=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-3058/paper15
|storemode=property
|title=Performance Improvement Of Three Phase Induction Motor- A Review
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3058/Paper-033.pdf
|volume=Vol-3058
|authors=Raj Kumar Saini,Piush Verma,Devender Kumar,Saini,Rajeev Gupta
}}
==Performance Improvement Of Three Phase Induction Motor- A Review==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3058/Paper-033.pdf
Performance of Three Phase Induction Motoroperatingat
voltage variations- A Review
Raj K. Saini1, Piush Verma2, Devender K. Saini3 and Rajeev Gupta4
1
Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
2
National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research, Chandigarh, India
3,4
University of Petroleum and Energy Dehradun Studies Uttarakhand, India
Abstract
It is the modest three- phase induction motors that have the greatest single customer of power
with electrical motor- driven frameworks using more than 60% of aggregate power
worldwide. The study demonstrates that these motors are the workhorses of the modern
world's cutting edge, converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. This review study
relates to monitoring the effectiveness of a three- phase squirrel cage induction motor
working under voltage variations. Based on the observations of this study various models are
discussed by various authors. Here's a quick rundown of these models.
Keywords 1
Induction Motor, Efficiency, Unbalance Voltage, Power quality
1. Introduction
M. S. Erlicki et al. presented a model of the poly-phase asynchronousmotor based on
optimization techniques. The aim of optimization was to achievecost savings[1]. R. Ramarathnam
et al. Compared five different unconstrained minimization approaches using both direct and indirect
search techniques. The direct search strategy has been discovered to be the best and most appropriate
technique found in rotating electrical machines[2]. N.N.Fultonet al. described a method of
minimizing the material cost in a small poly phase ACIM by optimizing (1) turns per coil (2) wire
diameter and (3) stack length[3].K. Hasuike et al. presented a study to improve the efficiency of
poly-phase asynchronous motors operating at low voltages. In this article twenty-five, input elements
arediscussed which are directly related to efficiency improvement [4]. David C. Montgomery
analyzed the efficiency and operating cost of apoly-phase asynchronousmotor that had been rewound
two to three times over its lifetime and compared the results to a new motor [5].According to N.H.
Fetih et al., the annual price of a polyphase IM is estimated by adding the annual cost of material
depreciation, the annual cost of energetic power loss, and the annual electricity cost required to
supply such a power loss[6]. L. Sridhar et al. presented a model for the design of a three-phase
induction motor that operates under various field circumstances for irritation. A novel motor design is
compared to the standard one, and the key differences are explored in detail[7].Min-Kyu Kim et al.
presented a research article by considering the primary dimensions of the induction motor as
variables factors and alternate dimensions that have little impact on the target work as constant
factor. A model is set up for efficiency improvement based on the above- said conditions
[8].DavarMirabbasi et al. pointed out that the unbalanced voltages in the motors may bring troubles
like more copper losses, over voltage and mechanical oscillations .The performance of motor is
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calculated based on the above said conditions [9].Jawad Faizin et al. published a paper based on the
optimized design of a poly-phase squirrel cage IM and compared the results of this model to a
conventional motor, taking into account three objective functions: efficiency, cost, and a combination
of both. The Hooke Jeeves search technique is used in this article for optimization purposes [10].The
results of unbalanced voltages in the presence of over-and below-rated voltages were also presented
by P. Pillay et al. Differences in unbalancing voltage standards are also discussed in Ref.[11].In a
research study, Annette Von Jouanne et al. highlighted a few sources of voltage unbalance and
explained its consequences for the electricity network [12]. A. Ansari et al. additionally displayed a
research article showing the impacts of unequal voltages ranging from 3.05% to 3.94% [13].Mehmet
Cunkas et al. Mehmet Cunkas and colleagues proposed an optimum planning method for replacing a
poly-phase IM using GA as an optimal tool. The optimally designed motor is compared to the
existing one, and it is found that the advanced model is more efficient than the existing one
[14].Jawad Faiz et al. concluded that the unbalanced voltages builds up more heat losses in the
motors, which reduces its efficiency and life span also. In comparison to motors operating under
balanced voltages, the performance of unbalanced voltage motors can be improved significantly by
making alternate arrangements [15].Pragasen Pillay et al. proposed a model for calculating IM
losses at a specific temperature and as temperature changes over the time. The insulation material life
of the motor is evaluated by using an electrical model and thermal ageing formulae[16].M Sharma et
al. published a paper on the stator design of a poly-phase squirrel cage IM that claims to function
well across a wide range of supply voltages (both below and above the rated voltages), even without
the usage of automatic protection. [17] P. Giridhar Kini et al. find out that variation of voltages and
variations in load, both factors are essential to check its performance [18].S.S. Sivaraju et al.
