The development of technical means has led to a trend towards the transition from communication to a written online format. Due to radical social and technical changes, the question of how language functions within virtual informal communication has become topical. The purpose of this study is to establish the dynamics of spelling rules changes for students due to the choice of one from three different types of communication - traditional formal (business), informal (handwritten notes) and informal online communication. The experimental part of the study is based on Google Form survey of 397 respondents aged between 17 and 18 years. Respondents answered 19 questions which concerned the most important norms of the Ukrainian spelling. At the next stage, the collected material was systematized, classified, and described. Based on a comparative analysis it was found that the attitude of young people to the observance of orthography norms at three levels of communication were different. By studying the survey data we have also taken into account the general statistics, and the statistics of answers to specific questions. The results were analyzed by using theoretical methods of generalization and induction. Systematized data allowed us to detect trends in compliance with different types of spelling rules in various communicative situations, in particular during Internet communication. It was discovered that the discrepancy between data illustrating compliance of norms in business and informal Internet communication, in some cases reached 38%. At the same time, the experiment confirmed the existence of a basic part of orthography norms that are rarely the subject of distortion and are a kind of orthography imperative for speakers. The survey allowed to systematize common speech errors and it can become the basis for a mobile application development that will prevent their occurrence in Internet communication.
The development of technical means has led to a steady trend towards the transition from communication to a written online format. This trend intensified in a pandemic, when direct contact between people became limited. Modern speakers communicate through a variety of messengers, social networks, chats, forums, write comments, send emails. As a result of radical social and technical changes, the question of how language functions in the context of virtual informal communication is becoming increasingly important.
The aim of this research is to establish the dynamics of changes in students' attitudes to spelling rules depending on the choice of one of three different communicative situations – traditional formal (business) and informal (in handwritten notes) and the latest situation of informal Internet communication.
Defining the objectives of the study, we put forward a number of rules in business texts; the attitude of students to language norms in informal handwriting communication and informal Internet communication is approximately the same; the basis of the Ukrainian spelling are the rules that determine the patterns of writing an apostrophe, soft sign, degrees of comparison of adjectives, simplification, doubling, spelling of prefixes з-, с-, пре-, при-, formation of possessive adjectives, spelling of the particle no/not (не). These applied linguistics rules are generally followed regardless of the scope of language use. Linguistic norms that codify the spelling of capital letters, complex nouns, adjectives, adverbs, are relatively less important for users.
The obtained statistical results confirm the first hypothesis. Regarding the second, the rates of compliance with the spelling rules of informal handwriting and Internet communication may differ, but insignificantly, within 3-7 percent. Regarding the third assumption, it turned out that the most important spelling rules of the Ukrainian language include capital spelling. Instead, the percentage of people who correctly put an apostrophe in informal communication turned out to be unexpectedly low. It is also difficult for communicators to comply with regulatory requirements for the spelling of words of foreign origin and for the spelling of the particle no/not.
An important practical result of this study is the possibility of improving the recommendation system for setting up mobile applications that offer users the correct spelling of words. It is important to pay attention to those spelling problems that cause in the minds of users a little desire to look for a normative form. Thanks to the tips of mobile applications, you can achieve not only the correctness of Internet communication, but also increase the level of literacy of their users.
In the research process, we relied on a specific sociological method, as well as methods of experiment, description, observation. The scheme of methodology of our research is shown in the Fig. 1. First of all, a questionnaire was compiled, covering a number of general questions (age, gender, place of birth and residence, knowledge of the state language, etc.). In the main part of the questionnaire, students were asked 19 questions related to the most important types of the Ukrainian spelling.
To help respondents determine their level of spelling competence, examples of typical spellings were provided for each question. For example, the question "Do you follow the rules of doubling letters in foreign words?" illustrated by examples: екстрений, Таллінн.
The experimental part of the study was conducted on the basis of Google Forms implementing a survey of 397 respondents aged between 17 and 18 years. 56.2 % of respondents were boys and 43.8 % were girls. Students come from different cities and villages of Ukraine and study at technical, economic and law faculties. For 386 respondents (97.2 %) Ukrainian is their native language.
At the next stage, the collected material was systematized, classified and described using a structural (descriptive) method, which is based on comparative analysis. Based on this analysis it was found that the attitude of young people to the observance of orthography norms at three levels of communication were different. In the process of analyzing the survey data, general statistics of answers are taken into account, as well as statistics of answers on a specific question. The obtained results were analyzed using theoretical methods of generalization and induction.
Systematized data allowed identifying trends in compliance with different types of spelling rules in different communicative situations, in particular during Internet communication. In accordance with the results obtained on the problematic aspects of spelling, recommendations have been developed to improve mobile applications that offer users the correct spelling of words.
