BPMN-related Ontology for Modeling the Construction Information Delivery of Linked Building DataChair of Computing in Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum
,
Germany91102
The information delivery in BIM-based construction projects regarding prede ned exchange requirements is crucial for the quality of information. Information modeling using Linked Building Data receives increasing attention as it may overcome current interoperability issues. Hence, this information needs to satisfy requirements de ned in business processes in an Information Delivery Manual. This paper examines the compatibility of business process modeling and Linked Building Data. Considering recent research progresses, the Information Delivery Processes ontology is developed and evaluated in two demonstration cases for converting XML-based business processes to RDF-based ontology data and performing requirements validation for the attached data sets. These use cases show the feasibility of the application of the developed approach for modeling information deliveries for Linked Building Data.
linked building datainformation delivery processontology modelingbusiness process modelingsemantic web-
Linked Building Data (LBD) allows for vendor-neutral, decoupled, and
softwareindependent information modeling using Semantic Web technologies. The
modeled information is made available on the web, e.g., via Linked Data platforms
or Distributed Common Data Environments (DCDE) [
28
], [
26
]. However, in the
Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operation (AECO) industry, the
information created in the life cycle of a building is always coupled with
projectspeci c tasks for creating, exchanging, or using certain information. This
delivery of information relies on the information requirements of the planning,
construction, or operation business processes as de ned by the Information
Delivery Manual (IDM). In the industry, a well-established modeling language for
business processes is the Business Process Modeling and Notation 2.0 (BPMN).
This research aims to analyze, conceptualize and implement a solution for
integrated information delivery of LBD using BPMN business processes. Regarding
the recent research, there is currently no approach that integrates processes and
product modeling with LBD and validation of requirements in a vendor-neutral
environment.
The ontology developed in this research is based on a review of existing
business processes and data ow ontologies from the Semantic Web concerning
their usability for construction-speci c information delivery processes. To do
this, recent research in the area of information and requirement management
related to Building Information Modeling (BIM) and ontologies is reviewed. A
methodology for analysis and modeling of a new ontology is proposed, which
is presented and evaluated in the last part of this paper. The conversion from
XML-based BPMN and the validation of linked data sets is demonstrated in two
use cases.
2
Background
Redmond et al. [
20
] examined in 2012 how information exchanges can be
enhanced through cloud-based BIM applications. The investigation focuses on
business processes and information exchange using standardized descriptions
as the IDM, proposing a comprehensive web-based exchange of information on
construction projects. The intensi ed use of cloud-based BIM applications is
a milestone in the development of information exchange in AECO, and thus,
through the increasing provisioning of planning data on the web, forms the
foundation for the application of advanced web technologies such as Semantic
Web and LBD.
2.1
Linked Building Data
In recent years, LBD is an increasingly studied topic in the eld of information
management in the AECO industry and is applied especially in the research of
various aspects along the building life cycle [
16
]. LBD gets its impetus from the
W3C LBD Community Group1 from both research and industry. The concept of
LBD relies on the modeling approaches provided by Semantic Web technologies,
i.e., the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and Web Ontology Language
(OWL). Many domain-speci c application cases were de ned and modeled into
OWL-graph-based ontologies. One further advantage of these technologies is
the identi cation of resources using the Uni ed Resource Identi er (URI) or
Internationalized Resource Identi er (IRI), which foster the conceptualization
and implementation of a network of data sources for AECO.
Based on the usage of distributed heterogeneous data sources in a linked
network, Werbrouck et al. [
28
] provided a concept for the utilization of LBD
to develop a DCDE. Research and industry seized the term and concept of a
DCDE to develop new interoperable solutions for the AECO industry, especially
for collaboration. This was further examined by Poinet et al. [
17
] who presented
a novel work ow and version control utilizing DCDE. Furthermore, Valra et
al. [
26
] presented a DCDE based on LBD to support the e cient renovation
of buildings by managing the life cycle data of it and provide it queryable and
interoperable.
