=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-3058/paper49
|storemode=property
|title=Transmission Line Fault Detection Using Iot
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3058/Paper-077.pdf
|volume=Vol-3058
|authors=Snehal S. Gondkar,Dipesh B. Pardeshi
}}
==Transmission Line Fault Detection Using Iot==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3058/Paper-077.pdf
Transmission Line Fault Detection Using IoT
Mohini R. Gunjal1, Snehal S. Gondkar2and Dipesh B. Pardeshi3
1,2,3
Electrical Engineering Department, Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargoan, India
Abstract
The occurrence of fault on a transmission line is extremely dangerous for the community
which decreases the reliability of the transmission line. In HV and EHV transmission lines
rarely occurs fault, but in localities, the fault occurrence is higher than in outer transmission
lines. In this prototype, a model is created that tracks transmission line faults by doing the
comparison between the voltage signal of transmission line and a reference value. The
information regarding the event of a fault in a specific phase is sent to a web page via an
Internet of Things (IoT), NODE MCU (Esp8266), and is also displayed on the display. The
opto-coupler is used to sense the voltage and send output to the microcontroller IC. The
voltage signal and output to the IoT module and display are handled by the microcontroller
IC ATMEGA 16.
Keywords 1
Internet of Things (IoT), Microcontroller, Transmission Line.
1. Introduction
In power system network 85-87% of power system faults are occurring in transmission lines [1].
When a fault occurs in an overhead transmission line system, then instantaneous changes in
voltage and current at the point of the fault generate a high frequency signal, that Electromagnetic
impulses are called travelling waves, which propagate along the transmission line in both
directions away from the fault point. Many types of natural and physical events irritate the
electrical power infrastructure, which can have a negative impact on the grid's overall
performance and stability [2]. The impedance of the fault is extremely low. The fault current is
relatively high during the fault. The power flow is diverted towards the fault and the supply to the
neighbouring zone is affected. It is important to detect the fault as soon as possible [3]. It is
incredibly difficult to find underground faults [4]. That is why a prototype is being made using a
microcontroller to make the process faster. The transmission line conductor resistance and
inductance are distributed uniformly along the length of the line. Travelling wave fault location
methods are usually more suitable for application to long lines.
Many power transmission companies have primarily depended on circuit indicators to detect
faulty sections of their transmission lines. However, there are still challenges to identifying the
exact location of these faults. Wireless sensor-based transmission line monitoring system solves
several of these issues, including real-time structural awareness; faster fault localization, accurate
fault diagnosis by distinguishing electrical faults from mechanical faults, cost reduction due to
condition-based maintenance rather than periodic maintenance, and so on. These implementations
identify stringent requirements, such as fast delivery of enormous amounts of highly reliable data.
The success of this appeal is dependent on the development of low-cost, dependable network
architecture with a quick response time. The network must be able to transport confidential
information such as the current state of the transmission line and control information to and from
International Conference on Emerging Technologies: AI, IoT, and CPS for Science & Technology Applications, September 06–07, 2021,
NITTTR Chandigarh, India
EMAIL: gunjalmohinielect@sanjivani.org.in (A. 1); email2@mail.com (A. 2); email3@mail.com (A. 3)
ORCID: XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX (A. 1); XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX (A. 2); XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX (A. 3)
©2021 Copyright for this paper by its authors.
Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)
the transmission grid. This study provides a cost-effective substructure for designing a real-time
data transmission network. The status of the power system in real time, sensors is put into various
components of the power network. These sensors are able to take fine-grained measurements of a
variety of physical or electrical parameters and generate a lot of information. Sending this
information to the control center at a cost-efficient and appropriate time is a critical challenge to
be addressed in order to build an intelligent system.
The internet of things (IoT) is a system which is connected to devices, analog, mechanical and
digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with Unique Identifiers (UIDs) and
the ability to send data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction [5]. The Internet of Things is simply a network of Internet-connected objects capable
of collecting and transmitting data [6]. In the fifth generation of mobile technology 5G, a huge
number of smart phones and based on IoT (Internet of Things) devices will produce a huge
amount of data traffic varying from low number bytes up to numerous gigabytes [7].
2. PROPOSED SYSTEM
Fig.1. Indicates proposed system. It comprises different components which explained as below:
Figure 1: Proposed system block diagram.
I. ATmega328P Microcontroller
The ATmega328P is a high-end, feature-rich microcontroller. It is a microcontroller from
Atmel's megaMVR microcontroller’s family. The internal circuitry of the ATmega328P
haslow current consumption characteristic. The hold contains 32kB of internal flash
memory, 1kB of EEPROM and 2kB of SRAM.
II. ESP8266-01 Wi-Fi Module
The ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module is a self-contained System on Chip (SOC) with an inbuilt
TCP/IP protocol stack that allows any microcontroller to access your Wi-Fi connection.
The ESP8266 may run a programme or delegate all Wi-Fi networking tasks to another
CPU.
JHD162A LCD
It's a vivid LCD display that communicates with the microcontroller using the I2C
protocol.
