The paper proposes a developed software application for automating the calculation of the technical characteristics of continuous ionites units with a fluidized ionite bed used in the water treatment system of the energy complex. The program is designed to calculate the structural and hydraulic parameters of an ion-exchange parallel-point filter used in water softening and demineralization schemes at water treatment facilities of heat power facilities. The necessary initial data, formulas are given, on the basis of which the algorithm is compiled, logical structures are developed and a software solution is obtained. The importance of work on ensuring high quality of water heat carriers for ensuring long-term and uninterrupted operation of the energy complex from the point of view of technogenic safety, as well as reducing capital and operating costs is shown. The possibility of using the developed software application in training specialists, as well as directly in working conditions, is described.
Modern energy development requires the use of a huge amount of various resources, including
water. Water is used as a heat carrier, diluent and cooling component. Each individual production or
technology requires the production of water of a certain quality. Compliance with the water regime is
one of the key tasks to ensure reliable and safe operation of energy complexes. The service life of all
equipment depends on the purity of the coolant, even small deviations from the norms can lead to
increased corrosion, deterioration of heat transfer and premature failure [
The main feature of the equipment of the enterprises of the energy complex is operation at high thermal loads. Such modes require strict limitation of the thickness of deposits on the heating surfaces. The source of scale formation is the impurities supplied with the make-up water. That is why the most important task for the energy complex is to ensure high quality of water heat carriers.
Each water source requires an individual analysis and calculation of a water treatment plant for industrial use. Industrial water treatment is a complex of operations that provide water purification - the removal of harmful impurities from it, which are in a molecularly dissolved, colloidal and suspended state. The main operations of water treatment: cleaning from suspended impurities by sedimentation and filtration, softening, and in some cases - desalination, neutralization, degassing and disinfection.
The article describes the developed software application for automating the calculation of the
parameters of the water purification filter. A filter of the FIPa type is considered - ion-exchange
parallelflow filter. Such filters are used in water softening and desalination schemes at water treatment plants
of power plants, industrial and heating boilers [
Feedwater systems of high-pressure boilers and many technological systems of energy complexes
require almost complete removal of all ions, including carbon dioxide and silica [
Ionites are solid insoluble substances capable of exchanging their ions for ions from the surrounding
solution. These are usually synthetic organic resins with acidic or alkaline groups. Ionites are solid
insoluble substances capable of exchanging their ions for ions from the surrounding solution. These are
usually synthetic organic resins with acidic or alkaline groups. Ionites are divided into cationites that
absorb cations, anionites that absorb anions, and amphoteric ionites that have both of these properties.
They are widely used for water desalination [
Ion-exchange materials of natural and artificial origin, such as cationites and anionites, are used as filter loading in ionite filters.
The filter consists of: Enclosures Bottom and top switchgear Pipelines Shut-off valves Sampling devices
Purification (filtration) at stage I FIP (additional purification at stage II FIP) of the incoming stream
from dissolved ionic impurities occurs due to the exchange of metal cations (anions of acid residues)
for an equivalent amount of Na + or H + cations (anions of Cl- or OH- groups) in grains filtering
material (cation or anion). After filtration is completed, the filter stops and is disconnected from the
working manifold. A technological operation is carried out to loosen the ionite, designed to eliminate
its compaction. After loosening, the ionite is regenerated [
As a mathematical apparatus for calculating the filter parameters, the method of Yu.I. Dytnersky (in
accordance with the Manual to SNiP 2.04.03-85), when the value of the hydraulic characteristics
obtained from the initial group of data is compared with the theoretical value for the required degree of
purification [
The formulas used for the calculation are as follows: Sorption isotherm equation
The sorption isotherm equation for the exchange of equally charged H+ ions for Na+ on the basis of the mass action law is written as follows:
∗ where
– total exchange capacity, 2.1.1. Liquid flow rate /
1 1 / – equilibrium constant, – final concentration.
(1)
The fictitious fluid velocity in the fluidized bed is found from the equation connecting the criteria Re, Аr with the porosity of the bed е: 0.61√ ∙
.
The porosity of the bed in ionites with a fluidized bed can be determined from the operating data of industrial ionites, according to which the height of the fluidized bed is 1.5-2 times the height of the fixed bed. Taking into account these data, taking the porosity of the fixed bed ε0 = 0,4, it is possible to obtain the interval of porosity variation ε = 0,6-0,7. The porosity of the bed in this interval: ε = 0,65.
Density of the swollen cationite particle:
Apparatus diameter: filter diameters. (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) where к
– final concentration of Na+ in the cationite, kg/kg.
