=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-3153/paper14
|storemode=property
|title=Co-Designing with Users: Towards a Persuasive App to Promote the Adoption of Appropriate Malaria Prevention and Control Behaviors in Developing Nations
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3153/paper14.pdf
|volume=Vol-3153
|authors=Ogbaga Ignatius,Makuochi Nkwo,Ajah Ifeyinwa,Rita Orji
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/persuasive/OgbagaNAO22
}}
==Co-Designing with Users: Towards a Persuasive App to Promote the Adoption of Appropriate Malaria Prevention and Control Behaviors in Developing Nations==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3153/paper14.pdf
Co-Designing with Users: Towards a Persuasive App to
Promote the Adoption of Appropriate Malaria
Prevention and Control Behaviors in Developing Nations
Ogbaga Ignatius1* Makuochi Nkwo1, Ajah Ifeyinwa1 and Rita Orji 2
1 Department of Computer Science, Ebonyi State University Abakaliki, Nigeria
2 Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS, Canada
ogbagaignatius@gmail.com
Abstract. In recent years, persuasive technology research has gained traction in
the Global South. Persuasive strategies have been incorporated into user-based
technologies to motivate desirable behaviors in domains such as: eCommerce,
sustainable environment, and in various healthcare domains. Many primary
healthcare studies have shown that malaria, which is transmitted via the bites of
female anopheles mosquitoes is one of the most common illnesses in sub-Saharan
African nations such as Nigeria. It is one of the commonest causes of deaths
amongst pregnant women and children (under five years). Although national gov-
ernments and relevant healthcare stakeholders have deployed various strategies
to fight this health menace, however, mortality rates resulting from malaria espe-
cially amongst pregnant women and children has continued to rise. This may be
unconnected to various behavioral and social factors. In addition, there is lack of
persuasive interventions that could be deployed to support users to adopt desira-
ble prevention and control behaviors. Therefore, this research examines new
ways of motivating individuals, especially pregnant and nursing mothers to adopt
appropriate malaria prevention and control behaviors in developing African na-
tions. As a first step towards contributing to research, we conducted a user-based
research to uncover the factors that prevent the adoption of the measures, and the
strategies that could be employed to motivate users to adopt appropriate malaria
prevention and control behaviors. Mapping the results to their corresponding per-
suasive strategies and operationalizing them in a mobile platform, we show how
persuasive technologies could be co-designed with potential users and personal-
ized to promote the prevention and control of malaria diseases in the global south.
Keywords: Malaria Prevention and Control, Persuasive Technology, Persua-
sive Strategies, Behavior Change, Mobile Apps
1 Introduction
Studies have shown that persuasive apps for behavior change encourage individual and
communal actions in numerous domains of human endeavors such as: water, energy,
Persuasive 2022, Adjunct Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Persuasive Tech-
nology. Copyright © 2022 for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons
License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
2
mobility, and sustainable waste management [1, 6, 11, 12, 19, 23]. Research also re-
veals an increasing application and integration of persuasive technologies in the health
and wellness domain [18]. In the Global south, there is a significant increase in healthcare
research amongst indigenous persuasive technology researchers [8]. Berkovsky et al. [3] opines
that tailoring persuasive strategies has “huge untapped potential to maximize the impact of per-
suasive applications”. This is seen as persuasive strategies have been used to recommend cultur-
ally sensitive guidelines for designing persuasive apps for various domains. In the health domain,
persuasive strategies have been employed to tailor important information, send notifications and
reward outstanding performances. Consequently, these strategies are increasingly being incorpo-
rated into various kinds of apps to support users to adopt appropriate healthcare behaviors without
coercion or the use of force [13]. Although national governments and relevant healthcare stake-
holders have deployed various strategies to promote the adoption of appropriate malaria preven-
tion and control behaviors, however, mortality rates resulting from malaria especially amongst
pregnant women and children has continued to rise. This may be unconnected to various behav-
ioral and social factors. In addition, there is lack of persuasive interventions that could be de-
ployed to support users to adopt desirable prevention and control behaviors.