As it is known the orthography norms are one of the most defining features in Ukrainian literary
language. However, depending on what style the speakers talk and what communicative situation they
are in, attitudes toward orthography norms and term usage can change dramatically [
Strict adherence to orthography norms is an integral part of business style. If informal
communication allows the occurrence of spelling errors, which can be recognized as a kind of
language game, in business communication such mistakes can make a bad impression. According to
M. Blazquez, C. Fan [
Spelling errors caused by inattention or haste, can seriously damage the image of the employee.
Scientists argue that errors reduce the level of trust between people and make an assessment of their
intelligence and education [
Recently, written informal communication has been moving into the realm of the Internet and is mediated by social networks and messengers. “Within the span of two decades, Americans went from being a nation of talkers (on landline phones) to a nation of typists (first through word processing, email, and IM, and now through texting)”, claims Naomi S. Baron [11]. F. Busch [12], Pawade D. Y. [13], Thelwall M. [14], Maskens, Lenais Cougnon, Louise-Amelie Roekhaut, Sophie Fairon Cedrick [15] consider that associating electronic writing with secondary students spelling mistakes is not correct.
However, most linguists believe that a sharp change in communication significantly influenced the attitude of communicators to language. According to A. Lopez, the language of the Internet is essentially different from those found in other semiotic situations [16]. Myslin Mark, Gries Stefan Th. say that a newly evolving form of Spanish Internet orthography differs from standard Spanish spelling by a reduction, a transformation and a reduplication [17]. S. Bralic [18] and Myslin Mark, Gries Stefan Th. [17] confirm that the revolution in electronic communication [19, 20] may give rise to new modes of communication. Electronic language has its features and graphology. Besides shortening, clippings and contractions students use unconventional spellings. Izazi Zulkifli Zulfati, TengkuSepora, Tengku Mahadi say that communication on Twitter contains slang and cacography [21]. Ashwini K., Brundha M. P., Preejitha V. B. сonsider that use of messengers, chats, and other forms of electronic communication technology increase the number of spelling errors. The problem in the digital age is that good language and strong spelling have become more optional [22]. Guzalia Gabdraufovna Akhmadgalieva, Gulnaz Glusovna Sattarova consider that Internet communication is one of the reasons for the illiteracy of the population. Internet users have a feeling of indifference to the literate and correct writing, because they get used to visual identification of errors [23]. K. Bedijs and U. Frohlich say that alternative spelling in the computer-mediated Spanish сommunication can be perceived as neography [24, 25].
However, we assume that in informal Internet communication, which is in social networks, there is some modification of acceptable spelling rules. G. Yu. Klyarska. O. D. Tarasenko [26] claims that sometimes even those users who write correctly enjoy the internet's informality, lack of rules, from which spelling norms (especially capitalization) as well as punctuation primarily suffer from. Obviously, the behavior of network users [27] is influenced by the fact that during this type of communication they have the illusion of anonymity, confidentiality, a sense of security, as a result of which a person often begins to meet their destructive deviant needs, including language. I. A. Kovalchuk expresses an interesting opinion that the root cause of language errors are in network communication is a “protest against normalization” [28].
Significant part of users in informal online communication implement conversational style, which affects significantly the way of expression [26]. Akbiyik C., Karaduz A., Seferoglu S. Sadi [29] also confirm that the language used by students during chatting has common features with spoken language, owing to this language having various deviations, especially in spelling. As a result, students follow almost none of the rules of written language. The same opinion adheres to O. Konevshchynska [30]: electronic communication “acquires the features of oral speech that occurs in writing”, because of this, “it is inherent spontaneity, economy and redundancy of language resources. Experts note the stylistic, spelling, syntactic and punctuation illiteracy, as the result of limited vocabulary communication of participants, speech clutter, borrowed words…”.
Yu. Makovetska-Hudz [31] explains the use of Russisms, erroneous forms, surzhyk, obscene language vocabulary elements, games in Internet communication. She claims that similar processes are happening today in Russian network jargon, which uses “deliberately distorted spelling and specific vocabulary”. S. Tagliamonte, D. Denis [32] mentions about similar features of the Internet communication: “There are numerous typos, misspellings, swear words, and colloquialisms (i.e., slang), along with numeric forms and a propensity toward lowercase”. E. Codarcea [33] believes that contributors form non-standard forms to demonstrate playfulness and creativity. T. Sherman, J. Švelch [34] claim that the significant cause of numerous violations is the desire to attract attention using comics or inappropriateness of posts. “Numerous deviations receive attention because they trigger comically ambiguous interpretations or strike users as incongruous”. A similar message was expressed by J. N. Rauer, M. Kroiss, N. Kryvinska, C. Engelhardt-Nowitzki, M. Aburaia [35] and Nataliia Bragina [36]: “When one uses a well-known speech misstep deliberately, it helps him/her to create expressive and ironic utterances''. Bragina Nataliia also considers that speech missteps in online communication can be used as a kind of a stylistic mark [36]. Barbosa Bruna Carolini, Martins Neto, Irando Alves [37] give suggestions about spelling mistakes, which may be indispensable to the constitution of meaning. At least, Verheijen Lieke [38] supposes that attitude to language and spelling depends on age group. Adolescents and young adults appear to have different perceptions of language use and spelling.
