This paper considers the problem of an interface for educational platform, which is fully efective for achieving the outcomes of educational activity. The current research is a theoretical analysis of existing recommendations on UI/UX design, applied when creating educational systems, as well as of research papers that study user interface (UI) usability and evaluate user experience (UX) in designing on-line platforms. This article describes a mechanism for evaluating usability with the help of baseline and ifnal evaluation tool. It also studies UX components, that ensure its high quality. A list of standard components of web-design is being discussed in the present paper; modern trends in web-design of educational platforms are identified. The paper provides the description of an on-line course model, which is built on the basis of analysis of the prerequisites for existing and functioning of educational on-line systems and which is aimed at achieving outcomes of educational activity. There is ground to believe that the design of educational on-line courses will contribute to achieving the outcomes of educational activity, if user interface components comply with a list of criteria, such as easy-to-perceive content, no extra information, easy and simple navigation on the pages of the course, following the principles of usability.
The process of designing interface for educational platforms is a complex task, but crucial for achieving educational activity outcomes. Every time, when course users interact with an educational platform, they become smarter and closer to their goal, which is to get a real sense of achievement. This incremental progress is attained owing to both, the developers, who designed the educational resource and teaching staf, who filled it with educational materials.
The main goal of the systems for electronic learning (SEL) is to deliver knowledge, to share
information and to help students in their educational activity efectively, using the cutting-edge
information technologies. Usability of SEL is of importance, as its success depends on applying
the key principles of usability. The evaluation criteria for success can be defined by the level of
user satisfaction after their interaction with the SEL interface [
Users see in the software system not the coding languages, but the interface, which contributes to the success or failures of this system. Students are willing to see the system interface in accordance with their needs and requirements. If the interface is rigid, dificult and boring, it will not allow users to use the system. So, the user interface plays a vital role in any software system.
According to ISO 9241-210:2019 [
Standard ISO 9241-210:2019 [
0000-0002-8920-5680 (K. V. Vlasenko); 0000-0003-3186-2837 (I. V. Lovianova); 0000-0001-7938-3080 (S. V. Volkov); 0000-0003-2593-1293 (I. V. Sitak); 0000-0002-3722-6826 (O. O. Chumak); 0000-0002-4437-7593 (A. V. Krasnoshchok); 0000-0002-7956-5818 (N. G. Bohdanova); 0000-0003-0789-0272 (S. O. Semerikov)
© 2022 Copyright for this paper by its authors.
CPWrEooUrckResehdoinpgs IhStpN:/c1e6u1r3-w-0s.o7r3g UCsEepUerRmiWttedournkdserhCorpeatPivreoCcomeemdoninsLgicsen(sCe EAtUtriRbu-tWionS4..o0Irngte)rnational (CC BY 4.0). conducting a theoretical analysis of user interface (UI) features and user experience (UX) in designing educational on-line platforms. Within the framework of the overall objective, the following research objectives were set: 1. To analyse the definition of usability of user interface (UI). 2. To describe user experience (UX) in designing on-line platforms. 3. To analyse features of UI/UX design when developing educational systems, as well as to develop an educational on-line course model.
Theoretical analysis of research papers and resources, that introduce guidelines on UI/UX design when developing an educational system; analysis of the research into UI usability and user experience (UX) in designing on-line platforms contributed to developing an educational on-line course model.
An important task for developers who foster interaction between a computer and a human
in educational sphere is creating useful software for supporting students and their distance
learning, as well as ensuring adaptation of a student to the system. Usability and usefulness are
closely connected but not identical notions. According to Nielsen [
One more important question, raised by the developers of educational systems is evaluation
of their efectiveness, which is defined by a user’s interaction with the interface of this system.