Therefore this paper seeks to uncover the factors that affect the adoption of appro-
priate malaria prevention and control behaviors, with a view to recommending socially
responsible guidelines for co-designing a mobile persuasive technology to promote the
adoption of appropriate malaria prevention and control behaviors in the local commu-
nities. In order to drive research and contribute to the body of knowledge, we conducted
a user-based research to uncover the factors that prevent the adoption relevant malaria
prevention and control measures put in place by government and healthcare stakehold-
ers. Secondly, we sought to find what strategies could be employed to motivate users
to adopt appropriate malaria prevention and control behaviors.
The findings of our studies show that users exhibit negative attitudes toward adopt-
ing relevant malaria prevention and control measures put in place by government and
healthcare stakeholders. Specifically, we uncovered wrong perception and poor
knowledge about malaria prevention and control behaviors, forgetfulness (inability to
remember to perform timely malaria prevention and control activities, and lack of com-
munal cooperation, as some of the negative attitudes of the people. In addition, we un-
covered that there is dearth of personalized technology platforms, integrated with ap-
propriate persuasive strategies which will have the capacity to encourage the adoption
and utilization of those malaria prevention and control measures in the communities.
Mapping the results to their corresponding persuasive strategies and operationalizing
them in a mobile platform, we recommend specific guidelines that could be used to co-
design a Malaria Prevention and Control Support System (MPCSS) with users; a per-
suasive technology that that has the capacity to help users adopt appropriate malaria
prevention and control healthcare behaviors in developing African nations.
2 Background of Study
Persuasive technologies are interactive systems (mobile, desktops and games) that help
users to perform target behaviors [4][5]. They are integrated with persuasive strategies,
3
which are the structural pillars that allow it to motivate and assist users to perform target
behaviors[14, 15, 18, 19]. In the past, many researchers developed various design steps
[4], and strategies [22]which could be employed to design and evaluate persuasive sys-
tems. Specifically, Oinas-kukkunen and Harjumaa (2009) came up with twenty-eight
persuasive strategies (persuasive system design (PSD) framework) which are catego-
rized into four groups based on the type of support that they provide to users of a sys-
tem: the primary task, dialogue, system credibility, and social support [15][22]. (See
Figure 1 below).
Fig. 1. Persuasive strategies of the persuasive system design framework
Many of these strategies have been employed and have proven to be effective in devel-
oping and evaluating persuasive technologies in various domains [1, 6, 11, 12, 19, 23].
In this study, therefore, we employ relevant persuasive strategies present our design
guidelines for co-designing a mobile Malaria Prevention and Control Support System
(MPCSS) with users that has the capability to help users adopt appropriate malaria pre-
vention and control healthcare behaviors.
In related healthcare studies, malaria, which is transmitted via the bites of female
anopheles mosquitoes is one of the most common illnesses in sub-Saharan African na-
tions such as Burkina Faso, Nigeria, etc [21]. It is one of the commonest causes of
deaths amongst pregnant women and children (under five years) [9][2]. National gov-
ernments and relevant healthcare stakeholders have deployed various strategies and in-
itiated a number of social programmes to fight the health menace of malaria. Some of
these social health initiatives include: Rollback Malaria Programme, free and subsi-
dized distributions of insecticide-treated nets (ITN), free distribution of malaria drugs,
introduction of genetically modified mosquitoes (GMM), environmental fumigation
and release of mosquitocidal fungi into the mosquito habitats [7, 9]. However, mortality
rates resulting from malaria infection, especially amongst pregnant women and children
has continued to rise [9]. This may be unconnected to certain behavioral and social
factors. In addition, there is lack of persuasive interventions that could be deployed to
4
support users to adopt desirable prevention and control behaviors. Therefore, an ap-
proach to motivate these group of people to adopt appropriate malaria prevention and
control measures and behaviors without coercion is desirable, since it could help to
promote sustainable health amongst them. This new approach could be achieved via
the combined powers of persuasion and digital technologies [8]. In addition,
smartphones are becoming more popular as people conduct all kinds of activities such
as banking, shopping, gaming in their smart phones [16]. This provides the avenue for
mobile apps to drive changes that can positively impact our health.