1 W3C LBD CG, https://www.w3.org/community/lbd/, accessed: 11.04.2021
2.2
Information delivery in collaborative work ows
The general formalization of requirements for information delivery was examined
by Cavka et al. [
4
], presenting a schematic representation of requirements. This
work further conferred the relation to virtual and physical project products,
especially for developing reusable information requirements for project delivery for
owners. Bradley et al. [
3
] showed that the insu cient de nition of information,
assignment responsibilities for generation or consumption of information, and
connection to business processes are crucial research gaps to improve
collaboration for BIM in infrastructure and building construction.
The normative framework in ISO 29481-1 and -2 [
8
] provide the IDM for
collaborative work ows between actors in construction projects and propose
terminology, methods, and formats to formalize responsibilities, interactions,
and information ow. The IDMs propose information and exchange
requirements in vendor-neutral BIM projects using templates, texts, tables, and
process diagrams. Several studies were conducted on the information delivery using
the IDM, e.g., for controlling the information delivery process [
10
] or
databaserelated approaches for formalization of information requirements [
29
].
An ontology for the representation of IDM and information requirements was
developed by Lee et al. [
12
] primarily relying on an OWL Description Logic (DL)
data model. It considers structures related to the Industry Foundation Classes
(IFC) and the Semantic Web Rule Language for the validation of requirements
using semantic reasoning. However, the authors state that IDM involves various
types of requirements for data delivery that have not been evaluated for
ontological modeling regarding IDM yet. Furthermore, the BIM-based information
speci cation and delivery process for ontological data in ifcOwl [
2
] was
speci ed by van Berlo et al. [
27
]. In their research, the validation of information
requirements was developed using the IFC property set de nitions, which were
transferred to OWL and applied to properties in ifcOwl based datasets.
2.3
Business process modeling
Business process modeling is a method widely used in the AECO industry and
required by the IDM. The BPMN [
15
] is a modeling framework for business
processes with capabilities to model complex processes, employing data ow
as well as multiple participants, and therefore is used in the development of
IDMs. Several approaches address the modeling of business processes according
to BPMN utilizing ontologies [
14
], [
21
].
A broader view on general process modeling ontologies and the conversion of
existing modeling frameworks to ontologies was given by Annane et al. [
1
]. They
examine business process ontologies in the concepts of process speci cation,
including the process decomposition, work ows and conditions, process execution,
and organizational and resource models. In Annane et al. [
1
], the BPMN ontology
of Natschlager [
14
] is proposed as comprehensive and relevant. Nevertheless, the
approach is hard to reuse because it provides neither the ontology speci cation
nor a serialized version of the ontology. Furthermore, in contrast to ontologies
based on other process modeling frameworks, the ontology presented in [
14
] does
not allow to put participants into an organizational context.
A more intensive analysis of process-related ontologies regarding
subjectoriented business process modeling was taken up and expanded by Singer [
22
],
examining the data and process ow between participants in di erent
swimlanes. The authors propose a BPMN ontology and validate the approach of
processing XML-based diagrams into OWL-based instances of their ontology [
22
].
2.4
Integrated process and product modeling for Linked BuildingData
The integration of processes and products using LBD is a recent research topic
examined by Rasmussen et al. [
19
]. By taking a closer look at managing linked
properties on a project level, the authors take the data exchange in AECO
projects into account. They refer to the OPM ontology de ned in [
18
] to describe
the state, metadata, values, and provenance of properties utilizing established
methods of describing properties. One of these established methods is using the
PROV ontology to provide data on the provenance of information [
11
]. An
approach for optimizing information delivery processes for BIM data was presented
in [
9
], developing the Product-Process Ontology to describe process
representations and interrelations to the required information. Furthermore, Torma and
Zheng [
25
] published a comprehensive framework of ontologies to cover a large
set of terminology in construction, including information, actors, and processes.
Overall, these approaches provide a basis for the process-oriented description of
information requirements.