2.1 Operation
Fig.2 shows proposed hardware implementation of the system. There are two Step-down
transformers; one of which is centre tapped transformer and the other is a general purpose step down
transformer connected to the main power supply. The center tapped transformer is used to generate
faults, while the step down transformer is used to power up the circuit. General purpose the step down
transformer has a 230V AC input and a 12V AC output. 12V AC output supply of the transformer is
given to the diode bridge rectifier. The diode bridge rectifier is made up of four diodes. By providing
a 12V AC input to the bridge rectifier; the rectifier gives a 12V pulsating DC output. The bridge
rectifier's output is fed to a 1000μF capacitor, which converts pulsating DC to pure DC. The voltage
regulator is used after the capacitor The voltage regulator gives a fixed 5V DC power supply as the
microcontroller and display are powered by a 5V DC supply,. The regulator converts 12V DC to 5V
DC. The Wi-Fi module operates on a 3.3V DC supply, to obtain 3.3V supply, 3 diodes are connected
in series.
Figure 2: Proposed implementation
The microcontroller is an Atmega328p with 28 bits. The microcontroller is made up of two
circuits. One is a reset circuit, and the other is a circuit reset circuit with a 10kΏ resistor connected to
Pin 1 of the microcontroller circuit, a 16 MHz crystal, and 22pF. A clock circuit is built from these
three components. Two current transformers (CT) are connected to 1φ and 2φ of the center tapped
transformer respectively, which is an interface with the microcontroller. Across two terminals of the
current transformer, one resistor is connected, that resistor is known as a burden register. The resistor
voltage is measured across this burden. When the ON switch is set to 1, the phase current is increases.
Also the primary current of the current transformer is increases, causing the voltage across the resistor
to rise. The current supplied to the microcontroller is in the form of analog energy, which the
microcontroller converts into digital form. In the microcontroller, the Amega328p ADC is inbuilt.
Both CT pins are connected to the microcontroller's ADC pin. For serial communication, the Wi-Fi
module is connected to the microcontroller's Transmit (Tx) and Receive (Rx) pins. For manually
doing short circuit, 3 switches are employed. Switch 1 is joined to phase A & phase B and Switch 2 is
attached to phase A to ground and Switch 3 is fastened to phase B to ground. After switching on the
main supply, the center tapped step down transformer gives 2 phases of output and manually create an
L-L fault by using the Switch 1 ON. When the Switch 1 is turned on, phases A and B are getting
short-circuited, causing overcurrent to flow. When overcurrent flows from the CT, the current
transformer gives signals to the microcontroller, and the microcontroller converts the signal from
analog to digital in order to display a Wi-Fi module. The display shows the current values of I_1 and
I_2 as well as the type of fault that occurred, such as L-L or L-G. The ESP826601 Wi-Fi module
receives a signal from the microcontroller. The ESP826601 Wi-Fi module allows a microcontroller to
connect to a wireless network. There are up to 9 GPIOs that can be used. When the microcontroller
sends a signal to the Wi-Fi module, the data is stored on the server and a signal is sent to the receiver,
can observe the fault by using a URL.
2.2. Implementation
Depending on the magnitude of the DC required, AC can be stepped down or up when supplied to
the primary winding of the power transformer. The 230V/12V transformer is utilized in this circuit to
execute the step down operation, converting 230V AC to 12V AC across the secondary winding.
Rectification is usually accomplished in the power supply unit using a solid-state diode.A diode
allowsflowingof electrons in one direction during a proper biasing condition. When an AC is applied
to the diode, the electrons are flowingonly when the anode is positive and cathode is negative. Diode
does not allow to flow of electrons after reversing the polarity of the voltage. The bridge rectifier is
very commonly used circuitry for a large amount of DC power. A bridge rectifier comprises four
diodes of INN4007 to get full wave rectification. Power supply is achieved by using voltage regulator.
Without regulators have an inherent effect.
2.3. Operation
L-G Fault: For fault creation switches in this demo project and CT connected to each phase.
When switch on switch between phase A and ground, line to ground fault is created CT1 measures the
value I1=2.55 as shown in fig. 3.
Figure 3:LCD displaying L-G Fault
L-L Fault: When switch on the switch between phase A and phase B line to line fault is created
CT1 and CT2 measures the current and send to microcontroller, display shows the value as I1=2.03
and I2=2.07.
3. Advantages
I. Respond to others in real time.
II. In comparison to the existing system, the coverage area is much larger.
III. Cost-effective
IV. It can communicate wirelessly
V. Economically sound and low-cost
4. Future scope
This can be used for Underground Line Fault Detection.
5. Conclusion
The model is designed to solve the problems faced by power system. By using such a method, we
can easily detect the fault and resolve it. It is highly reliable and locates the fault in three phase
transmission line and also supposed to data storage. It allows to record all of the real time data sheets
up to date and avoiding future transmission line problems.
References
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classification,” 2011 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electrical and Computer
Technology, ICETECT 2011, pp. 15–22, 2011.
[2] A. Cozza and L. Pichon, “Echo Response of Faults in Transmission Lines: Models and
Limitations to Fault Detection,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 64,
no. 12, pp. 4155–4164, 2016.
[3] S. Suresh, R. Nagarajan, L. Sakthivel, V. Logesh, C. Mohandass, and G. Tamilselvan,
“Transmission Line Fault Monitoring and Identification System by Using Internet of Things,”
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[4] L. Goswami, M. K. Kaushik, R. Sikka, V. Anand, K. Prasad Sharma, and M. Singh Solanki,
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