital is created and
concentrates, first of all, at the level of big corporations as small and medium-sized enterprises have no
financial and organizational opportunities to solve cardinal problems of scientific and technical progress:
they lack investments, highly professional personnel, opportunities of its continuous training, with firmness
to maintain competitiveness in the work market, to provide efficiency, dynamism of reproduction of all
system.
Formation of points of growth and development which treat acts as the most important problem of
functioning of subjects of economic activity: creation and development of own, hard copied by other
enterprises organizational competences and resources (intellectual capital) connected with opportunities to
generate new knowledge, development of uniqueness of the enterprise as offer bases to them to consumers of
unique goods and services. Therefore, the modern enterprises want to transformation to the centers of
attraction of different forms of creative innovative activity, including in the structure not only the industrial
enterprises, but also research establishments, education, research and other centers of generation of
knowledge.
In recent years the trend of activization of social orientation of corporations which becomes one of
its main attributes today became widespread in the leading countries of the world and in Ukraine, creating
not only the corresponding image it to owners, but also providing constant development of corporations.
The intellectual capital of the state contains multidimensional set of quality characteristics which
include scientific, human and information resources, innovative technologies, the accumulated competitive
and high-performance knowledge, competences, abilities, ability, habits of people, the saved-up economies,
as are implemented in all spheres of activity and also quality of life which provide in total competitiveness of
economy of the state in the world markets in the conditions of civilization development.
The analysis and assessment of intrinsic characteristics of the intellectual capital assume a research
of its main functions as economic category. Through the performed functions the basic purpose is
implemented be what economic category, including, and the intellectual capital. We consider that taking into
account the need evaluation of the intellectual capital in terms of the theory of management, it is offered to
allocate the following main functions of the intellectual capital:
- generating which is connected with interaction and interpenetration of structural elements of this
capital which allows to create positive effect, to increase efficiency and effectiveness of integrated
management of the enterprise;
- cost that promotes gain of volume of net profit and to increase in the cost of the enterprise due to
formation and realization of necessary intellectual resources which allow to create the competitive
advantages generated by the system of non-material values;
- information which allows to provide accumulation, systematization and transfer of knowledge,
habits, abilities, information on the phenomena and processes of the world around;
- innovative that creates prerequisites of innovative development of the enterprise, its technological
and organizational advantages over competitors and also need of continuous acceleration of gain of volume
of net profit due to formation and realization of knowledge, technologies and systems which provide
effective master’s – production economic activity;
- stimulating which strengthens the potential of economic, technological and innovative activity
which provides effective reproduction, receiving profit and competitiveness of the enterprise as focuses on a
research in all spheres and fields of knowledge for the purpose of creation of new intellectual products;
- accumulative that allows to accumulate knowledge, habits, experience of many generations of
people, to realize them in the course of training and intracorporate interactions, to develop intellectual
property, to create considerable behind the size direct and mediate impact, enduring and economic and social
effect, integrated on character;
- converting that turns knowledge into new results of intellectual activity (technologies, inventions,
products, services, information, etc.) that changes the nature of technological updating of production and its
products which become the main competitive advantage in the market;
- regulatory that promotes formation new and to maintaining the existing traditional norms and rules
which regulate behavior of subjects in the course of innovative activity;
- historical that generates intellectual development, the nature and types of investments taking into
account national, historical, religious, cultural peculiarities and traditions of this region and state;
- the axiological help which reveals and supports the personality in awareness of the importance of
the created intellectual products, works, services, the choice on the basis of value orientations of the
corresponding line of conduct;
- creative that promotes the statement of innovative type of thinking of heads and workers, their
aspiration to realization of the innovative ideas and modern models of economic and social development;
- innovative and communication – develops innovative character implementation of digital
technologies and that expands opportunities internal external communication interaction on the basis of
opportunities of artificial intelligence.
Functions of the intellectual capital can be considered through a prism of the following
organizational management processes:
- existence and development of intellectual property;
- formation of new type of workers who own modern creative type of thinking, capable and ready to
business activity and personnel management which forms and realizes innovative models of reproduction of
each concrete economic system in its set;
- expansion of scales of development and distribution of the intellectual capital in activity of the
enterprises through the systems of innovative and educational clusters, the intellectual centers which cover
gradually all set of factors of production, distribution, exchange that consumption.
Functioning of the intellectual capital is limited to the following conditions for today:
- expansion of scales and frequencies of manifestation of the crisis phenomena which cover not only
economic, but also other spheres of society;
- insufficient readiness of administrative shots and personnel to implementation of innovative and
intellectual activity;
- requirement of big financial investments at creation of intellectual potential;
- considerable growth of scales of information resources, including, information sources which
negatively influence the person;
- lack of duration and systemacity of structural construction in corporate management;
- fast obsolescence of information in the form of effect of the law of dynamic narrowing of time;
- formalizations of processes of research and development which is shown highly uncertainty
(entropy) of their results.
In tab. 1 the presented generalized characteristic of functions of the intellectual capital taking into
account development of the theory of management of social and economic systems and processes.
Table 1
The generalized characteristic of functions of the intellectual capital taking into account development
theories of management of social and economic systems and processes (made by authors)
№ Name of function Characteristic of functions
1. Generate Connected with interaction and interpenetration of structural elements of the
intellectual capital
Cost
2 Promotes gain of volume of net profit and to increase in the cost of the enterprise
2. due to formation and realization of necessary intellectual resources
Information
3 Allows to provide accumulation, systematization and transfer of knowledge,
3. habits, abilities, information on the phenomena and processes of the world around
Innovative
4 Provides innovative development, creation of technological and organizational
4. advantages over competitors
Stimulate
5 Strengthens the potential of economic, technological and innovative activity
5. which positively influences increase in effective management of reproduction of
resource base, receiving profit and competitiveness of the enterprise
Accumulative
6 Accumulates in the course of historical development of knowledge, a habit,
6. experience of many generations of people
Converting
7 Carries out transformation of knowledge to new results of intellectual activity
7. (technologies, inventions, products, services, information, etc.)