The haste factor can not be completely ruled out. S. Peivandi, L. Ahmadian, J. Farokhzadian, Y. Jahani [39] state that errors occur due to the technical conditions of communication: haste, fulfillment of many tasks at once, and non-compliance with the rules of capitalization – a necessity of simultaneous work on the computer keyboard with both hands.
In contradistinction to listed meanings, researchers [
However, regardless of the causes, illiteracy in informal online communication significantly underestimates the assessment given by readers’ communicator. It is compliance with spelling rules and the ability to express their own opinions that are decisive in the formation of a positive image of the contributor in any area of Internet communication [42].
While communicating in real life, we first pay attention to extra linguistic features of the interlocutor: appearance, clothing, expression, face, look, smile, gestures, tone of voice, manner of holding. Researchers claim that 38 % of information during communication is perceived by features of sound and intonation, and 55 % - nonverbal means that include gestures, facial expressions, appearance [43].
Due to verbal communication in the Internet, the most important tool to influence on the addressees is the language, and the individual style of communication becomes the expression of linguistic personality [44]. Low language culture, use of colloquialism [45], the incorrect structure of phrases and sentences, and especially spelling errors may give the reader the impression that the interlocutor is not trustworthy as a person with a low cultural and educational level [3. 4]. I. A. Kovalchuk [28] claims that the ancient phrase “Speak - and I'll see you” should be transformed into: “Write – and I will imagine you”.
Reckless, spelling or grammatically incorrect posts can cause significant damage to the image of a person, and not only once, but also for a long time. People often perceive the messages they post online as ephemeral, but the Internet functions in such a way that they still can be read years later. Therefore, it is of vital importance to write them very responsibly.
After analyzing the questionnaires offered to the students of the Lviv Polytechnic National University for a survey on the topic: “My attitude to the issue of compliance with current Ukrainian spelling in different communicative situations”, we found interesting answers to various questions. The experimental data are summarized in the Table 1. consonants alteration during formation of
Business communication Yes, always 85,9 %
No, never 0,4 % Not always 12,9 % Sometimes 0,8 % Yes, always 85,1 %
No, never 1,3 % Not always 10,1 % Sometimes 3,5 % Yes, always 91,4 %
No, never 0,5 % Not always 7,4 % Sometimes 0,7 % Yes, always 91,9 %
No, never 0 % Not always 6,6 %
Informal communication Yes, always 50,1 %
No, never 2,5 % Not always 39,6 % Sometimes 7,8 % Yes, always 58,5 %
No, never 3 % Not always 30,6 % Sometimes 7,9 % Yes, always 68 %
No, never 2,5 % Not always 25,9 % Sometimes 3,6 % Yes, always 72,7 %
No, never 1,5 % Not always 21 %
Internet communication Yes, always 46,7 %
No, never 3,8 % Not always 37,9 % Sometimes 11,6 % Yes, always 55,1 %
No, never 2,5 % Not always 33,1 %
Sometimes 9,3 % Yes, always 69,6%, No,
never 1 % Not always 23,8 % Sometimes 5,6 % Yes, always 73,2 %
No, never 0,5 % Not always 21,7 % degrees of comparison alteration -цьк-, -чч-, -ськ
– -щwriting soft sign (front yer) in the Ukrainian
words writing soft sign (front
yer) in the internationalisms simplification in consonants groups doubling the letters in the