3
Proposed methodology
The analysis within this paper considers the aspects and requirements from the
current standardization, mainly ISO 19650 [
6
] and ISO 29481 [
8
], for the
processoriented modeling of AECO information delivery and data ow for LBD. An
approach for the delivery process of solely IFC-based building models [
10
] has
already been presented within a platform for controlling the information delivery
processes. Furthermore, the BIM-based information speci cation and delivery
process for ifcOwl data were speci ed by van Berlo et al. [
27
]. Karlapudi et al. [
9
]
presented optimization approaches for information delivery based on a
productprocess integration. Nonetheless, the paper at hand presents a broader
non-IFCspeci c approach, considers multiple data resources and formats using LBD and
containers, and employs the BPMN business standard of process modeling.
The methodology of this research follows the three-stage stepwise procedure
depicted in Fig. 1, which mainly relies on the methodology for ontology
engineering by Gomez-Perez and Suarez-Figueroa [
5
]. The rst stage is to acquire
knowledge and terminology from the non-ontological resources that are IDM
speci cations (1), presented related research (2), and standardized process
modeling approaches (3). In the second stage, ontology speci cation and
formalization (5) is based on the acquired knowledge and the existing ontology resources
(2) RELATED RESEARCH
(4) PROV ONTOLOGY RESOURCES
(5) ONTOLOGY SPECIFICATION
AND FORMALIZATION
(6) ONTOLOGY EVALUATION
(7) ONTOLOGY DOCUMENTATION
and patterns of the well-established PROV ontology [
11
]. Therefore, the
existing concepts and domain ontologies are considered and incorporated into the
outlined model. The ontology is implemented in RDF and OWL, considering
the semantics between the classes derived from knowledge and terminology. In a
third stage, evaluation (5) of the developed ontology is performed, transforming
XML-based process diagrams into ontology-based data sets of the ontology. The
documentation of the ontology will be generated and provided (6).
4
Knowledge acquisition and analysis
This section describes the relevant terms and concepts identi ed for the ontology
modeling. Therefore, the terminology list of ISO 21948-1 de nes the terms in the
rst column of Tab. 1. In the table, related terms and concepts from BPMN [
15
]
and the PROV ontology are identi ed in the second and third column. The last
column contains the terminology aggregated and used in this research.
According to IDM, the central aspects of information delivery are information
units, actors, and activities, also modeled in generic process-related contexts
in BPMN and PROV. In this research, these generic terms are speci ed as
information, person, information delivery, and information usage. The exchange
requirements and information constraints are speci c concepts adapted in this
research to provide a basis for attaching rules for validation of delivered
information. Concerning information management in BIM work ows as de ned in
ISO 19650, information constantly resides in a certain status. The status and
the project to which actors, activities, and information apply, nish the list of
concepts and terminology. Terminology directly dependent on the Information
has been attached with the pre x Information, e.g., Information requirement.
5 Information Delivery Processes Ontology (IDPO)
Based on the analysis, an ontology is engineered to model delivery processes as
activities (see Fig. 2). In the following, the namespaces of BPMN and PROV
are considered by the pre xes bpmn2 and prov. The namespace of the here
developed Information Delivery Processes Ontology (IDPO)2 is abbreviated using
the preferred pre x idpo. Other namespaces are referred to as registered in the
pre x database pre x.cc.
<<rdfs:subclassOf>>
The class idpo:Project is de ned to host actors as prov:Person instances
which can be associated with each other using the idpo:hasMember or inverse
idpo:isMemberOf object property. The actors in a project are referred to from
idpo:InformationDelivery and idpo:InformationUsage. These classes are
2 IDPO namespace: https://w3id.org/idpo#
subclasses of the prov:Activity and are disjoint with each other as the same
information is regularly not delivered and used in the same activity. The
inheritance from prov:Activity enables to associate additional metadata on the
speci c subclasses. Moreover, each of the two subclasses has an association to
an actor either using the object properties idpo:hasSendingPerson for
delivery or idpo:hasReceivingPerson for usage activities. The classes for delivery
and usage of information are associated with bpmn2:Task instances if they have
converted from a BPMN diagram using the idpo:derivedFromBPMN object
property. A demonstration of BPMN conversion in the context of IDPO is presented
in the use case in section 6.1.
