=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-3149/short8
|storemode=property
|title=Increasing the Functional Network Stability in the Depression Zone of the Hydroelectric Power Station Reservoir (short paper)
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3149/short8.pdf
|volume=Vol-3149
|authors=Pavlo Anakhov,Viktoriia Zhebka,Viktoriia Koretska,Volodymyr Sokolov,Pavlo Skladannyi
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ttsiit/AnakhovZKSS22
}}
==Increasing the Functional Network Stability in the Depression Zone of the Hydroelectric Power Station Reservoir (short paper)==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3149/short8.pdf
Increasing the Functional Network Stability in the Depression
Zone of the Hydroelectric Power Station Reservoir
Pavlo Anakhova, Viktoriia Zhebkaa,b, Viktoriia Koretskac, Volodymyr Sokolovb,
and Pavlo Skladannyib
a
National Power Company “Ukrenergo,” 25s. Petliuri str., 01032, Kyiv, Ukraine
b
Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University, 18/2 Bulvarno-Kudriavska str., 04053, Kyiv, Ukraine
c
State University of Telecommunications, 7 Solomenskaya str., 03110, Kyiv, Ukraine
Abstract
Sphere of influence of the reservoirs of large HPS involves colossal massifs of rocks. The
complex of geophysical fields and processes, mechanical and electrical transformations causes
changes in the geophysical situation of the local environment in the depressed zone, which
determine the need to make recommendations for the protection of telecommunications. A
method for developing measures to protect the telecommunications network from the effects
of destructive influences, which includes collecting information on their impact on hardware
resources, their analysis and development of appropriate countermeasures. The conditions of
functional stability of the telecommunication network are formulated, which are represented
by the resistance of the network infrastructure components to the impact of hazards, the ability
to reconfigure the operational systems and the transmission network. To verify network
protection measures, a matrix of compliance with threats has been developed, the occurrence
of which may be due to processes in the depressed zone.
Keywords1
Destructive influence; connectivity; infrastructure components; correspondence matrix;
reservation; reconfiguration.
1. Introduction
Among all human engineering activities, large hydropower plants with reservoirs have the greatest
impact on the natural environment [1]. They draw into the sphere of their influence colossal massifs of
rocks. Complex force fields that arise during that process, extend to considerable depths, cause
mechanical and filtration deformations of rocks, their physical and chemical transformation [2].
Superficial analysis of the literature (for example, [3, 4]) has showed that a significant number of
large reservoirs are intended for integrated use, in particular for the needs of power stations, primarily
hydraulic (HPS). Considering this feature, we agree to understand the term reservoir abbreviated name
“HPS reservoir.”
The study of the effects of reservoirs on the local geological environment has revealed the presence
of a depression zone, the size of which is determined by the range of geophysical fields, and the duration
of existence corresponds to the cycles of these fields. Geophysical fields will be understood as physical
fields of the Earth, as well as fields represented by the values of their geodynamic parameters given in
space [5].
Descriptions of the fields of the depression zone of the reservoir are presented in Table 1.
Emerging Technology Trends on the Smart Industry and the Internet of Things, January 19, 2022, Kyiv, Ukraine
EMAIL: anakhov@i.ua (P. Anakhov); viktoria_zhebka@ukr.net (V. Zhebka); vika.koretskaya@gmail.com (V. Koretska);
v.sokolov@kubg.edu.ua (V. Sokolov); p.skladannyi@kubg.edu.ua (P. Skladannyi)
ORCID: 0000-0001-9169-8560 (P. Anakhov); 0000-0003-4051-1190 (V. Zhebka); 0000-0003-1570-7669 (V. Koretska); 0000-0002-9349-
7946 (V. Sokolov); 0000-0002-7775-6039 (P. Skladannyi)
©️ 2022 Copyright for this paper by its authors.
Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)
169
Table 1.