modified the design of a three-phase squirrel cage induction motor to improve its optimized output
power under variable load applications by minimizing its total losses[19].C. Thanga Raj et al.
optimized a 7.5 KW poly-phase IM for textile spinning load, and the result so obtained was compared
to that of a typical industrial motor [20].A.Raghuram et al. also provided an optimized induction
motor design using a reduced genetic set of technique, and completed the findings with the aim of
maximizing efficiency [21].Krishna Moorthy et al. published a research paper on applying Genetic
Algorithms to create an optimal three-phase squirrel cage induction motor by considering cost
minimization as an objective function. Eleven parameters with a major impact on the motor's
performance are identified[22].According to Ramandip Singh et al. a rewound motor consumes 1.5
to 3 times more energy than a brand new motor. Its future power factor review is also being studied
[23].Deepa Vincent et al. added a windows programming technique for the design of a poly-phase
induction motor[24].W. AbithaMemala et al. also investigated how to determine turn to turn fault in
a poly-phase IM winding under no load conditions [25].Govindasamy. K. Sathishkumar et al.
developed a finite element technique for the design of a three-phase, five-horsepower squirrel cage
induction motor. To determine efficiency and torque, both simulation and experimental findings are
evaluated [26]. Meanwhile, Vladimir Sousa Santos et al. used the BFA approach to determine the
efficiency and other features of a 1.5 kwpoly-phase IM. TiberiuRusu and Saini Raj Kumaret
al.;TiberiuRusu et al. studied the performance and design modification of poly-phase IM, when
these motors are to be operated under the variations of voltages[27, 28, 29, 30], [94, 95, 96, 97, 98].
2. Models based on unbalanced voltages
Various authors explore various models for unbalanced voltages and efficiency enhancement.
Here's a quick rundown of these models.
The efficiency of a three-phase squirrel cage induction motor operating at unbalanced voltages
was calculated by Williams et al.[31]. According to Gafford WC et al. unbalanced voltages causes a
significant temperature rise and shorten the life of motors [32]. Berndt NL et al. also found that
motors that operate on unbalanced voltages have a lower performance. Woll. RF1 et al. on the other
hand gave a brief overview of the impact of unbalanced voltages and their negative impact on motor
protection. Cummings et al. proposed a method for protecting against these effects. The authors also
mention that a large number of induction motor pump sets are operating under the rated voltage in
agricultural countries like India. Only by lowering the losses can the capability of these motors be
increased[33-35].Kersting WH and Gillbert AJ.et al. concluded that the presence of unbalanced
voltage at the motor terminals increases rotor losses more as compared to stator losses. [36- 37].
Wallace A et al. found that the motors which are operating at unbalanced voltage had 2% lower
efficiency as compared to balanced voltage motors [38].The insulation failure of induction motors
operating under unbalanced voltages was studied by Fermandez XML et al. [39].The overall losses
of the motor can be calculated tentatively by assuming its losses equal to its rated losses and
considering its current comparable to its rated current, according to Jalilian A et al. [40]. The overall
losses of the motor can be calculated tentatively by assuming its losses equal to its rated losses and
considering its current comparable to its rated current, according to Jalilian A et al. [41]. J. Faiz et
al. investigated the capacity of induction motors driven by unbalanced voltages, such as over-or under
voltages.A motor's life was evaluated both for continuous operation at a constant temperature and also
for changes in temperature over time [42].P. Pillay et al. studied the effect of unbalanced supply
voltage on motor drives.The rotor current of wound type motor was measured by positive and
negative voltage sequences in various unbalance parameters by an experimental study. [43]. Reactive
power management, according to Hugo Morais et al., is a critical task in large power distribution
networks. In this study, the equipment and methods for power compensation are explored. Reactive
power management can be maintained by providing transmission and distribution systems to the
facilities [44].Makbul Anwari et al. wrote an article about unbalanced voltages and the effects of
positive sequence voltage on the temperature rise of induction motors. According to the authors, this
voltage must be taken into account while calculating precise findings. [45] A. M. S. Mendes et
al.concluded that both voltage and load variations should be taken into account when calculating
efficiency [46].According to E. C. Quispe, et al. Pointed out that none of the current techniques
discovered are capable to give the exact data of the negative impact of unbalanced voltage. Further,
different precision to evaluate the level of unbalance voltages have been talked about additionally
[47]. Allan A. et al. presented a model which was based on voltage unbalanced and harmonic
distortion. To calculate the overall performance, both factors (voltage unbalanced and harmonic
distortion) are added together [48].