Regulatory
8 Promotes formation new and to maintaining the existing traditional norms and
8. rules which regulate behavior of subjects in the course of innovative activity
Cultural
9 historical Generates intellectual development taking into account national, historical,
9. religious, cultural peculiarities and traditions of this region and state
Axiological
1 Provides the help and support of the personality in awareness of ponderability of
10. the created intellectual products, works, services
Creative
1 Approves innovative type of thinking of heads and workers who want to
11. realization of the creative ideas and modern models of economic and social
development
Innovative
1 Develops the innovative nature of implementation of digital technologies and
12. communication expands possibilities of internal and external communication interaction on the
basis of opportunities of artificial intelligence
Thus, the research of intrinsic characteristics of the intellectual capital shows that this economic
category has many-sided and multidimensional character, acts as intellectual richness of the enterprise which
provides creation of intellectual products and services, its innovative development and competitiveness in
new economic conditions.
Near traditional approaches, most of modern scientists offers also other structural elements of the
intellectual capital:
- the emotional capital which defines appearance of the enterprise, the level of its popularity in the
opinion of external consumers and own workers;
- the infrastructure capital which unites set of intellectual resources which carry out a certain
supporting role in the general structure of the intellectual capital (information technologies, network
communication systems, management processes, organizational structure);
- the negative capital is considered rather separate elements of the capital in the ratio them with cost
be which assets of the enterprise, or set of special or specific knowledge, habits, moral or psychological
deviations of the personality who brings it income due to illegal activity;
- the welfare capital which acts as set of social communications of workers, their interrelations and
the relations, the developed verbal abilities of the personality to effective communication and interaction
with people;
- mental abilities are potential opportunities of the individuals capable to make any given to
implement those or other complex works and operations;
- assets of intellectual property which belong to the enterprise and are protected by the law (patents,
license agreements, the ideas, a know-how, brands, a trademark, the name, distributive channels and
different agreements, favorable for the enterprise and contracts);
- assets of infrastructure which represent intellectual assets which provide functioning of the
enterprise (philosophy of management, the general culture, management processes and business processes);
- humanitarian assets – the intellectual assets used by the enterprise, first of all, knowledge, ability
which belong to employees of the enterprise;
- human resources are individual mental abilities of personnel, professional knowledge and
experience (including education level and qualifications), the level of innovative activity and other results
long (that happens over everything) life of process of intellectual activity of specific persons who represent a
basis of personnel of the enterprise;
- information and intellectual resources – set of the research and production, financial, marketing,
organizational and administrative, personnel, information and technological, information and administrative,
legal and other ideas, methods, tools, technologies and different forms existence of information received as a
result of intellectual work of employees of the enterprise as cause emergence of its competitive advantages.
Each of the presented options of structure of the intellectual capital, its model and the theory unique
as display specifics of functioning of different activities and its essential substantial components. At all
existing differences, structural components in these theories are created by human intelligence. They exist in
the form of knowledge not separable from people who own them, form some kind of subjective conditions of
application of this knowledge for improving competitiveness of the enterprises and organizations, materialize
in products and intellectual property items.
At the same time, the research of structural components of the intellectual capital shows that the
matter is processed insufficiently. In a number of works there is narrowing of views about it an important
economic event which leads to an exception of those or others of important links of the considered structure.
Very often out of the field of a research of the Ukrainian scientists there are important aspects of the
intellectual capital connected with specifics of its realization in economy of knowledge, activization of
competitive confrontation, transformations of philosophy and the strategy of management, interaction with
consumers of products, changes of corporate culture and business cooperation.
We consider that the lowland of the intellectual capital on structural components which contain all
set of elements of this category has basic value in terms of search of sources its increase and estimates of
efficiency its use. Allocation of structural elements of the intellectual capital is important not only from
analytical and theoretical, but also from the practical point of view, allowing to render authentically an object
and a subject of management, to construct optimum organizational and administrative communications
between them.
All structural components of the intellectual capital closely interdependent and interdependent with
each other. Knowledge, ability and creative abilities of workers are embodied in organizational structure and
processes of the enterprise which directly depend on a complex system of relationship of the employees
created in collective of moral customs, value orientations and standards of behavior. In turn, the system
which is formed from corporate culture actively influences business cooperation, interaction with clients and
suppliers, strengthening reputation of the enterprise, improving its innovative capital. Thus, at the enterprise
there is a circulation of the intellectual capital: from human to innovative and vice versa. Therefore for
successful formation of the intellectual capital of the enterprise necessary effective interaction,
interpenetration of different types of the intellectual capital, creation at the same time synergetic effect. In
particular, only at cross influence of some parts of the intellectual capital on others it is carried out
transferrings and consolidation of knowledge from the sphere of interaction with external contractors in
internal systems for the purpose of further use by workers.
Proceeding from the aforesaid, the intellectual capital represents a difficult economic phenomenon
which unites in itself set of different elements which exist as a result of their interaction. It is impossible to
invest in everyone from structural components separately if you want them to support each other, creating
synergetic effect. In this case there is a cross influence of some types of intangible assets on others.
Rapid development of innovative economy turns the intellectual capital into a major factor of
constant development. Constant development is gained by subjects of economic activity which provide not
only the accelerated implementation of new technologies directly in production, professional management of
financial assets, but also consecutive use of the intellectual capital as most important source and to the
guarantor of successful functioning in the conditions of the competitive market relations. Formation of the
economic system based on the intellectual capital which functions in innovative economy defined need of
development of new model of development of the enterprises and organizations. The need for creation of such
model is caused by impossibility of the solution of common problems of the global world the separate
companies as their “chaotic” development could not satisfy the strategic interests of people any more.
Economic crises, deterioration in an ecological situation, global social and power problems caused main
creation of the concept of constant development for overcoming negative consequences of transformations of
human society.
In the works of a number of researchers occurs comparisons of theories of constant development,
corporate stability and corporate social responsibility. Most of scientists indicate them interdependent
character in modern corporate management and note that these theories belong to different levels of the
specification and, respectively, have different instruments of application. According to such approach in the
European economic science the constant development can be considered as the standard social concept to
form a basis for other following; corporate stability – the concept of the organization, and corporate social
responsibility – administrative approach. These concepts differ also in temporary parameters, the sequence of
distribution and scales of application. So, the concept of constant development covers the activity of several
generations connected with civilization development and comprises ecological processes which extend to
social and economic activity. The concept of corporate stability is connected with social and economic and
ecological activity of the enterprise in scales of long-term planning for realization of relevant needs of
interested parties. In turn, the corporate social responsibility unites in itself activities for the solution of
economic, environmental and social problems of interested parties. As a rule, this activity is carried out on
regional level in short-term and medium-term prospects.