Geophysical fields of the reservoir depression zone (modified from [6])
Field / Process Limits of action Field cycle
Deformation field The volume of the funnel of the The relaxation time, during which the initial stress in the cortex is
/ Lowering of the earth's surface lowering is two orders reduced by e times, can be from 2,5 to 30 years.
earth's surface * of magnitude greater than the
volume of the reservoir, the
deflection extends away from the
reservoir for tens of kilometers
Groundwater The width of the zone of Groundwater support zones are characterized by two stages of
level / Change in hydrogeological influence of the formation - intensive uplift, when 70-90% of the support is formed
pore pressure of underground prism of filtration (duration 2-10 years); slow rise to the limit position (duration 15-20
groundwater waters usually varies within 0.1-6.0 years and more)
km away from the shores
Microseismic The effective radius of influence It is determined by:
Vibration Field / depends on the amplitude and - hydrological microseismogenic processes - variations in water level
Vibration ** frequency of vibrations during filling of the reservoir and cycles of replenishment/operation;
meteorological and seasonal, tidal, drift, seismic fluctuations of the
level; draft, ripples, wind waves;
- microseismic processes - oscillations of the rowing body;
vibrations from power plant units and powerful pumps; vibrations
from falling water
Atmospheric The width of the action zone of the Determined by atmospheric processes:
processes/ air masses on land can be up to 10 - microseismogenic - breeze [4, 9, 10], which initiates vibrations of
evaporation from km, and on large lakes - up to 30-45 protruding objects [11];
the water surface km [7, 8]. - formation of clouds [10, 12], which are a factor in the formation of
with the atmospheric electricity [13];
following: - precipitation [12], which is a factor in the formation of infiltration
formation of the nutrition [14, 15]
clouds and
breezes;
precipitation
* Lowering the earth’s surface can result in landslides, landslides or debris.
** In addition, in the last century, the effect of earthquake excitation during the filling of reservoirs was discovered, which will be taken into
account in the future [16].
The study of geophysical processes shows that the action and development of some phenomena
always creates the preconditions for the emergence and development of others. In the late 1930s, A.
Ivanov reported the discovery of a seismic effect of the 2 nd kind, the essence of which is that the
geological environment under the action of a seismic field generates an electromagnetic field [17].
Analysis of variations in the electromagnetic radiation of the geological environment has showed that
they are determined by the mechanisms of energy conversion of these processes into the energy of the
electromagnetic field (see Table 2).
Table 2.
Mechanisms of electromagnetic field generation due to geophysical processes [18]
Mechanical and electrical Geophysical processes
converters Changing the pore pressure of the Deformations due to subsidence of the earth’s surface
groundwater and vibrations
Electrokinetic effect + +
Electromagnetic induction + +
Piezo effect - +
The complex of geophysical fields and processes, mechanical and electrical transformations causes
changes in the geophysical situation of the local environment of the reservoir in the depressed zone.
The variability of the geophysical environment of the local environment of hydroelectric reservoirs
and its changes in comparison with the "local environment without reservoir" determine the need to
make recommendations for the protection of one of the main industries in electricity generation and
transmission - telecommunications (e.g. [19–21]).
The aim of the article is to study the functional stability of telecommunication network equipment
in the geophysical situation of the depression zone of the HPS reservoir.
170
To achieve this goal it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
Analyze network threats and their consequences
Develop a scheme for the application of protection measures
Verify protection measures
2. Research Method
According to the provisions of the project method, a method for developing measures to protect the
telecommunications network from the effects of destructive effects (DE) has been developed, which
includes the phased collection of information about the DE effect on the infrastructure components of
the telecommunications network, their analysis and development of appropriate countermeasures [22].
At the initial stage, a list of the threats is determined, the occurrence of which may be due to the
processes caused by the changes in the geophysical situation of the local environment of the reservoir
in the depressed zone. This list has been determined during the analysis of changes in the situation.
At the second stage, the analysis of destructive influences of functioning of a telecommunication
network is carried out.