Due to the fact that in cylindrical apparatuses with a fluidized bed, the solid phase is completely
mixed, the density of the distribution of ionite particles over the residence time is determined by the
ratio [
In the region of relatively low concentrations, the equilibrium dependence is close to linear. Approximately, the sorption exchange isotherm can be assumed to be linear with the slope tangent equal to ∗ /
, where the flow can be found as the average logarithmic – average ion concentration Na+. The average concentration of Na+ ions in
к 1 exp Determination of limiting diffusion resistance:
The phase in which the limiting diffusion resistance is concentrated can be determined by the value of the Biot criterion: ’ mass transfer, m/s;
с / – effective diffusion coefficient in the particle, m2/s; is the tangent of the angle
G , where R is the particle radius, m; с – coefficient of external of inclination of the equilibrium line, m3/kg;
– ionite density, kg/m3. At ’ 20 he overall mass predominant. The external mass transfer coefficient с is determined by the criterion equation transfer rate is determined by internal diffusion, while at ’ 1,0 external diffusion resistance is , After finding the diameter, it is required to round it to the number presented in the range of standard where ’ 1,17 ∙ 10– m2/s.
µ /с ∙ ; The external mass transfer coefficient is determined by the formula: Average tangent of the slope of the equilibrium dependence:
Bio criterion: where – / 1 –
.
The degree of processing of a spherical ionite grain , which is in a liquid medium with a concentration of Cav at Bi → 0 for time t, is determined by the following expression:
Assuming that the equilibrium concentration in the ionite corresponds to the average concentration in the fluid flow (
), it is possible to find the average degree of ionite processing throughout the bed:
The final concentration of Na+ ions in the cationite is found from the material balance, having previously determined the minimum and operating consumption of the ionite. The minimum flow rate is found from the condition of equilibrium of the solid phase with the solution leaving the apparatus:
According to experimental data, the working consumption of the sorbent is 1.1-1.3 times higher than
the minimum [
Average residence time of cationite particles:
Volumetric ionite consumption Fluidized bed volume Fluidized bed height 1 к The value ∗ к is determined from the isotherm equation.
As you can see, the calculation algorithm is quite cumbersome and requires a certain loss of working
time [
The volume of the fluidized bed and its height can be determined by integrating the mass transfer equation written for a fluidized bed of infinitesimal height. This approach gives the following calculation formula for the volume of the fluidized bed 2.2. The project is developed in the Java programming language using modern programming techniques, such as anonymous functions (also known as lambda expressions), dynamic arrays, hash tables. The features available in Java SE 8 are used. The MVC (Model-View-Controller) scheme is applied, which assumes the division of the program code into 3 parts, describing, respectively, the visual component displayed on the screen, the so-called controller, that is, the part of the program code that ensures coordination between the visual and computational parts, and directly the part of the code that implements business logic. The external view of the project directory is shown in Figure 1.
The algorithm is as follows:
Read the necessary parameters from the form, sufficient for further calculations
Find the filter diameter 3. Search the database to refine the diameter
Display the result on the form
Table 1 Dependence of technological parameters on the brand of cationite used (initial data for calculation)
КУ‐1 КУ‐2‐8 КУ‐23 КБ‐4П‐2
Sm3/g 1.2 0.9 0.75 0.95
Thus, there is a need for the following structures: filter, cationite - represent a table entry, and in the following classes: an application that coordinates the work, a form - a visual display of information on the screen, a class that performs the necessary calculations, a database - loads from files and software provides the necessary information for certain requests. Additionally, one utility class has been introduced, which also represents a database, which in response returns strings in Russian and English.
The Application class has a main (String[] args), method, which is the entry point to the program. In this procedure, databases When the form display method is called, a separate thread is launched, which in a loop processes screen events and calls the methods that have been subscribed (using the Listener programming pattern). When you click on the "Calculate" button, the entered values are checked, and if they correspond to the logic of the task, then the Application class is called to perform calculations - the process () method is called, the arguments of which are the initial parameters. Thus, separation is performed: for the form to work, the module that performs the calculations is not directly required, and vice versa, the calculation part is in no way connected with the implementation of the form.
The main project class makes sequential calls to the calculation class, the database class and again to the calculation class to determine the output parameters. Then the obtained values are transferred to the form, on which the information is displayed.
Working procedure with the program: 1. The user starts the program, the main form of the application is displayed on the screen (Figure 2) 2. If you wish to work in Russian, the author, using the File -> Language -> menu, selects the
Russian interface language 3. The user enters the required parameters that determine the operating mode of the filter, cationite and the level of water pollution 4. The program checks the entered values, and in case of successful verification, the calculation is performed. The calculated values are placed at the bottom of the screen form (Figure 3) 5. To exit the program, click on the "Exit" button, on the icon for closing the window, or using the
File -> Exit item.
The practical significance of the work carried out on the development of the software application is obvious and consists in simplifying and automating the calculations of the parameters of the cleaning filter. For the developed software application, a Certificate of state registration was obtained and its work was tested in the university educational process.
Competent selection of filter parameters for a water treatment system can not only improve the economic component of the energy complex, but is also very important in the field of technogenic safety. Ionic impurities can seriously affect the reliability and efficiency of the entire technological system. Hardness ions, such as calcium and magnesium, must be removed from the water supply system before it can be used as feed water in the energy system. Overheating caused by the accumulation of scale or deposits formed by these impurities can lead to catastrophic pipe failures, costly production losses and unplanned downtime.