At all stages of formation, development and functioning of the intellectual capital its influence on
constant development of the enterprises is carried out through the reproduced process provided with
interaction of different institutes of society. Acceptance of the strategy of constant development by
corporation changes intrinsic parameters and mechanisms of coordination of the public and corporate
purposes and interests, puts in the forefront decisions not only innovative problems of development, but also
enhances social orientation of activity of subjects of managing.
Being important structural components of world, national and regional economic systems, the
enterprises define orientation of intellectual development, economic trends and level of demand on key
resources. Development of innovative economy puts in the forefront improvement of the human capital as
sets of intellectual resources which are used by the individual or the organization for receiving income and
also improvement of functioning of organizational structures and administrative abilities of the enterprise to
effective transfer, generation and exchange of knowledge, their embodiment in a ready-made product.
Successful association of these elements also represents the intellectual capital of the enterprise.
The research of the intellectual capital as most important factor of ensuring innovation of production,
increase in its efficiency and competitiveness allows to allocate the main directions of constant development
of the enterprise:
1. Development of the human capital as key resource of the enterprise capable to provide to it
additional profit due to unique competitive advantages and to create conditions for economic and social
development of the region. Its estimation serves as an important indicator of the organization of production,
system effectiveness of management, quality of life of specialists of the organization of citizens of the region.
The human capital acts as important subject to investment, and an investment in it development is more
favorable in the long-term relation, than investment into fixed capital and financial assets of the organization.
Practice shows that development of the intellectual capital directly depends not on quantitative, and
qualitative parameters of list of workers, level of their professionalizing, qualification and the organization of
work. At the same time the special value is provided to the following professional categories: to the workers
occupied with research and research and design developments, that is preparation of new types of production;
management of the organization which provides development and realization of administrative business
processes; the contingent of workers who realize the main, the auxiliary and serving productions.
Development of the human capital is fully implemented at synergetic effect when effectively organized not
only work of each worker, but also collective activity of all employees of the enterprise.
The important place in personnel management is taken by the organization of a system of continuous
training which provides not only training, but also skills development and retrainings of personnel. Creation
of such system increases the level of readiness and ability of workers to innovative activity, development of
new technologies, devices and mechanisms, promotes improvement of professional competences, makes
active the creative potential and team work, provides attraction to preparation of innovative solutions of a
collective thought and accurate distribution of role functions of workers.
2. Management of knowledge at all stages of transformation: from their implicit accumulation to
their obvious manifestation in production. The effective management of knowledge depends on
organizational technology of business management and increases due to application of information and
communication technologies.
Stability in competitive advantage can come to the enterprise which owns the resources of
knowledge inaccessible to competitors. New knowledge is defined how the results of intellectual activity
which are directly connected with estimation of the innovations created in the course of development of
new types of products, technologies and methods of the organization of production and management. They
are integrated into the general corporate system of knowledge for development of unique vision and
creation of new, more significant knowledge and technologies.
3. Active use of information resources. In recent years information is constant to be considered as
an independent element of business processes. Search information systems and specialized databases,
creation of corporate information systems which provide management of financial and economic activity of
the enterprises by means of modern administrative and information technologies become widespread.
Information resources increase efficiency of all parties of corporate activity, including production,
marketing, financial, administrative, personnel, ecological, partner and other types. At the same time, high
extent of centralization of corporate information does it especially vulnerable and increases risk of a source
of data.
4. Interaction with regional public authorities and economic subjects. This direction accurate is
coordinated with the stakeholder theory of development of economic entities as the intellectual capital
directly enters the general system of economic communications and communication interaction of the
enterprise. Such interaction with regional community and clients allows to provide: realization of strategic
objectives and tasks it agrees really difficult situation in the region; to form competitive advantages, quickly
reducing risk of not demand of products; to coordinate mutually advantageous forms of calculations
between partners; to expand possibilities of the customer base at the conclusion of agreements of purchase
sale; to choose the resistant relations with suppliers and contractors.
5. Organization of business processes and formation of corporate organizational structure. The
organization of business processes allows to improve production activity, to improve character and working
conditions, to rationalize loading of workers on the basis of production automation, to provide waste-free
production and environmental safety, to improve motivation and self-organization of workers. The
evidence-based organization of business processes reduces duration of a production cycle, promotes relative
economy of working capital, the best loading of all means of production and workers provides.
Formation of corporate organizational structure is connected with the choice of a contour of
organizational structures of economic entities. Here questions of creation of the independent organizations
(affiliated structures, branches, the isolated subsections) corresponding to allocation of separate stages of
business processes, their service and specialization, research and research and design activity, implementation
of the state orders, territorial localization, rational use of human and natural resources which allow to provide
corporate competitiveness enter and to strengthen social, ecological and economic stability.
6. Development of the corporate culture directed to achievement of success in the solution of
innovative tasks and ensuring competitive advantage in the chosen direction of professional activity.
Especially relevant this direction during the periods of unstable development when the attention to the
accelerated introduction of innovative developments for ensuring breaks on certain activities is updated. In
these conditions scales of financing and the NDDKR organization, creation of specialized research
subsections, carrying out monitoring of realization of innovative activity extend. The special importance is
gained by formation of culture of innovative activity, ability to work in team and to carry out brainstorming
in the course of joint discussion of innovative problems, mutual respect to a position of opponents,
motivation of personnel on the successful solution of innovative tasks.
7. Accounting of reputation of the enterprise, its recognition, readiness of the producer to pay for
reliability, quality of the made products and the rendered services, stability of concrete economic entity.
Especially the value of business reputation in the conditions of unstable development of economy when the
importance of reputational risks amplifies increases, speed their distribution and influence on the final
results of work of the enterprise is considered. The business reputation actively helps economic entity at all
stages of its activity: during the work with clients, with creditors and investors, at entry into foreign
markets, at distribution of the influence on other objects (franchasing relations), etc.