Research into the evaluation of SEL usability was done by a number of experts [
The authors of this paper take into consideration the idea by Squires [17], who highlighted the
necessity to integrate usability and learning, as well as pointed out waiver of communication by
staf working in sphere of a human-computer interaction and educational environments. In fact,
usability of electronic learning design is directly connected to their educational value. Systems
of electronic learning can be convenient, but not educational, and vice versa [
Methods of analytical evaluation are usually used by design experts in order to define usability
problems when designing a system [
These are general principles of design, but some authors (e.g., Jordan [20], Rubin and Chisnell
[
Cognitive evaluation is an analytical method, used to evaluate simplicity of learning and
using the system. A detailed analysis of the key tasks, which are supported by the system,
is done. For each task there are four questions, asked to forecast the system usability. The
questions are: Is the goal clear in this stage? Is the corresponding action obvious? Is it clear,
that certain actions lead to the goal? What problems appear when taking the action? [
Analysis of the level of pressing the keys can be used to define the efectiveness of interaction with the user and compare various designer solutions. Quantitative measures of the time can be related to every user’s action, for instance, clicking a mouse or entering the text, and are used to determine the time for performing each task. They can be used to choose the menu structure, the mode of interaction and usage of concrete objects of interaction.
Empirical methods of evaluation are used to identify factual indicators of efectiveness,
eficiency and satisfaction [
Formal usability testing includes development of controlled experiment, which is usually
done in a special usability laboratory [
The notion “user experience” (UX), according to the standard [
This notion can have a wider meaning, which is researched in the special literature [21, 22, 23]. Despite the increasing interest to the experience in using systems, it is dificult to achieve joint agreement on the nature and sphere of usage of UX [21]. Most respondents in the research [21] agree, that UX is dynamic, dependent on the context and subjective, including such factors as time, place and goal. As regards more disputable questions, the authors suggest defining UX as something individual (rather than social), which appears as the result of interaction with a product, a system, a service or an object. But the terms used require additional explanations to list all the possible objects that impact the user experience. UX selects emotional factors and is aimed at positive experience and strengthening the trust in the object [20]. UX is a result of a user’s internal condition (preferences, expectations, needs, motivation, mood, etc.), features of the designed system (for instance, complexity, purpose, usability, functionality, etc.) and context (or environment), in which interaction takes place (for instance, organisational/ social environment, content of the activity, free will to use, etc.) [24].
The first requirement of a perfect user experience (UX) is meeting precise needs of the user, without fuss and problems. Then follow simplicity and elegance, creating products, which are pleasant to possess and to use. Real user experience goes beyond the reach of what users want, what they aspire for or just presenting functions from the check-list. To ensure high quality of UX in the company’s ofers, it is necessary to have seamless consolidation of services in diferent spheres, design, marketing, graphic and industrial design, interface design included [25].
It is critical to diferentiate general interaction with user interface (UI) and UX, though UI, obviously, is an essential part of design. Let’s take Ukrainian educational platform Prometheus as an example [26]. The catalogue of on-line courses has an attractive interface design (figure 1), but a user who wants to get information about a specific on-line course will face a dificulty when searching it, as the catalogue has only general topics and does not have such an option as search using key words.
UX is a central component, especially in successful web-sites and digital products. Moreover, overall efectiveness of a system increases owing to UX. In course of researching into UX, such tool as framework of conception and optimisation gained momentum. Dixon et al. [27] raise the issue of negative perception of complicated and confusing user service implementation. As researchers believe, in order to improve the quality of a service, it is necessary to minimise the number of days, which spend by users to achieve the desired outcome.
When developing a service which is aimed at triggering pleasant emotions in a user or override competitors in terms of complexity of presenting information, it leads to users outflow. Users can be overwhelmed by the number of self-service channels – interactive voice service, web-sites, e-mail, chats, communities for on-line support, social networks, etc. They often have no opportunity to take move in order to solve the problem.
Obviously, the simplicity of the service contributes to solving the users’ problems. This approach is applied not only to the commercial services, but also to educational services. Designing an easy-to-understand and simple interface for on-line learning can increase efectiveness of its usage for both – learners and university teaching staf.