At the final stage, a synthesis of possible measures to reduce the damage caused by the certain threats
is performed. The generalized scheme of application of measures of protection against dangerous events
is shown in Fig. 1.
Figure 1: Scheme of the protection measures application of the telecommunications means
from dangers [23]
The proposed scheme is designed to develop an action plan to prevent hazards [24–27]. Short-term
hazard forecasting is based on current geophysical field measurements and development simulations,
and is performed to alert the public to hazards and collect data. Data are used in long-term forecasting.
It is used to assess risks and their acceptable levels for declaring the safety of telecommunications,
deciding on their location and operation, developing measures to prevent and prepare for accidents. The
list of protection measures includes:
The use of resistant to certain hazards materials and structures
Interception of danger, which involves shielding the object or its most vulnerable and
responsible elements, from danger, or shielding danger from the object, as well as counteracting the
danger
Reconfiguration of the systems for ensuring efficiency (power supply, ventilation and air
conditioning, fire alarm, fire extinguishing, warning, etc.)
Reconfiguration of the transmission network
To verify network protection measures, a matrix of compliance of protection measures with threats,
the occurrence of which may be due to processes in the depressed zone, has been developed (Table 3).
171
Table 3.
Matrix of compliance of the protection measures of the information transmission network to threats,
the occurrence of which may be due to processes caused by changes in the geophysical situation of
the local environment of the reservoir in the depressed zone
Threats *
Protection measure
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1. Short-term forecasting a11 a12 a13 a14 a15 a16 a17
2. Notification; data collection for long-term forecasts a21 a22 a23 a24 a25 a26 a27
3. Application of stable materials and structures a31 a32 a33 a34 a35 a36 a37
4. Passive interception of a danger a41 a42 a43 a44 a45 a46 a47
5. Active interception of a danger a51 a52 a53 a54 a55 a56 a57
6. Reconfiguration of operational systems a61 a62 a63 a64 a65 a66 a67
7. Reconfiguration of the transmission network a71 a72 a73 a74 a75 a76 a77
* 1 - subsidence of the earth’s surface, landslides, landslides or debris; 2 - increase in groundwater level (flooding), change in
pore pressure; 3 - vibrations, earthquakes; 4 - breeze; 5 - precipitation; 6 - variations in water level, floods; 7 - electromagnetic
radiation of the medium.
3. Ways to Protect the Telecommunications Network from Hazards
3.1. Conditions of Functional Stability
Let's define functional stability of a telecommunication network, as resistance of the network
infrastructure components to influence of dangers, ability to reconfiguration of systems of maintenance
of serviceability and a transmission network.
The resilience of network infrastructure components to the impact of hazards is ensured through the
use of stable materials and structures, passive and active interception of hazards and is estimated by the
formula [28]:
iI I , I iI SiS , iS S , iI 1, nI , iS 1, nS , (1)
where is quantifier of generality; iI, iS are identifiers of destructive effects on equipment and
indicators of equipment stability, respectively; I, nI are the set and quantity of the destructive effects on
equipment; S, nS are the set and quantity of the indicators of resistance of the equipment to these
influences; I iI , S iS are the magnitude of the effects on the equipment and the resistance of the
equipment to them, respectively.
Reconfiguration of the performance systems is provided by their redundancy, and is estimated by
the formula [29]:
n
P 1 1 Pi , i 1, n (2)
i 1
where P is the probability of connectivity of the path formed by parallel connected chains-systems, Pi
is the probability of the operability of each of the systems.
Reconfiguration of the transmission network is provided by redundancy of nodes and
communication lines, and is estimated by the formula [30]:
G 2 , G 2 , Pij t Pijnormalized , i j , i, j 1, n , (3)
where (G) is number of vertex connectivity (the smallest number of vertices (nodes), the extraction of
which together with the incident edges (communication lines) leads to a disconnected or single-vertex
graph); (G) is number of edge connectivity (the smallest number of the edges that remove a
disconnected graph); Pij(t) is the probability of the connectivity (the probability that the message from
node i to node j will be transmitted in a time not exceeding t).