3 Method
The goal of this research is to uncover the factors that affect the adoption of appropriate
malaria prevention and control behaviors. In addition, we want to map these factors to
their corresponding persuasive strategies which can be employed to co-design and eval-
uate a prototype Malaria Prevention and Control Support System (MPCSS) for the local
communities. To achieve these aims, we addressed the following research questions: 1)
What factors affects the adoption of appropriate malaria prevention and control behav-
iors? 2) What persuasive strategies can be used to remedy the factors identified above?
3) How can we adapt and operationalize these strategies in a mobile MPCSS to promote
the adoption of appropriate malaria prevention and control behaviors?
3.1 3.1 Study Participants, Data Collection and Analysis
We are using a mixed method for this study and it includes: 1) Survey, 2) Persuasive
System Design (PSD) model and 3) Object-oriented Analysis and Design Methodol-
ogy. This hybridized method were chosen to optimize the benefits of each component
methods in analyzing an existing system to discover problem areas, and design an en-
hanced system for the future.
To achieve our research goals and address research question one and two, we sur-
veyed residents Ebonyi State in the South-eastern region of Nigeria. It consists of 13
local government areas (LGAs) classified under three senatorial zones. This study was
conducted between January 2021 and December 2021, in multiple locations such as in
homes, village squares, schools, and healthcare centers. The age ranges of the subjects
were between 18 to 69 years. We present the demography of the subjects in Table 1 .
Table 1. Participants Demography
Total = 196
Gender Female (100%).
Age 18-29 (80)41%, 30-40 (102)52%, over 40 (14)7%
Level of Education Uneducated = (4) 2%, Primary School =
(48) 25%, Secondary School = (144) 73%,
Marital Status Married (160)82% and Single (36) 18%
5
Using the survey method, we conducted a user-based study of the residents of the com-
munity. The instrument used for data collection was the questionnaire which was struc-
tured using four points 4-Likert scale ranging from “1 = Strongly Disagree” to “4 =
Strongly Agree”. The questionnaire was based on a pre-existing tool developed by Ven-
katesh [20] and has been validated by Nkwo et al [10]. It was modified for the domain
of this research; primary health. We employed random sampling to select and adminis-
ter our questionnaires to the subjects on different days. We used the basic statistical
method to analyze data collected quantitatively via a questionnaire.
The findings from this initial user study will be employed to design a novel mobile
malaria prevention and control support system (MPCSS), using Object-oriented Anal-
ysis and Design Methodology. In addition, we will map the identified factors to their
corresponding persuasive strategies as described in the Persuasive System Design
(PSD) model [17]. The persuasive strategies will be operationalized on the MPCSS.
Specifically, the support system personalized to the individual users, integrated with
text notification/reminder features, as well as relevant social supports such as audiovis-
uals in both English and local dialects. All of these will give the system the capacity to
motivate users to adopt positive malaria preventive attitudes. The overall idea is to co-
design the system with potential users, starting with the initial prototype, which will be
iterated based on user responses.
4 Results and Discussions
1. In this section, we describe the factors that affect the adoption of appropriate malaria
prevention and control behaviors. These answer research question one. The results
of our research uncover that people exhibit various attitudes which negatively affects
the adoption appropriate of malaria prevention and control measure. In specific
terms, we found:
2. “Wrong perception” and “poor knowledge” is one of the major factors that affect the
adoption of appropriate malaria prevention and control behaviors in the community.
Our respondents believes that malaria is a natural sickness and cannot not be pre-
vented. Many others feel that prevention and control items such as malaria drugs and
insecticide-treated nets were developed by Europeans for population control and to
reduce the rate of child births in the community. These reasons dissuade the local
people.
3. Forgetfulness. This is the inability to remember to adopt timely and appropriate ma-
laria prevention and control behaviors. Even when some of them knows the impli-
cations of mosquito bites and malaria sicknesses, many of our respondents confessed
that they rarely remember to use spray the insecticides or fix the treated nets for
themselves and their children. This may be connected to the time-consuming local
businesses and farming activities which they must do to survive.
4. Lack of communal cooperation is another factor that negatively affects the adoption
of appropriate malaria prevention and control behaviors. It seems that the residents
of the community are careless about the implication of open and non-flowing drain-
6
ages, as well as poor waste disposal and open defecation, which are veritable breed-
ing environments for the mosquito vectors. A community which understands these
facts will work together to maintain a clean and healthy environment which has the
capacity to reduce the breeding of female anopheles mosquitos.