Optimally developed program user interface from the point of view of UX, is an inseparable part of success or failure of any educational product. When developing an on-line course, the teachers must have competencies which help them impact the quality of UX and as a result – the platform itself.
User interface (UI) usability and efectiveness of user experience (UX) depend on the quality of the system design, which consolidates both these tasks into one single process of creating an educational system.
As a rule, people associate the notion “design” with various things, depending on the sphere of human activity, but Dervojeda et al. [28] defines design as an engine for innovations. Design is a creative method of developing and creating a new or a significantly improved product, service or system, which means a comprehensive approach to creating various objects, considering various factors and conditions of economic, ecological, technological, cultural environment, opportunities, social priorities and preferences.
Modern educational on-line systems are developed using the Internet and web-technologies, so when considering these systems, a separate type of design is referred to – web-design. Web-design is a part of web-development and includes the process of designing a user webinterface for web-sites or web-applications. As Borodayev [29] states, web-design is a kind of graphic design, aimed at developing and arranging objects of informational environment on the Internet, which adds high consumer attributes and aesthetic qualities. Such interpretation separates web-design from web-programming, emphasises the specifics of the subject matter of a web-designer, positions web-design as a kind of graphic design.
Web-design, as defined by Indeed Editorial Team [30], is the process of creating web-sites and web-pages for fostering efective and pleasant usage. Web-design determines the goals of a web-site or a web-page and contributes to its accessibility by all the prospective users. This process involves arranging content and visuals on a series of pages, program integration and other interactive elements, choice of attractive style and colours.
Specialists, who do this job are called web-designers, their main tasks are: • the choice of readable fonts; • the choice of attractive colour schemes that allow to easily read the fonts; • introduction of a brand identity into colours, fonts and a mock-up; • designing the web-site structure map for ensuring intuitive navigation; • placement of icons, logos, texts, videos, programs and other elements; • using such coding languages as HTML and CSS for creating layouts and presentation of pages; • creating optimised versions of web-sites and pages for viewing them on both PCs and mobile devices.
There is a list of standard components for creating an optimal design of a web-site (table 2).
Among the latest trends in web-design, which attracts experts’ attention, is its minimalism, which is applied when designing the structure and content of on-line courses. Moreover, studying the strategies that impact user interface, studios Acodez [31], Nielsen Norman Group [32], WebsiteBuildErexpert [33], TheNextWeb [34] claim that minimalism is something users prefer in particular. Experts warn that using too much technology decreases the chance to attract clients by the web-product.
The findings of the research by Baharin et al. [35] prove that the design of the on-line courses interface is no less important than their content or the choice of the learning method. Analysing the directions in UI design, scientists grounded, that its quality impacts not only the success of a separate course, but of the educational platform as a whole.
Scientists also discuss the above mentioned trend in their research papers. Wolverton and Guidry Hollier [36] describe the survey of the teaching staf in universities concerning the usage of minimalistic approach when designing courses. The authors of the article believe that it is necessary to use less technology, to simplify learning, an on-line learning course should not be sophisticated. Sani and Shokooh [37] point out that minimalism without unnecessary aspects and arrangement of visual elements decreases confusion in the audience and increases efective interaction with the web-site. In order to identify and prove the factors that influence satisfaction of teaching staf with learning on the Internet, Bolliger and Wasilik [38] drafted a web-questionnaire, which was used to measure teachers’ satisfaction in the context of on-line educational environment. Describing the respondents’ answers, scientists noticed that using the principles of minimalism allowed to make an on-line course graphically simple. In turn, Component Description Layout Determines a way to show material on the page. The choice of a layout is a principal task for a designer. It must be simple, intuitively understandable and accessible. Webdesigners can use blank spaces, called gaps, to arrange the web-site elements with the help of mesh design to keep them in order.
Images Illustrations, graphic images, photos, icons and others are used to add information to the text. To create the desired efect, designers can choose images that complement each other, and the brand, which the web-site represents.