3. Models based on optimum design and efficiency improvement
Different models for optimum design and efficiency improvement of three-phase induction
motors are discussed by many authors. The brief research findings of these models are as below.
According to Goodwin GL et al., there is a growing interest in the perfect design of poly-phase
IM motors to lower the overall operating costs [49].According toRamarathnam et al., direct
research is the best way to measure the performance of rotating electrical machines [50]. Fetih NH et
al. carried out work on the optimized design of a poly-phase IM by minimizing the annual operating
cost of the motors [51].Appelbaum J et al. concluded that the best optimum design of the motor
depends upon two factors. One is a variable and the second one is a constant factor [52]. Fci R et al.
worked on efficiency, power factor, and cost of material in a view of optimization process [53]. Li C,
et al. worked on Hooke-Jeeve’s research techniques to find out the optimized efficiency [54]. Faiz J.
et al., on the other hand, worked on Hooke-Jeeves techniques [55], While Vier GF et al. use GA to
determine the best induction motor design [56].Jawad Faiz et al. also investigated the best design for
a poly-phase SC IM, and the findings were compared to those of a conventional motor with a similar
rating [57]. MR. Fevzi et al. worked on three optimum techniques for the design of stator slots, and
the results were compared to the information provided by the current manufacturer. The findings
revealed a significant improvement in motor efficiency as well as a reduction in manufacturing costs
[58]. With the use of software, Jae-Woo Kim et al. optimized the design of stator slots in three-phase
induction motors. The acquired software findings are compared to the experimental model [59].To
optimize the design of an induction motor, a proposed technique, using a Radial Basis Function
approach is applied. Thomas Bellarmine et al. [60]. Yon-Do Chun et al. gave a multi- target
optimized strategy based on GA calculation [61]. RadhaThangaraj et al. also presented GA and
PSO optimization approaches for the design of a poly-phase IM and a spinning mill. The results are in
agreement with the universal drive motor. By employing more advanced methodologies, the authors
were able to achieve superior results [62].Meanwhile, V.P. Sakthivel et al. published a study that by
applying an organically stirred approach known as "bacterial foraging" advanced calculation to
improve the design of a three-phase induction motor for energy conservation. In comparison to other
evolutionary algorithms, the BF analysis can be used as a global analyzer to provide acceptable
solutions [63]. S. S. Sivaraju et al. apply GA-based optimization techniques to improve a 7.5-kW, 4-
pole SCIM. They developed a software approach and verified the results with an experimental model
[64]. R.L.J. Sprangers et al. introduces an Expert System (ES) for investigation and design
streamlining of three phase- induction motor [65]. PratyushPrasanna Das et al. worked on an
optimized design of polyphase induction- motor with the aid of Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm [66].
4. Models based on power quality
In manufacturing systems, electric power frameworks have turned out to be contaminated with
undesirable variations in the voltage & current flag. Power quality issues are more because of the
expanding demand for inductive power. The three phase system is exposed to unbalanced loads. The
short portrayal of models in light of power quality is talked about in the accompanying references.
According to I. Hunter et al., power quality issues are frequently caused by the ever-increasing
number of disturbances that develop in interconnected power grids, which comprise vast amounts of
electricity resources, transmission lines, transformers, and inductive loads. Furthermore, such systems
are subject to adverse disturbances such as lightning strikes. [67]. Power quality issues, such as
harmonics and low power factor, were highlighted by MS. Kandil et al. In order to optimize these
aspects in the power system, the authors proposed a modified processes [68]. Advanced applications
of neural networks and fuzzy logic in the power system were addressed by M.Kezunovic and Wael
R. et al. This study provides an overview of optimal models for power control quality, incorporating
fuzzy logic, neural systems, and GA. [69,-70]. Voltage dips and harmonic distortion are discussed in
details by M.H.J. Bollen [71].T. Lin et al. published a study based on real-time measurements.It
plays a very important role to measure protection and fault location under abnormal conditions [72].