In addition, we found that a significant number of our respondents owns internet ena-
bled mobile devices which can be used for web surfing, social media, listening to music
and watching videos. This result is important because findings from recent studies
shows that increased penetration of mobile and internet technologies in developing na-
tions have expanded opportunities and influenced how users connect and socialize with
one another, learn new behaviors and perform desired activities [16]. These develop-
ments inspire the design and implementation of new digital health applications that will
promote support social engagement, collaboration and feedback amongst various group
of users of digital interventions.
5 Mapping Results to Persuasive Strategies
In this section, we identify some social strategies that could be employed to motivate
the people to adopt appropriate malaria prevention and control behaviors. Subse-
quently, we mapped them to their corresponding persuasive strategies of the Persuasive
System Design (PSD) model [17] which could be employed to motivate appropriate
malaria prevention and control behaviors. The following answers research question
two.
5. The factors “Wrong perception” and “poor knowledge” could be remedied by offer-
ing the people with tailored correct information about the causes and health impli-
cations of malaria. Personalized messages about available and cost-effective malaria
prevention and control behaviors could also be provided to the people who reside in
different communities. Simulation of the pictures and videos of showing the benefits
and otherwise of adopting proper prevention and control measures could also be ef-
fective in changing people’s perception and wrong knowledge. Through these ave-
nues, the people will be adequately informed about the causes of malaria and avail-
able prevention and control behaviors. They will ultimately become motivated to
adopt appropriate malaria prevention and control behaviors and live a cleaner and
healthier lifestyle. We map this to the tailoring, personalization and simulation
strategies, which are two of the persuasive strategies in the primary task support
category of the PSD model. The tailoring strategy opines that “information provided
in the system will be more persuasive if it is tailored to the potential needs, interests
and other factors relevant to the users”. The personalization strategy opines that “a
system which offers personalized content or services has a greater capability to per-
suade”. Simulation strategy opines that systems that provide simulations can moti-
vate by enabling users to observe the link between cause and effects.
6. This factor “Forgetfulness” could be remedied by the provision of regular reminders
for the people to adopt and carry out timely and appropriate malaria prevention and
control behaviors. Measured and thought-out notifications is necessary which will
7
remind people to spray the insecticides or fix the treated nets for themselves and
their children. Such reminders motivate the people and help them to remember to
adopt appropriate malaria prevention and control behaviors and live a cleaner and
healthier lifestyle. We map this to the reminder strategy, which is one of the per-
suasive strategies in the dialogue support category of the PSD model. The reminder
strategy opines that “a system that reminds users of their target behaviors will more
likely help them to achieve their goals”.
7. This factor “Lack of communal cooperation” could be resolved by providing ways
through which the people can learn and get the right information about the causes
and implication of malaria, as well as available prevention and control behaviors.
Public recognition and activities that promote cooperation could be employed to en-
courage citizens to contribute their quota to maintain a cleaner and healthier envi-
ronment that is a deterrent to mosquitoes. Providing such learning and public recog-
nition opportunities would help to keep the people informed and motivated, respec-
tively, to live a cleaner and healthier lifestyle. We map these strategies to the social
influence strategies such as social learning, cooperation, and recognition, which
are some of the persuasive strategies in the social support category of the PSD model.
Social learning opines that “one will be more motivated to perform a target behavior
if one can use a system to observe others performing the behavior”. Cooperation
opines that “a system can motivate users to perform a target behavior by leveraging
people’s natural drive to cooperate”. Recognition opines that “by offering public
recognition for an individual or group, a system can increase its likelihood that an
individual or group will adopt a target behavior”.
These persuasive strategies will be operationalized in the new mobile malaria preven-
tion and control support system (MPCSS), which we are co-designing with potential
users to support them to adopt appropriate malaria prevention and control behaviors
and live a cleaner and healthier lifestyle.
6 Design Recommendations
In this section, we provided answers to research question three. We describe how to
operationalize these persuasive strategies in a mobile MPCSS to promote the adoption
of appropriate malaria prevention and control behaviors.