3.2. Analysis of Destructive Influences
Analysis of the destructive effects on the functioning of the telecommunications network is
performed in order to identify its most vulnerable elements (see Tables 4 and 5).
172
Table 4.
Typical consequences of the DE action [31]
Destructive influences Consequences of the DE action
Landslides Destruction of underground gas pipelines keeping cables under
excess pressure; damage to line and cable structures.
Earthquake Destruction of external telecommunications facilities; ruptures of
gas pipelines holding cables under excess pressure and ruptures of
cables.
Strong wind (taking into account that the speed of the Collapse of overhead lines, radio towers; gust, damage to
breeze is 1–5 m / s, we will estimate its influence as overhead lines.
insignificant)
Floods Flooding of cable sewerage; potential damage to cables; cable
locking.
Table 5.
Matrix of destructive impacts of the depression zone and their impact on the components of the
telecommunications network infrastructure [32]
Infrastructure components Destructive influences
Strong
Landslides Rain Floods
wind
Overheaf line support M S I S
Antenna M S S M
Electronics I I M I
Premises for installation of the devices of the telecommunication
I I S S
network
Fiber optic cable S* I I* I
Symmetrical and coaxial cables S ** S M S
Power supply system M I M S
Backup power supply S ** I M S
Satellite earth communication stations M S S/M M
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems I I I I2
I: insignificant; M: moderate; S: significant
* When laying an underground fiber-optic cable, the risk of landslides is taken into account, the most common causes of
which are the weakening of the strength of the rocks when they are wet by precipitation.
** The degree of influence of the factor is largely determined by the location of the resource.
3.3. Verification of the Protection Measures
To protect line and cable structures from threats, it is proposed to lay them underground. Fig. 2
presents the examples of enhanced precautions for the protection of underground cable structures.
173
Figure 2: Examples of precautionary measures for the protection of the underground line and cable
structures from the experience of Japanese telecommunications specialists [30]: (1) - sliding
connection for inspection wells (connecting pipeline coupling); (2) - sliding connection for gas
pipelines; (3) - sliding connection with stopper; (4) - flexible connection for penetrating the wall of
the cable shaft; (5); - flexible connection of cable channels; (6) - flexible connection of sections of the
gas pipeline for penetration into the building; 7 - flexible connection; 8 - sliding connection +
coupling; 9 - sliding connection with stopper + concrete cable tray; 10 - sliding connection with
stopper + coupling; 11 - reinforced concrete manhole cover; 12 - building of the user of services; 13 -
cable channel; 14 - cable mine; 15 - cable sewerage; 16 - penetration of the bridge crossing; 17 -
inspection well; 18 - inspection well; 19 - normal soil; 20 - water-saturated soil; 21 - directions of
displacements; 22 - the wall of the building; 23 - flexible corrugated gas pipeline
4. Discussion of the Research Results and Conclusions
The result of the study of the functional stability of the components of the telecommunications
network infrastructure in the depression zone of the HPS reservoir is the realization that the local
environment needs physical and geographical zoning of the territory. This is due to the need to
determine the climatic conditions of operation of the network, which, in turn, determine the measures
to maintain its efficiency.
Threats to the network are geophysical fields of the depression zone of the HPS reservoir
(deformations and microseismic oscillations, pore pressure of groundwater, atmospheric processes),
supplemented by an electromagnetic field of geophysical origin. These threats are presented in the form
of a scheme of changes in the geophysical situation of the local environment of the reservoir due to
geophysical fields and processes, mechanical and electrical transformations in the depression zone.
174
To develop an action plan to prevent hazards, a proven scheme of application of measures to protect
telecommunications has been used. The conditions of functional stability of the telecommunication
network are formulated.
The effectiveness of the protection measures scheme is confirmed by the verification of protection
measures against threats, which, in fact, are recommendations for improving the functional stability of
the telecommunications network in the depression zone of the HPS reservoir.
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