The digital economy began the development from digital revolution which represents transition from
mechanical and analog electronic technology to digital electronics. It is a lot of scientists and publicists characterize
this concept differently: some call it new economy, others economy - Internet economy. In one of reports of the
World Bank in general it is specified that the concept “digital economy” presented in the wide contents, represents
the huge system of the economic, social and cultural relations which are based on use of digital technologies. But
more correct concept after all can be treated that the digital economy is economy of innovations which carries out
the development by means of implementation of new technologies. In tab. 2 the given definitions of the basic
concepts which are used by digital economy.
Table 2
Conceptual framework of digital economy (made by authors)
№ Concept Definition
1. Digital revolution Transition from mechanical and analog electronic technology to digital
electronics.
2. Digital economy Economy of innovations which carries out the development by means of
implementation of new technologies. The huge system of the economic,
social and cultural relations based on use of digital technologies. In other
words, economy which exists in the conditions of the hybrid world.
3. Hybrid world Result of merge of the real and virtual worlds which differs in a
possibility of implementation of all “vital” actions in the real world
through virtual.
4. Cognitive technologies One of the most significant trends thanks to which will be extremely
automated the main part of document flow and be practically which
work connected with information processing.
5. Cloudcomputing Technologies of data processing in which computer resources are
provided to Internet user on demand as online service; the concept
which assumes ensuring universal and convenient network access on
demand to the total amount of the configured computing resources.
Cloud-based decisions become more and more used, they are
capable to resolve not only an issue of search, development, keeping
of personnel, but also to carry out personnel record and payroll
calculations. At the expense of a cloud computing information can
be easily available online, archived that to be stored in the safe
place.
6. Internet of things (industrial The concept which unites a set of technologies equipment which
Internet of things) assumes sensors and connection to the Internet of all devices (and in
general things) that allows to realize the withdrawn monitoring,
control and managements of processes in real time.
7. Big data Set of the approaches, tools and methods intended for processing of
the structured and unstructured data (including from different
independent sources) for the purpose of obtaining the results perceived
by the person. Browsers, social networks, trackers, etc. can belong to
sources. “big tributes” can help with personnel management to
conducting of the analysis of data on workers.
8. Virtual (digital / electronic) Money which has no material embodiment which can be used as the
currency full bank note.
9. Cryptocurrency Type of virtual currency, issue (“production”, mining) which is
based on specific application of cryptographic algorithms.
10. Chain of blocks of Methodology of creation of the distributed databases (without the
transactions (Blockchain) uniform center) in what each record contains information on the history
of possession which extremely complicates a possibility of its
(information) falsification.
11. Bitcoing The first and the most widespread of the existing virtual currencies; is
cryptocurrency and uses blockchain technology.
Technologies promote disappearance of low-skilled professions and at the same time create new
professions which demand deeper examination.
Being the property reproduced by the party, the intellectual and information capital also, as well as
traditional forms of capital, in the course of the reproduction provides economic realization of the relations
of property in certain, inherent in it to a form. In this regard objective need is the analysis of the principles of
formation and distribution of investment income which arises in the course of use of intellectual and
information capital as significant factor which provides not only expanded reproduction of knowledge and
information, but also coordination of economic interests.
In the conditions of transition of the country to an innovative way of development the paramount
value gets improvement of institutional infrastructure of the market of the intellectual capital.
Institutional infrastructure of the market of the intellectual capital is understood as set of the
enterprises, companies, regulators and legal acts which provide interaction between subjects of the relations
which is directed to formation of external conditions of managing for successful creation and
commercialization of intellectual products. Here belong:
- interdependent institutes which provide conditions of increase in knowledge and technologies
which expand possibilities of use of innovative intellectual activity;
- institutions and the organizations which realize functions of generation, commercialization and
implementation of knowledge which form intellectual potential of workers and their readiness for creative
activity which promotes increase in efficiency of innovative activity of the enterprises, functioning of
intellectual property items by means of legal institutions;
- standard legal mechanisms of state regulation of the economic relations;
- the institutes of self-regulation and stimulation of activity of workers connected with application of
informal norms, value orientations, best practices of business, industry and corporate standards, etc.
It is necessary to recognize that the institutional infrastructure existing in our country does not
provide the balanced access to intellectual resources and services for participants of innovative process
which limits commercialization of results of scientific and technical activity. There is high level of the
shadow sector and criminalization of economy, corruption at institutes of the government, insufficiently
protected intellectual property, the complicated access to information bases and investment providing,
implementation of investment and innovative projects. The institutional environment of business, right
applicable judicial practice, the system of training, preparation, skills development and retrainings of
personnel for activity in the conditions of formation of society of knowledge demands development. Full
development of the human capital and formation of the qualified human resources are interfered by a lack of
incentives and conditions of its development, lack of system, evidence-based reforming of an education
system, reduction of number of able-bodied population, etc. does not stop.
Harmonious institutional infrastructure which dynamically is under construction promotes
activization of financing from households, public authorities, business community in physical, psychological
and social human health, its natural capital, education level and professional competences. At the same time,
the mobility of an institutional system, efficiency of functioning of institutes of the operating infrastructure
of the market is an important condition of ensuring interaction and interference of the innovative sphere and
the market of the intellectual capital, its role increases which is carried out in connection with intensive
structural transformations and activization of innovative processes in the Ukrainian economy.
The institute of the state which development and adaptation represents continuous process and much
in what dependent on the social and economic level of development of society acts as the most important
condition of development of the market of the intellectual capital. In new operating conditions necessary
change of administrative functions of the state which assume activization of a role of the regulator and the
coordinator, the created system of the market address of results of intellectual activity which provides
formation of a national innovative system as one of the main sources of permanent economic growth. The
state has to create economic and organizational and legal conditions for expansion of scales of intellectual
activity, creation of innovative products, a transfer of the latest technologies, design of business, scientific
consultation, information and analytical providing all subjects of market economy, favorable for the
innovative enterprises.
Modern institutional infrastructure of development of the intellectual capital in the society of
knowledge is multidimensional and comprises different types: production and technological, information and
digital, financial and economic, expert and consulting, social and economic, marketing, territorial
infrastructure (tab. 3).