Visual hier- The order in which a user will get the information on the web-site is identified. A designer archy creates it, using a visual pattern to the web-site. A visual pattern is a method in which a designer directs the look and the behaviour of a user. For instance, F-Patterns or Z-Patterns emphasise the upper horizontal part of the web-site, where mostly navigation menu and a logo, sometimes a search-box are placed. Those are elements, that inspire for interaction with users.
Colour Defines the combination of colours, that must be in harmony with the brand and the scheme industry, which it presents. To achieve this goal, a dominant colour is chosen along with several others to create a proper palette. Colour palette can be solid (diferent shades of one colour), similar (colours, close to each other) or complementary. Designers also take into account what colours attract users more.
Typesetting Defines the style and font of the text. Web-designers choose one or a combination of them, which is attractive and easy to read. To make the best choice, it is necessary to choose the font which meets the expectations of the target audience. Some web-sites can have notched fonts, while others can use non-serif fonts, depending on the sphere, goal and a regular user.
Readability Representation of the content, which is easy to see and to read on the web-page. The text on the web-page must be readable, as users usually spend little time on that and have to find the information quickly. Designers can achieve it, choosing the relevant size and font for the text. Contrast between the text and colours of the web-site background also enhances legibility.
Navigation Navigation elements are tools that allow users to choose, where they want to get on the web-site. They can be present in the upper or lower header of the web-site, depending on its layout and structure. These elements are important as they direct visitors to the necessary information as fast as possible. Designers can choose various navigation designs and layouts, for instance with the help of a button that folds and unfolds the navigation menu. Elements of navigation can contain arrows that direct users back to the upper part of the page, to a certain part of the page or to another page.
Content Content is all the information, present on the web-site. It is a key element, as visitors want to get information quickly. When a web-site is clearly structured and attracts users’ attention, they are more likely to turn into clients.
Adaptability Adaptability is a function of the web-site that allows to show it on a mobile device and to adapt its layout and proportions so that it is readable. Web-design ensures convenience in surfing the web-sites and their navigation on mobile devices. If a web-site is welldeveloped and adapted to mobile devices, users can easily achieve the goal. teaching staf in universities, working with the course, claimed that purely eficient design allows them not to get distracted by the course presentation when doing the course itself. Studying minimalistic documentation strategies and their successful application for creating short videos, Pflugfelder [39] ofered instructions, taking into consideration minimalism in Web-applications. Lazonder [40] also emphasises the importance of developing such instructions and claims that in order to create a truly minimalistic interface, a web-designer has to arrange the elements showing only the ones which are of the highest importance and do not distract users from the necessary elements. Evaluating positive and negative impact of interface on the process of learning, del Campo et al. [41] did the research into User eXperience (UX) with the help of a quality analysis of the students’ survey, studying their level of satisfaction by the use of web-pages. Bender et al. [42], Betts [43], Bolliger [44], Bolliger and Wasilik [38], Boettcher [45] also did research into the factors of students’ satisfaction with on-line products. Among the factors that explain students’ satisfaction with on-line courses, scientists outline the following: intuitively understandable navigation system and blank space on the page of on-line courses, speed of a web-page downloading on the platform, simplicity of orientation and easy access to the necessary content, usage of as few interactive elements of web-design as possible.
In a research paper by Vlasenko et al. [46] the analysis of web-design minimalism was conducted, using as examples a few elements of presenting content. Dynamic web-elements, such as accordion, slider and tabs were singled out. The findings of the research show that the optimal variant, from the point of view of minimalism is tabs. In course of the research, a list of criteria was ofered. These criteria foster perception of the course materials, do not overload users with extra information, make navigation on the course pages easy and accessible. Thus, the analysis of certain prerequisites of existence and functioning educational on-line systems allowed us to make a decision on the model developing on-line course (figure 2).