Information that is delivered or used is modeled utilizing the
idpo:Information class. This is a subclass of the prov:Entity and is connected to
deliveries or usages with the idpo:generatesInformation or idpo:usesInformation
object properties, respectively. Information can only be generated once while it
can be used several times. Information instances are linked to
bpmn2:DataObject instances with the idpo:derivedFromBPMN object property. Delivery
and usage activities can have multiple instances of idpo:Information. Each
instance of idpo:Information has a status which itself is an instance of the
class idpo:Status containing datatype properties for status description and
status system reference. A status is, for instance, "Work in Progress" or
"Published" while the status system reference is a string literal node, accordingly
"ISO 19650", or a literal node that conforms with xsd:anyUri.
The idpo:Information is the domain of the idpo:hasData object
property which establishes a relation between the information and the actual data.
The range of the idpo:hasData property includes the general rdfs:Resource
class, which links all types of RDF-based resources to information.
Furthermore, providing speci c formats for delivering AECO construction information,
instances of ifcowl:IfcBuilding, which represent delivered building models,
or instances of ct:Document from the Information Container for Linked
Document Delivery (ICDD) [
7
] can be attached. A more generic type to utilize is the
ldp:basicContainer from the Linked Data Platform [
23
] speci cation.
In the ontology de nition, each instance of the information class refers to at
least one idpo:InformationRequirement providing a minimal set of metadata
for the information, such as the due date, priority, or suitability of the
information and its delivery. Furthermore, the information requirement class implements
a set of rules for the delivered information employing the idpo:requires
object property. Using the Shapes and Constraint Language (SHACL), these rules
are de ned by the sh:NodeShape type and usually allow for validation of
instances in range of the idpo:hasData property. This, for example, can be a rule
validating the existence in general, the type of delivered information, or
metadata of the delivery. A demonstration of validation in the context of IDPO is
presented in section 6.2. Moreover, validations of the quality of delivered
information are attached to the instances of idpo:InformationSpecification using
the idpo:deliverySpecification property. The delivery speci cations employ
either a set of sh:NodeShapes or delivery speci cations like presented in [
27
].
6
Demonstration
The ontology de ned in the previous section is evaluated in two use cases. The
rst one includes the automated creation of IDPO instances from the BPMN
diagrams in XML format. The second use case focuses on the linking of IDPO
instances to distributed data and the validation of this data in the context of an
information delivery or usage.
6.1
Case 1: Derivation of information delivery from BPMN diagram
For the demonstration of the ontology, a minimal business process for creating,
exchanging, using, and verifying the model regarding requirements and
speci cations is de ned as depicted in Fig. 3. The process diagram contains two
processes, one data object with annotated requirements and speci cations and
two users.
Create
model
Information
Specification
Information
Requirement
Verify and use
model
To generate and derive information delivery instances from a BPMN, the XML
le of the diagram needs to be converted to RDF. Therefore, the converters
ontmalizer3 and redefer-xsd2owl4 are used to transform XML schema (XSD)
les into OWL ontologies rst and in a second step converting XML instance data
to RDF data using the mapping from the XSD to OWL. Nevertheless, both tools
have limitations in generating the semantic relations between element node
contents that are regularly used in the BPMN XSDs and have an insu cient
automated mapping process for these XML nodes. To overcome these limitations and
to fully exploit the potential of semantic linking between BPMN elements, a
converter with a BPMN-speci c mapping from XML to RDF was implemented in a
prototype for this paper. The converter5 bases on SPARQL-Generate introduced
by Lefrancois et al. [
13
]. It provides a JAX-RS webservice with routes for
converting BPMN-XML data either into BPMN instances or into IDPO instances.