Table 3
Characteristic of types of institutional infrastructure of the intellectual capital (made by authors)
№ Types of institutional Components of institutional
infrastructure infrastructures
1. production the innovative organizations, production and technological clusters, the
technological centers of the advancing development, scientific and technological parks,
science and technology parks, the centers of a transfer of new technologies,
incubators of business and technologies; research centers and laboratories,
centers of patent protection
2. information digital the analytical, information, scientific coordination, monitoring centers,
information access of development which advances, providing with scientific
and technical information, patent offices
3. financially economic investment national and commercial banks, funds of assistance and support of
business, venture innovative funds, institutes of social and economic
researches, production innovations, the centers advancing technological
development
4. expert consulting consulting expert centers, expert and consulting organizations, centers of
engineering examinations, institutes of scientific technical, economic and
administrative expertize (Higher Attestation Commission, grants), providing
intellectual property
5. socially economic institutions and the organizations of an education system, preparation and
retraining of personnel, the scientific organizations which enter at National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, innovative and educational clusters local that
regional levels, institutes of health care, culture, the centers of social
rehabilitation, help that protection of citizens, employment the population, the
help to family that to children, the youth exchanges of work, non-profit
environmental organizations that funds, the volunteer organizations
6. marketing stock exchanges of the high-tech companies, exchanges of intellectual
property, exhibition centers, advertizing and marketing agencies
7. territirial regional innovative and educational clusters, the centers of the advancing
development, the ecological, monitoring, multipurpose centers
Institutional conditions of development of the intellectual capital in economy of knowledge assume
activization of a role of the regional corporate sector which provides channels of distribution of knowledge
between the industry enterprises and the organizations. Such situation is connected with the fact that the
considerable part of the intellectual resources and knowledge necessary for implementation of economic
activity of agents included in corporate activity, and such knowledge is not transferred from one area to
another. In these conditions, regional public authorities and corporate business community need to strengthen
the general activities for activization of innovative efforts which provide training of personnel, to
implementation of monitoring of the ideas, opening, inventions, paying special attention to formation of bank
of creative and effective innovators.
Thus, the adequate institutional system of development of the intellectual capital which assumes not
only creation of effective high-tech production, but also transferring to a vector of economic activity on
“expanded reproduction” of knowledge and abilities of the person, formation of her motivation to creative
work is the most important condition of new quality of economic growth and formation of economy of
knowledge.
The increasing value of information and knowledge in modern economy finds the expression both in
theoretical researches, and at the political level – when developing concepts and programs of social and
economic development of the different countries. It should be noted importance of development of social and
economic institutes which govern economic the relations of subjects of intellectual activity on which the
efficiency of reproduction of the intellectual and information capital caused not only by the level of
development of productive forces of society, but also degree of the specification of the property rights
depends. Thus, defining efficiency of economic development both on micro, and at the macrolevel, the
intellectual and information capital is the most significant factor of competitiveness of national economy.
The relevance of a subject of a research consists in need of creation of effective mechanisms transformation
of the intellectual capital in intellectual and information in process formation that implementation of modern
information technologies of subjects of economic activity in a national economic system.
In the modern economic theory great attention is paid to problems of formation and development of
information society. So, widely known works of foreign authors, such as D. Bell, P. Druker, M. Castells, X.
Kibiridzh, M. Maklyuen, U. Martin, І. Masuda, F. Mahlui, E. Toffler, Yu. Ganblyachishі, Y. Schumpeter,
etc. E. Bruking, T. Buzen, G. Mins, D. Morrison, Richard R. Nelson and Sydney J. Uinter, D. Schnayder,
etc. devoted to a research of essence of category "intellectual capital" the works. Scientists treat the first
researchers of a problem of use of information resources: N. Winer, L. Kolmogorov, K. Shannon who
concentrated the analysis on quantitative aspect of a concept on the basis of the mathematical theory of
information. Further the research was continued by D. Bronner, L. Weger, K. German, U. Dayvord, M.
Kelsі, J. Martin, G. Poppel, T. Stounier, K. Frimen, M. Haydegger and others. About information as the
economic category was written by G. Simon, J. Stiglin, A. Hart, K. Errou, which investigated behavior of
participants of the market depending on their awareness. The carried-out analysis of researches and
publications makes clear that fact which in the field of researches of information economy on today
insufficiently opened are theoretical aspects of formation of the intellectual and information capital,
theoretical that the applied problems of realization of economic interests of subjects of this process which are
not solved an issue of processes training that distributions of income in the course of the economic address of
the intellectual and information capital.
The present stage of social and economic development of society is more often identified with the
concept "information society". Today production processes, distribution and consumption of information
reveal huge influence on all spheres of economic activity. Information turns into a specific economic
resource which provides effective use of natural resources, work and the capital which opens new
opportunities for production, economic and financial activity.
Emergence in economic science of term “information economy” is connected with Frits Makhlup's
works who, allocating the so-called information sector of economy, united in it areas which are focused on
production of knowledge and information. To the sphere of the knowledge-intensive productions it referred
education and scientific activity, information services and products, including mass media, design
developments and production of the electronic equipment, technology of processing, storage and information
transfers. At the same time the author closely connected the concept “informatizations” with process of
“intellectualization” of modern economic activity of people, emphasizing the role of knowledge
(intelligence). In the work “Production and dissemination of knowledge in the USA” F. Makhlup noted, that
“in terms of a lexicology, the difference between knowledge and information is put generally in a verbal
form: to inform – means, to impart knowledge; the nobility – can appear result of information. Information
as the act of informing is carried out with the purpose to enclose knowledge in mind of another. Information
in value “what is transferred”, becomes equivalent to knowledge in value “the fact that learned” [3, с. 44].
At the end of the XX century considerable interest in information technology development begins to
show the state. Not only scientists, but also power bodies are interested in problems of formation and
development of information society. So, in 1991-1996 in the USA and EU countries on imperious level
conceptual development programs of information society are developed. The most great popularity was
received by such concepts as the “National Information Infrastructure – the Plan of Action” program of
Clinton-Gore (USA) and M. Bangemann’s (EU countries) concept.
