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    <journal-meta />
    <article-meta>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Prescriptive Framework for the Formulation of E-GOV Strategies Taking into Account International Rankings</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Wagner Araujo</string-name>
          <email>wagner.s.araujo@unu.edu</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Delfina Soares</string-name>
          <email>soares@unu.edu</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>João Carvalho</string-name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Joana Carvalho</string-name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff0">
          <label>0</label>
          <institution>Algoritmi Centre, University of Minho, Portugal / United Nations University (UNU-EGOV)</institution>
          ,
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <fpage>297</fpage>
      <lpage>300</lpage>
      <abstract>
        <p>The use of international rankings in the formulation of national E-GOV strategies is a reality in many countries. Considering that these indexes have limitations as recognized by the literature and by the Institutions that produce them, some systematization is necessary. To support the formulation of E-GOV strategies taking into account international rankings, a prescriptive framework is under construction using the Design Science Research (DSR) approach. The objectives of the solution have been set in a previous exploratory study, which concluded that the framework should be flexible, instructive, easy to use, comprehensive, co-participative, and effective. So far, previous versions of the framework have been used by two countries to formulate their E-GOV strategies. This workshop aims to evaluate its current version and to collect inputs to improve it through a new DSR process iteration.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>E-Governance</kwd>
        <kwd>E-Government</kwd>
        <kwd>E-GOV Strategy Formulation</kwd>
        <kwd>E-GOV Strategy Formulation Framework</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec id="sec-1">
      <title>-</title>
      <p>Acknowledgement: This work has been supported by FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia
within the R&amp;D Units Project Scope: UIDB/00319/2020.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-2">
      <title>1. Introduction</title>
      <p>
        According to the 2020 E-Government Survey published by the United Nations, 151 of the 193 United
Nations Member States presently have a digital strategy
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">(Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, 2020)</xref>
        . The complexity of e-government in promoting accountable, effective, inclusive,
transparent, and trustworthy public services that deliver people-centric outcomes is growing
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">(UNITED NATIONS, 2018)</xref>
        and a strategic approach seems to be necessary
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">(Heeks, 2006)</xref>
        .
      </p>
      <p>
        To monitor the achievement of strategic plans, assessing programs, benchmarking is a valuable
alternative
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">(Ostasius &amp; Laukaitis, 2015)</xref>
        . The role of producing these benchmarking reports, surveys,
and rankings is usually performed by international institutions such as the United Nations and The
World Bank, which regularly undertake significant studies to rankings countries on a wide range of
features, including information technology
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">(Rorissa, Demissie, &amp; Pardo, 2011)</xref>
        . Moreover, the
relevance of these rankings as an important tool for national e-governance strategy formulation,
policy definition, and program prioritization has already been recognized
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">(Soares, Araujo, &amp;
Carvalho, 2018)</xref>
        . However, existing frameworks that support the process of formulation E-GOV
strategies do not take into account international rankings, at least in a systematic way. The
prescriptive framework under construction, or a method
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">(Hevner, March, Park, &amp; Ram, 2004)</xref>
        that
gives explicit prescriptions
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">(Gregor, 2006)</xref>
        , tries to fit this gap and follows a Design Research
Approach (DSR)
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">(Peffers, Tuunanen, Rothenberger, &amp; Chatterjee, 2007)</xref>
        .
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-3">
      <title>2. Objectives of the Workshop</title>
      <p>This workshop aims to evaluate the actual version of the framework, collecting inputs to a new DSR
process iteration. A previous exploratory study already unveiled the objectives of the solution, in a
way that it should be flexible, instructive, easy to use, comprehensive, co-participative, and effective.
A description of these objectives is depicted in Table 1.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-4">
      <title>3. Workshop Structure</title>
      <p>The online workshop will last for 120 minutes. During the introduction, the research, and the
framework for the formulation of E-GOV strategies taking into account international rankings will
be presented (20 mins).</p>
      <p>The remaining time will be dedicated to a focus group discussion (90 mins), with a short break
(10 mins) between two sections. The discussion will be guided by one moderator, at least. The first
section will be dedicated to evaluating the first three objectives: flexibility, instructiveness, and ease
of use (15 mins each). After the short break, the remaining objectives will be evaluated:
comprehensiveness, co-creativeness, and effectiveness (15 mins each).</p>
      <p>Depending on the number of participants, parallel groups can be formed, to allow more in-depth
discussion. The goal is not to reach a consensus but to uncover a range of perspectives and
experiences. Questions to stimulate discussion will be used by the moderators to provide a
comfortable environment to share ideas. The workshop will be recorded if the conference rules
permit, and participants allow it.
About the Authors</p>
      <sec id="sec-4-1">
        <title>Wagner Silva de Araujo</title>
        <p>Wagner Silva de Araujo is a Research Assistant at the United Nations University Operating Unit on
PolicyDriven Electronic Governance (UNU-EGOV) and a PhD Candidate at the Department of Information Systems,
School of Engineering, University of Minho. He is also a researcher at Centro ALGORITMI / University of
Minho. He has more than 25 years of experience in the Brazilian Government in positions like the CIO of the
National Prosecuting Agency, National Director of Digital Government, and Chief Advisor of the National
Secretary of Digital Government. His academic interests focus on strategic planning and design of digital
government and digital governance initiatives.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec-4-2">
        <title>Delfina Soares</title>
        <p>Delfina Soares is the Head of the United Nations University Operating Unit on Policy-Driven Electronic
Governance (UNU-EGOV). She has been associated with the Operating Unit since 2015, when she joined as
Adjunct Associate Professor. She has strong ties to UNU-EGOV’s host university, the University of Minho,
where she has held various positions over the past 18 years, including Lecturer and Assistant Professor at
the Department of Information Systems and as a Researcher with Centro ALGORITMI. Her areas of research
and expertise include electronic governance at a national, local, and sectorial level, electronic government
interoperability and cross-agency collaboration, electronic democracy and electronic participation, and
electronic governance measurement and monitoring.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec-4-3">
        <title>João Alvaro Carvalho</title>
        <p>João Alvaro Carvalho is Full Professor and Head of the Department of Information Systems, School of
Engineering, University of Minho and researcher at Centro ALGORITMI. He is also Adjunct Professor at the
United Nations University Operating Unit on Policy-Driven Electronic Governance (UNU-EGOV). His academic
interests focus on the fundamentals of information systems (involving information, information technology,
and human, organizational, and social dimensions) and on enterprise development interventions that involve
the implantation, use and exploitation of information technology. He is also interested on research
approaches and methods and on curricula and education in information systems.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec-4-4">
        <title>Joana Carvalho</title>
      </sec>
    </sec>
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