The mapping between the XML schema of BPMN and the ontologies is provided
in a set of query les in media type application/vnd.sparql-generate with
the extension .rqg. The generated triples from each query are merged into a
common RDF graph using Apache Jena. An implementation of the converter is
also presented within the ontology documentation. Results of the conversion to
the BPMN ontology are shown in Fig. 4. The gure shows converted instances
of a task, a data object, and the related data association to link the data object
as an output of the task (see also original BPMN in Fig. 3).
this:InformationDelivery_1 this:Task_1hcentk this:DataOutputAssociation_0b2p1kh
rdf:type idpo:derivedFromBPMN bpmn2:dataOutputAssociations
idpo:InformationDelivery bpmn2:name rdf:type
For further transferring from BPMN to IDPO, the converter creates an
instance of idpo:Information for each bpmn:DataObject and either an instance
of idpo:InformationDelivery for each bpmn:Task with outgoing data object
relations or an idpo:InformationUsage for each bpmn:Task with incoming data
object relations. All of these individuals are linked to their originating BPMN
elements (see Fig. 4). Further information on participants, projects, statuses,
requirements, and speci cations are generated but not depicted in Fig. 4 for
brevity. This demonstration proves, that it is possible to create RDF instances
in compliance with IDPO on the basis of the processes, data objects and
associations from BPMN.
6.2
Case 2: Validation of requirements using SHACL
The second use case focuses on the validation of requirements and delivered
information. As de ned in section 5, information requirements and information
speci cations de ne validation rules. These are rules de ned as sh:NodeShapes
according to the SHACL. The shapes have target nodes of the idpo:Information
type, which are linked via the idpo:InformationRequirement or
idpo:InformationUsage (see Fig. 5). Using this linking, the node shape validate paths
along the idpo:hasData predicate. For information requirements, for example,
these paths can access the class type of the attached data or any relation of this
node shape.
sh:NodeShape
this:NodeShape_Requirement_1
this:Information_1
idpo:Information
rdf:type
sh:targetNode
rdf:type
ifcowl:IfcBuilding
idpo:InformationRequirement
rdf:type
idpo:requires
Exemplarily, the node shapes are applied to an attached ifcOwl-based building
model, for which a set of requirement rules and speci cations has been de ned.
Each node shape employs a set of sh:PropertyShapes that cover the path to the
actual data and de ne conditions like the type value of the focused node, in this
case of the inst:IfcBuilding 37. Moreover, further properties of the focus node
can be validated, such as the placement of the building. Example RDF-instance
data and SHACL shapes are available and documented6. Comprehensive research
on the application of SHACL for the validation of ifcOwl data can be found in
[
24
]. These shapes can also be shared within the whole project or across multiple
projects and referenced in several information requirements and speci cations.
This enables, for instance, to reuse company knowledge resources on the web
and also to integrate knowledge generated in projects back to the company's
knowledge base, thus creating added business value for the project delivery.
7
Conclusion
This research examines the interrelation between business processes, information
delivery, exchange requirements, and LBD. The ontology IDPO based on terms
of BPMN, PROV, and IDM has been developed and presented. The
demonstration cases show the feasibility of this approach and the application of IDPO
for modeling information deliveries based on state-of-the-art modeling of
business processes using BPMN. Nevertheless, the use cases demonstrate only an
excerpt from the possible applications. With further developing representations
of IFC-related property speci cations and the approach of the building SMART
Data Dictionary under development, a completely integrated information
delivery is possible. Overall, this approach shows a way to align business processes
with construction-speci c information delivery processes for LBD. Due to this,
the delivery processes are generated from process diagrams following the BPMN
standard. With its generic de nition for information delivery and the relation
to the PROV ontology, the developed ontology can be integrated into
multi6 Example instances data set, http://w3id.org/idpo/4537 instances
ple linked data platforms, thus leveraging a cloud-based structured information
exchange for the construction industry.
However, further evaluations in a web platform for the Information Container
for Linked Document Delivery will be carried out as part of a layered platform
implementation. Possible improvements and further integration can lead to
managing access to information according to previously de ned delivery processes
for users and roles in projects or leveraging pattern-based access to LBD and
automated triggered SHACL validations based on events.
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