In the nineties in Ukraine the Concept of the Public information policy where the following tasks of
transition of the country to information society were set was developed:
- modernization of information and telecommunication structure;
- development of information, telecommunication technologies;
- effective formation and uses of a national information resource and also ensuring broad access to
them;
- providing citizens with socially significant information, development of independent mass media;
- training of the person for life and work in the future information century;
- creation of the necessary legal framework of creation of information society.
Thus, it is possible to recognize that realities of development of modern society confirm formation of
a new information technological image of the production based on producing and use of knowledge and
information, development of information processes which cornerstone the creation of the equipment and
technology of information support of different public tasks is. However it should be noted that in
development of the concept of information society long time dominated technical approach (F. Makhlup, І.
Masoud, D. Bell, X. Kibiridzh, M. Castells, etc.). It is clear, technologization of information processes
caused the objective reasons – information boom became possible thanks to technical innovations in the
sphere of information exchange. Creation of the Internet Protocol, development of global distributive and
information systems, emergence of new electronic mass media and telecommunications of means expanded
the interest of scientists in the field, having defined the main direction of researches.
The comparative analysis of industrial and information societies is given in tab. 4.
Table 4
Comparative characteristic of industrial and information society (made by authors)
Comparison Industrial society Information society
indicators
Development Application of different power sources, Information becomes a significant factor of
prerequisites development of “hard ware” (strongproduction, the adventure of “soft ware” (soft
structures) – the resource-based economy structures) – knowledge systems.
based on processing of materials, Development of education, psychological
development of technical devices and factor
systems
Economic basis of The enterprises and infrastructure which The production focused on innovations and
society provide commodity production. Adevelopment of information and
reference point of supply and demand on communication systems
satisfaction of material needs Supply and demand are formed as in the
sphere of material, and spiritual needs
Directions of Mainly in the material capital Mainly in development of information
investment streams (construction of the house, the machine technical systems and technologies, in
and equipment), in development of information infrastructure (soft ware is the
production technologies capital)
Principles of The control system is mainly Development of democratic freedoms and
management constructed on the basis of the decentralization of methods of management
centralized hierarchy, prevail directive a (compromises, consensuses, accounting of
mentality, management decisions are thoughts at decision-making)
carried out by prescribing of orders
Formation of Restriction of access to information – Expansion of information exchange,
information vertical information flows, information information comes across in all fields of
spacious advantage of power structures, activity, often acting as a decisive factor of
insignificant dissemination of production
information by participants of production
prevail
Principles of the Specialization and cooperation on the Integration style of work (the mixed workers,
organization of basis of division of labor (taylorism) collective creativity)
work
Structure of Handmade considerable distribution, in Domination of intellectual work, advantage of
employment structure of employment prevails demand demand for theoretical and professional
for physical activity, working professions knowledge, shift of employment to the sphere
of information and creation of new knowledge
The comparative analysis given in tab. 4 demonstrates transition of modern society from a power
paradigm of economic development to information, the structure of investments and the principles of
management changes, the role of the intellectual capital and information increases. At the same time it
should be noted that information boom, having caused the place of information in a number of production
factors, rendered the vital issue connected with development of the economic relations which define a
possibility of participation of the person in information processes. In our opinion this aspect has to find the
display in further economic researches. In modern economy information is not only a specific resource, but
also is embodied in rather new functional forms of capital, such as intellectual capital, information capital,
brand capital, etc. which are expressed in intangible assets, defining efficiency of economic development
both on micro, and at the macrolevel. Development of specific forms of capital needs modern economy in, in
turn, qualitative analysis of processes of its formation, distribution and use. Development of mechanisms
reproduction of intellectual and information capital which provides not only accumulation of knowledge and
information, but also regulation of the social and economic relations in the course of their transformation in
capital resources of society is objective need for these conditions.
The modern paradigm of information society has to rely, first of all, on formation of a system of free
interaction of all interested subjects in information space. This system, in turn, has to assume social control
and management according to the market scheme on the basis of the principles of realization of public
concerns and the purposes, during active creation of institutes which regulate intellectual information
exchange.
Concept of "information economy" that strong was enshrined within the last decades in the scientific
address, assumes that in all spheres of economic activity of the person modern information technologies are
used, business processes will organize by the network principle, information and knowledge form a new
"specific" resource – the intellectual and information capital which in combination with high-quality labor is
a source increase in productivity that to competitiveness both on micro, and at the macrolevels. Today the
concept "information economy" is treated in scientific publications as economy in which a considerable part
of created GDP is the share of the sphere of production, processing, storage and dissemination of information
and knowledge, and more than 50% of human resources are engaged in this sphere.
Thanks to development of modern information technologies an opportunity for decrease in transaction
expenses in many spheres of economic activity appears. It concerns, first of all, transaction expenses which
arise in the course of the analysis of the markets of suppliers and consumers, selection and acquisition of
specific and interspecific resources and also other expenses connected with realization of economic tasks
which demand considerable expenses of time and means.
The research of the publications devoted development of the information sphere of modern economy
allows to claim that to replace the industrial era focused on mass production with minimization of expenses
and economy on scale effect the new era where become the main reference points quality, technological
effectiveness and standardization of production comes. In today's time occurs formation of an era of the
consumer in which center the idea of influence of the consumer on a product when there was an opportunity
to unite individual needs of clients with effective production and formation of the global market. There are
movements of economic activity from geographical in a cyberspace, and implementation of purchase sale
passes from the area of traditional forms of the market to the area of the Internet.
Formation of information business and electronic commerce connects, first of all, with use of
opportunities of the Internet. Electronic trading with use the Internet considerably reduces costs on product
sales as in this case there is no need to rent floor spaces and the equipment, also costs on personnel are cut
down. Possibilities of Internet Sales reduce at the same time and expenses of the buyer because time and
expenses on search of necessary goods is reduced, borders for the comparative analysis of the prices of
virtual shops extend. Existence of reduction of number of intermediaries as producers have a possibility of
direct sale of the goods to consumers is the main feature of Internet Trade.