Modern solutions for resolving power quality issues were emphasized by M. H. J. Bollen et al. [73,
74].Augusto S. Cerqueira et al. proposed a methodology for classifying power quality disturbances
based on real-time data [75].Mansour Ojaghi et al. also observed that the working of induction
motors due to voltage wiggles may be studied by using simulation models [76]. Meanwhile, Mahesh
Illindala et al., submitted a research article based on frequency/sequence selective channels. For three
phase space vectors, the circuits use band pass and band stop filters. Validation of simulation and
experimental results carried out [77].Morteza Ghaseminezhad et al. investigated the functioning
behavior of three phase induction motors under voltage fluctuations. Power factor and efficiency are
theoretically and practically validated. A voltage restorer (DVR) is used in conjunction with a PWN
controller to improve power quality. This combination was found to be appropriate for low-voltage
load [78]. Amir Hameed Abed and Vicky T. et al. investigate the impact of power quality on three-
phase induction motors using "Fast Fourier Transform analysis" (FFTA). MATLAB is used to obtain
the results [79-80].
5. Models based on voltage fluctuations& three phase induction motors
Polyphone induction motors, which are used in industries and agriculture, are subjected to a wide
range of voltage fluctuations. Different experts have studied the characteristics of these motors when
they are operating under voltage swings. The following is a brief summary of various model.
Aleksandar M. Stankovic and Timur Aydin et al. presented a simulation model based on
unbalanced voltage faults using a three-phase synchronous generator connected to an infinite-bus-bar
transmission line. It has been found that models based on dynamic phasors provide realistic transient
features. C.A.G. Medeiro and Gucci et al. investigate the behavior of equipment in the presence of
voltage fluctuations by taking into account various load conditions. Induction motors are affected by
voltage fluctuations and low voltage in terms of speed fluctuations, noise, and mechanical stress. The
purpose of this study was to use an experimental approach to examine these impacts. [81, 82, 83,
84].G.Bhuvaneswari et al. also studied that the active filters can reduce the starting current and
unnecessary torque in the large rating of induction motors. This can be an effective tool where a large
number of polyphase motors are working in industries which are being run by soft starters. [85].N.
Eghtedarpour et al. investigated a method for locating the flicker source in the distribution system
using an Artificial Neural Network [86]. Krause, Gnacin ski, and Marcin Peplin ski et al.concluded
that the efficiency, stator & rotor losses of three phase asynchronous motors can be calculated under
the influence of fluctuating voltages, while the effect of voltage sub harmonic, current, and
temperature rise can be studied on the cage of a polyphase asynchronous motor ([87, 88]). S.
Tennakoon and Ta. Yang, et al. also looked into the impact of voltage dips on the machine's overall
performance. In the case of voltage disturbance analysis, traditional methods are led by dynamic
phasor models [89, 90].
Ke Lia et al. presented aresearch article on the performance of bearing less induction motors by using
magnetic wedges in semi-closed slots. Air gap reluctance can be reduced by this process, which
reduces losses and hence efficiency can be increased [91]. Amir Nikbakhsh et al. concluded that
measurement of rotor temperature by direct method with the help of thermal sensors is costly. The
authors proposed some suitable methods, like parameter estimation methods, thermal model-based
estimation methods, and hybrid methods. Advantages and draw backs of previous methods with the
new ones are compared. It is a good way to start the day [92]. Emad Jamila et al. presented a
research article on power quality improvement in the power grid. Three different systems were
developed to improve the effectiveness of the STATCOM to improve the voltage regulation and
stability [93].
6. Conclusion
In a developing country like India the demand of power is still more as compared to its supply. It is
vital to conserve electricity because of the herbal resources that offer power and are being depleted
faster than they can be regenerated. Up to some extent we can save the power by reducing the losses
and improving the design of these motors, which are mostly playing its part in industries and farming
under the variations of voltages. Different models based on three phase induction are presented in the
literature. Models based on unbalance voltages, power quality, GA and PSO techniques are studied in
details.
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