8. Automated and Expert Healthcare Information: Provision of auto-expert infor-
mation is one of the ways to tackle the issue “wrong perception” and “poor
knowledge”. The tailoring and personalization strategies could be implemented on
smart devices as apps such that users will be able to receive customized information
about mosquito vectors and enabling environmental factors, as well as the health
implications malaria bites. User is provided with personalized access to this infor-
mation. The user will be able to receive timely health education, suggestions, and
supports from the comfort of their homes. In addition, Ignorance and negative per-
ceptions can be tackled via the implementation of the simulation strategy. Simulation
of the pictures and videos of people whose adoption of proper prevention and control
8
measures such as malaria drugs and insecticide-treated nets etc, led to a state of good
health, and those who were not knowledgeable and careless with the environment
and health led to breeding of mosquitoes, malaria and other sicknesses, and even
deaths.
9. Provision of System Reminders and Notifications: Incorporating the dialogue
support strategies such as reminder strategy is one of the ways to tackle the issue of
forgetfulness. It notifies users about their target behaviors. It can be implemented
such that apps can send text/audio/video messages and notifications to users as
daily/weekly reminders to take on appropriate malaria prevention and control behav-
iors, and protect themselves. Such notifications will help to remind people to keep
their environment clean, clean up nearby drainages, spray the insecticides or fix the
treated nets for themselves and their children. Adopting these measures will certainly
reduce mosquito breeding and help the people to live a cleaner and healthier lifestyle.
10. Social Support and Cooperation: Social influence strategies could help to motivate
individuals and groups to interact with peers on shared concerns and behaviors about
mosquitoes and malaria. People have the opportunity to view, feel norm and learn
proper malaria prevention and control behaviors, and healthy lifestyles from similar
others in the same community, from their mobile devices. For example, an instant
messaging component of the mobile MPCSS could be developed to offer users the
opportunity to share and interact with one another about the mosquito vectors and
enabling environmental factors, as well as the health implications malaria bites. This
forum will also allow users to share how to adopt appropriate malaria prevention and
control measures such as: keeping their environment clean, clean up nearby drain-
ages, spray the insecticides or fix the treated nets for themselves and their children.
Users will be able to set up environmental cleanup cooperative measures, interact
and receive real-time feedback and testimonies from peers, who will help them dis-
sipate away with the fears and wrong perceptions created by age-long held miscon-
ception about malaria and prevention and control measures. In addition, users of the
forum who adopted appropriate malaria prevention and control behaviors such as:
consistent use of net, environmental cleanliness, least malaria treatment (LMT) and
makes valuable contributions to discussions in the forum are publicly recognized
and displayed on the wall of fame in the forum. Operationalizing these social support
strategies will motivate users to live a cleaner and healthier lifestyle.
7 Conclusion and What Next
This study sought to uncover the factors that affect the adoption of appropriate malaria
prevention and control behaviors, with a view to presenting guidelines that could be
employed to co-design new persuasive technology that will have the capacity to support
users to adopt appropriate malaria prevention and control behaviors in the local com-
munities. The results of our studies uncovered that “Wrong perception” and “poor
knowledge”, about causes of malaria and genuineness of the available prevention and
control measures is one of the major factors that affect the adoption of appropriate ma-
9
laria prevention and control behaviors in the community. Others includes: forgetful-
ness, and Lack of communal cooperation amongst the members of community, espe-
cially as it concerns incessant open and non-flowing drainages, poor waste disposal and
open defecation, which are veritable breeding environments for the mosquito vectors.
We identified some social strategies that could be employed to motivate the people to
adopt appropriate malaria prevention and control behaviors and successively mapped
them to their corresponding persuasive strategies of the Persuasive System Design
(PSD) model [17]. Finally, we describe how designers could co-design with potential
users and operationalize these persuasive strategies in a new mobile malaria prevention
and control support system (MPCSS) to promote the adoption of appropriate malaria
prevention and control behaviors.
The co-design exercise with potential users is currently underway as we are utilizing
the Object-oriented Analysis and Design OOAD approach which allow designers to use
objects and classes to represent essential components and related objects of the system.
The OOAD approach involves the following: object-oriented analysis of the processes
and procedures of the new system, object-oriented design which is carried out using
tools such as flow diagrams and CASE tools, and object-oriented programming which
involves actual coding
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