Thus, the Internet gives development to emergence of two important trends of modern society –
globalizations and informatizations of economic activity. On the one hand, results from a complication of the
modern markets of use of modern technologies of sale, at the same time, on the other hand, degree of risk
and unpredictability of business operations as a result of increase in information transparency of agreements
decreases. So, M. Castells on the basis of the analysis of these peculiar features of temporary society comes
to the following conclusions: “In the last two decades in the world there was an economy of new type which
I call information and global. Information – because the competitiveness of factors or agents in this economy
depend, first of all, on their ability to generate, process and to effectively use information based on
knowledge. Global – because main types of economic activity, such as production, consumption and
circulation of goods and services and also their compound (the capital, work, raw materials, management,
information, technologies, the markets) are organized on a global scale with use of an extensive network
which connects economic agents” [2, p. 81].
Thus, generalizing lines of information society, it is possible to note the most significant
characteristics which define a role not only a technological basis of modern production, but also
transformation of the social and economic relations which cause structure and regularities of development of
a social and economic system of society:
- knowledge embodied in information acts as a special and most significant resource of society
which carries out the economic movement in the form of specific goods;
- in the conditions of increase in degree of awareness of consumers their behavior focused on
acceptance flexible and adequate to the obtained information of decisions on the basis of the free a lot of
alternative choice changes;
- the economic activity caused by resource restriction is replaced by the production processes
connected with accumulation and expansion of knowledge and information, development of images of its
transfer;
- development of society is defined by modern technologies and the equipment, and, first of all
introduction of intellectual systems of new generation which allow not only to update the production material
and technical resources existing today, but also to form material technical base of new economy;
- shift production to a vector to the prevailing development of the small and medium enterprises
which are integrated within network business. Some functions of the companies are transferred on
outsourcing, the virtual enterprises develop;
- technological changes which happen in society, cause transformation of so-called “gravitational
model” of V. Bekerman [5, p. 31-40]. Already today experience of forecasting of number of consumers in
the markets is defined not by remoteness of new consumers from places of exchange transaction, as in V.
Bekerman's model, and expenses concerning decision-making (decision-making cost) as consumers as a
result of fast dissemination of information and transparency of market transactions, thanks to development of
Internet services have ampler opportunities of purchase of necessary goods and resources;
- significantly the social, educational and professional structure of society changes, the role of
intellectual work increases, employment prevails not in the sphere material conductings any more, and in the
field of creation, distribution and service of knowledge and information;
- the competitive environment and conditions of development of business as a result of expansion
and openness of the intellectual and information sphere is transformed;
- as a result of development of information and knowledge, contradictions between the power and
the population are reduced, the political and social conflicts smooth out;
- processes of globalization in the modern world which allows to create uniform information and
technological space which unites national economies on purpose the solution of global economic,
environmental and political problems go deep.
Thus, it should be noted that the new stage of development of the economic relations is defined by
process of formation of information society which results from shift production to a vector to the sphere of
processing, storage and dissemination of information, development of scientific knowledge, changes of
resource base due to growth of a role of such factor of production as the intellectual and information capital.
Information can be considered as a certain set of blocks of the ready knowledge used for
achievements of goals. When knowledge is made out conceptually, there is possible its use for the solution of
specific objectives, that is there is an updating of knowledge. However it should be noted that knowledge can
at the moment time be and irrelevant, but to be requested in the future, acting as a basis for the decision be
which future tasks. In modern economy information needs to be considered how organized set of data which
as a result of inclusion in communicative process, is apprehended, clear and recognized as a useful subject in
terms of increase in his knowledge and use in the course of the economic activity.
Transfers and to dissemination of information flows the difficult arsenal of technical means serves
and attached which in total call communication systems. Set of working processes, methodologies, the
organizations, programs of work and the elements of the equipment necessary for introduction of certain
data, their analysis according to requirements which are caused by nature of work of any given organization,
define how an information system. In our opinion, an information system it is necessary to consider
something wider – as a unit groups of the people, materials and the equipment united in the course of search,
the analysis, processing, coding and information transfers. Designing and operation of this system demand
collective work. At the same time there can be a need for use of knowledge and experience of people of
different professions, and functions of management of groups of developers from the moment of the
beginning of design to introduction of a system to operation can pass from one collective to another.
The information system has changed throughout the development of human society, and we can
clearly distinguish two main forms of its existence. The first form is the direct transmission of interpersonal
information. At this stage of the formation of the information system through the exchange of information is
the solution of communicative tasks, the process of knowledge transfer from one subject to another. It should
be noted that this form is quite popular today, as it provides the entire system of interaction between people.
The second stage (form) is associated with the rapid development of technical electronic capabilities for
recording, storing and transmitting information, which has provided a qualitative change in the entire system
of accumulation and transfer of knowledge in society. All this allowed to ensure the reliability of information
transfer (avoiding distortions), its timeliness and accessibility, including its preservation for future
generations. The development of technical means of information has provided a constant increase in its
volume and increase the speed of information exchange.
We consider that in modern society information has to own the following qualities:
- contents – defines subject domain of information;
- the coverage – defines, limits and describes deduction;
- time which fixes the moment of realization of information exchange;
- the source – defines genesis of information;
- the quality – characterizes key indicators of suitability of information for the decision put tasks;
- the uniqueness – displays degree of a rarity of useful information;
- compliance to needs – use of information for achievement of specific goals;
- the image of fixing – defines methods and an image of saving information and also types of data
carriers;
- language – a possibility of information communication;
- cost – definition of a measure of public work, embodied in information product.
Information, as well as be what other economic benefit, can have double character – to act as a
certain resource (stock), and in the course of economic interaction to be considered as the specific economic
benefit – made for exchange of goods. Such duality of studying information defines, in turn, features of the
economic relations which arise in the course of its formation and realization in economic activity. So,
information, different behind the characteristics (including, on preservation and types of use) can be as
public, so the partial benefit. As the economic benefit, independently whether partial it or public, information
has usefulness for the consumer, that is ability to meet certain needs of subjects of the market. Thus,
information receives such economic property of the benefit as consumer cost. At the same time, creation
process, accumulation and processing of information benefit is combined with certain expenses which in fact
its economic estimation or cost has to define. However, expenses on it production, unlike material benefits or
services, and usefulness of this benefit for the consumer, that is that positive effect which can be reached
when using this benefit in the future will be the defining factor for pricing of information benefit not so
much. The usefulness of knowledge embodied in used by an information user will be defined by efficiency
of decisions which will allow to gain this knowledge.