When constructing the model, we took into account that the user interface, which does not contain enough components, or they are used inappropriately or poorly, afects the components of usability of the online course. This can afect each convenience component individually or all at once. For example, the non-availability or an insuficient number of navigation elements reduces the efectiveness of the principles of “Recognition, not remembrance” and “Flexibility and eficiency of use”. And inadequate use of color scheme or printing will reduce the efectiveness of all the principles of usability. Therefore, the UI / UX design online course model should reflect the relationship between the UI components and the overall usability of the online course.
Now that modes of learning are blended and remote, usage of systems of e-learning is becoming
more topical and popular. Interest in developing cognitive on-line environments is on increase;
it fosters comprehensive preparation of a learner in combination of conventional and on-line
learning. The authors of this paper, together with Ardito et al. [
We also agree with the opinion by Squires [17] about the direct connection between the
usability of the e-learning design and its educational value. The course interface on the
educational platform was singled out by Hasan [47] as one of the factors that impacts the on-line
learning. Applying analytical and empirical methods of assessment of the usability problems and
indicators of efectiveness eficiency and satisfaction by the educational platform was proved
by the research, where it is stated that principles of instructional design, principles of usability
implementation [
Based on the conducted research, the authors of this article developed a model of on-line courses. The first structural element of the model was defined as user interface components, among which are: a layout, an image, visual hierarchy, colour scheme, typesetting, readability, adaptability, navigation, content. The authors assumed that functionality of the model is ensured by the impact of interface design on usability of the on-line course. This, in turn, allowed to decide on such structural element of the on-line course model as principles of usability. The research presents the developed model of usability principles, such as following: visibility of the system status; match between the system and the reality; control and freedom of users; consistency and standards; preventing errors; recognition, rather than recall; flexibility and efectiveness of usage; aesthetic and minimalistic design; assisting users; information and documentation.
The authors of this paper based their research on the analysis of the resources and scientific papers on introducing guidelines on UI/UX design when developing educational systems; usability of user interface (UI); evaluation of user experience (UX) in designing on-line platforms.
The notion of usability of user interface (UI) was analysed and it was determined, that for diferent types of evaluation diferent evaluation methods are available. This research paper presents the methods of analytical assessment, among which are heuristic evaluation, cognitive evaluation and analysis evaluation on the level of pressing the keys. It is also defined, that methods of analytical evaluation, as a rule, are used by experts on design for detecting usability problems when designing a system. As far as empirical methods are concerned, such methods of evaluation are used for determining factual indicators of efectiveness, eficiency and user satisfaction by the on-line courses.
Research into user experience (UX) in designing on-line platforms allowed to make the following conclusions: UX is a core component of successful web-sites and digital products; optimally developed program user interface from the point of view of UX is an inseparable part of any educational product; in order to enhance the quality of service, it is necessary to minimise the number of actions, which are taken by users for achieving the desired outcome.
The analysis of features of UI/UX design when developing educational systems allowed the authors of this paper to identify, that along with a list of standard components of an optimal web-site design, cutting-edge trends in web-design are also taken into consideration. Among such trends are minimalism of web-design, which is used both – during the design of the structure and content of on-line courses, and during the influence on the user interface. The conducted analysis also allowed to develop an educational on-line course model. The authors outlined two constituents in the structure of the model, namely user interface components and usability principles. The model functions owing to the impact of the interface design on usability of the on-line course. There is space for further research into the efectiveness of the impact of the developed model on achieving the outcomes of educational activity of Master students, majoring in “014 Secondary Education. Mathematics”. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2006, p. 1571–1576. doi:10. 1145/1125451.1125738. [15] M. N. Giannakos, The evaluation of an e-learning web-based platform, in: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Supported Education - Volume 1: CSEDU, INSTICC, SciTePress, 2010, pp. 433–438. doi:10.5220/0002799504330438. [16] M. Notess, Usability, user experience, and learner experience, 2001. URL: https://elearnmag.
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