A certain value for the consumer is got, for example, by information which allows to reduce the level
of uncertainty and risk of economic activity. Here will act as a value reference point, on the one hand, utility
level of the made decision, and from another – extent of decrease in uncertainty. A potential possibility of
their commercialization, including, the embodiment in new goods, modern technologies, the principles and
methods of the organization of economic activity can be quite important factor of estimation of usefulness of
knowledge as well. In this case the foreseen value of information will be caused by the amount of the
expected profit on commercialization. Information value in essence is defined on the basis of subjective
estimation of its usefulness as opportunities and forms of use of this resource in economic activity
substantially depend on individual estimation of different characteristics of the obtained information by any
given economic agent. So, for example, the publication of the scientific article which displays results of a
research for one can be considered as just "interesting" information for expansion of an outlook, for another
– as basis for deeper scientific search, and for the third – as the enterprise idea which promises considerable
profit in the future. Respectively and the foreseen efficiency of economic use of such specific resource as
information, will be defined by marginal estimation of useful effect which can be received by any given
economic entity at certain expenses on obtaining its information which interests.
It is shown at the different levels and at different aspects of study. In that or to another a look, each
person is engaged in the analysis and interpretation of input information and also creation of information
products; in own way acquires, processes information, creating a unique information product, it is equal as
consumers of information products differ behind many personal, social to characteristics. Identical
information which arrives in different subjects or in the different sequence can result in different results.
So, from positions of modern economic science, it is possible to carry to information resources:
- different documents which fix useful information;
- software products and technologies which provide processing and dissemination of information;
- the scientific knowledge accumulated by society and also knowledge which are difficult for
expressing in a certain form (for example, intuitive or touch knowledge);
- social knowledge and habits of people which are formalized in the form of different institutes
which express the interests of concrete subjects of an economic system (certain people, firms, the state).
Thus, information resources represent different forms of knowledge which in the course of the
commercialization acquires not only the consumer, but also commercial value which is caused by the size of
potential income of owners of these resources. However, this knowledge does not arise in itself. They are
created as a result of intellectual activity of people, in the course of their social and economic interaction.
This knowledge can be presented how set of the individual intellectual resources embodied in concrete
knowledge of certain people and in ability to their reproduction. At the same time, in process of inclusion of
intellectual resources in productive and economic processes, information as the main resource of modern
economy is generated. It knowledge which is fixed also the works transmitted by means of certain material
carriers, embodied in concrete means, goods and technologies. In effect, use of these resources also defines
dynamics and efficiency of modern economy today.
Intellectual information resources of economy significantly differ from the used traditional economic
resources. In terms of quality characteristics of information and knowledge as specific resources, it is
possible to mark out the following their features:
- information and knowledge cannot be completely spent or destroyed as there is what other resource
of production, except for financial resources;
- information and knowledge increase themselves both quantitatively, and is qualitative;
- during use of information and knowledge processes of consumption and their reproduction as
resource, become isolated. Moreover, these concepts become identical.
The last feature is the most characteristic feature of information and knowledge. And process of
association of production and consumption characteristic of all fields of use of resources: as information and
production, information combining, and information and education because also information that knowledge
is represented by resources which have intangible nature. Thus, in the course of the inclusion in the
economic address the created information benefit (and, it is peculiar, related knowledge), as a result of a
certain chain of transformations turns into the main production resource of modern society – the intellectual
information capital.
The intellectual and information capital, from our point of view, represents set of knowledge of
information resources and also creative abilities renewed in process accumulation to their creation which
own consumer that the commercial value which go at the same time as the capitalized stock and a stream
what bring in the course of the attraction in the economic address income to the subject of economic activity.
At the same time both the certain individual or their set, and the organization, the enterprise, the state can be
understood as economic entity. As the economic category the intellectual and information capital represents
the economic relations which arise in process creation, assignment and effective use by different subjects of
economy of set of the saved-up intellectual assets and information resources which are reproduced within an
economic system. At the same time the specifics of these economic relations are defined, first of all, by the
"indistinct" property rights to these resources as except for assets which are fixed by intellectual property
right the intellectual and information capital is presented by knowledge and abilities, the property on what
owing to them legally is not set non-material property.
Conclusions. It is necessary to mark out the following main lines of the modern economy based on
use of information and knowledge:
- formation and development of a new social group of the cognitive workers occupied with
intellectual work capable to generate knowledge necessary at present, to connect the capacity of the different
enterprises, organizations and firms to their help, increasing work performance through resources of
information and knowledge;
- transformation of knowledge, science, innovations to the most important factor of economic
development and value basis of progress of a modern civilization;
- demand of almost focused knowledge aimed at the development of knowledge and innovative
technologies necessary of business and to the state;
- expansion of scales of production of the knowledge-intensive products, increase its cost efficiency
on intellectual innovatively commodity market and services;
- transformation of basic and applied scientific research, transformation" the formalized knowledge
in the non-material capital" that provides increase in performance of work in all applied fields of activity;
- updating of personal potential of workers which leads to change of management, motivation of
personnel, expansion of opportunities for development of a system of continuous education throughout
everything life with emphasis on information and computer technologies and quality of knowledge;
- significant change of the relations of the exchange connected from digitalization of economy, rapid
dissemination of information which creates synergetic effect.
Modern information society, its potential is based, first of all, on technological achievements and
information resources. The development of new society based on knowledge, connected with activization of
wide social, economic, political, ethical, social and psychological parameters, synthesis of achievements of
information society, the digital economy based on knowledge of society which studies. It is provided not
only a possibility of information transfer and its exchange, but also needs of a critical research and judgment,
allowing to create new knowledge on the basis of information flows.
The institute of the state which development and adaptation represents process constant and much in
what dependent on the social and economic level of development of society acts as the most important
condition of development of the market of the intellectual capital. In new operating conditions the necessary
change of administrative functions of the state which assume activization of a role of the regulator and the
coordinator who forms the system of the market address of results of intellectual activity and also provides
formation of a national innovative system as one of the main sources of permanent economic growth. The
state has to create economic and organizational and legal conditions for expansion of scales of intellectual
activity, creation of innovative products, a transfer of the latest technologies, design of business, scientific
consultation, information and analytical providing all subjects of market economy, favorable for the
innovative enterprises.
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