Ukrainian words doubling letters in internationalisms writing prefixes з-, сwriting prefixes pre-, priwriting suffixes -ин-, -їнin possessive adjectives
writing suffixes -ів-, -ов-, -ев-, -євwriting complex nouns
Business communication Sometimes 1,5 % Yes, always 86,8 %
No, never 0,5 % Not always 11,4 % Sometimes 1,3 % Yes, always 91,4 %
No, never 0,2 % Not always 7,9 % Sometimes 0,5 % Yes, always 83 %
No, never 1 % Not always 12,5 % Sometimes 3,5 % Yes, always 84,3 %
No, never 0,2 % Not always 14,2 % Sometimes 1,3 % Yes, always 86 %
No, never 0,5 % Not always 12,2 % Sometimes 1,3 % Yes, always 72,3 %
No, never 1,2 % Not always 23,7 % Sometimes 2,8 % Yes, always 94,2 %
No, never 0,5 % Not always 4,8 % Sometimes 0,5 % Yes, always 94,7 %
No, never 1 % Not always 3,8 % Sometimes 0,5 % Yes, always 84,3 %
No, never 0,3 % Not always 12,9 % Sometimes 2,5 % Yes, always 84,8 %
No, never 1,5 % Not always 11,4 % Sometimes 2,3 % Yes, always 73,6 %
No, never 2 % Not always 19,8 %
Informal communication Sometimes 4,8 % Yes, always 62,1 %
No, never 0,5 % No never 31,6 % Sometimes 5,8 % Yes, always 72,6 %
No, never 0,8 % Not always 21,3 % Sometimes 5,3 % Yes, always 64,4 %
No, never 2,3 % Not always 27 % Sometimes 6,3 % Yes, always 57,8 %
No, never 1,5 % Not always 34,8 % Sometimes 5,9 % Yes, always 66,2 %
No, never 1 % Not always 27,5 % Sometimes 5,3 % Yes, always 46,2 %
No, never 3,5 % Not always 38,8 % Sometimes 11,5 % Yes, always 76,3 %
No, never 0,8 % Not always 19,6 % Sometimes 3,3 % Yes, always 81 %
No, never 0,8 % Not always 15,7 % Sometimes 2,5 % Yes, always 54,7 %
No, never 4,1 % Not always 33,1 % Sometimes 8,1 % Yes, always 55,3 %
No, never 3,5 % Not always 33,8 % Sometimes 7,4 % Yes, always 44 %
No, never 3,1 % Not always 42,5 %
Internet communication Sometimes 4,6 % Yes, always 66,4 %
No, never 1,5 % Not always 24,2 % Sometimes 7,9 % Yes, always 73,1 %
No, never 1,3 % Not always 20,3 % Sometimes 5,3 % Yes, always 64,7 %
No, never 2 % Not always 26,1 % Sometimes 7,2 % Yes, always 57,1 %
No, never 1,8 % Not always 34,3 % Sometimes 6,8 % Yes, always 65,2 %
No, never 2,3 % Not always 25,1 % Sometimes 7,4 % Yes, always 46,7 %
No, never 2,6 % Not always 35,5 % Sometimes 15,2 % Yes, always 77,9 %
No, never 1 % Not always 16 % Sometimes 5,1 % Yes, always 80,2 %
No, never 0,5 % Not always 14 % Sometimes 5,3 % Yes, always 52,7 %
No, never 3,6 % Not always 30,4 % Sometimes 13,3 % Yes, always 55,1 %
No, never 3,6 % Not always 27,7 % Sometimes 13,6 % Yes, always 43,1 %
No, never 4,6 % Not always 38,1 % writing complex
adjectives writing adverbs writing particle no/not use of capital letter
Business communication Sometimes 4,6 % Yes, always 77,9 %
No, never 1 % Not always 17 % Sometimes 4,1 % Yes, always 81,4 %
No, never 1,3 % Not always 14 % Sometimes 3,3 % Yes, always 82,2 %
No, never 0,8 % Not always 14,5 % Sometimes 2,5 % Yes, always 82,2 %
No, never 1 % Not always 12,7 % Sometimes 4,1 %
Informal communication Sometimes 10,4 % Yes, always 44,8 %
No, never 3,1 % Not always 41,2 % Sometimes 10,9 % Yes, always 51,8 %
No, never 2 % Not always 36 % Sometimes 10,2 % Yes, always 57,6 %
No, never 0,8 % Not always 32 % Sometimes 9,6 % Yes, always 48 %
No, never 3,2 % Not always 40,4 % Sometimes 8,4 %
Internet communication Sometimes 14,2 % Yes, always 42,2 %
No, never 4,4 % Not always 38,4 % Sometimes 15 % Yes, always 50,3 % No, always 3,3 % Not always 32,9 % Sometimes 13,5 % Yes, always 54,2 %
No, never 2,3 % Not always 32,8 % Sometimes 10,7 % Yes, always 43,9 %
No, never 4,6 % Not always 36,3 % Sometimes 15,2 %
Analyzing the attitude of the students to the observance (see Fig. 2) of spelling rules in formal (business), informal written and informal Internet communication, we have found that in business communication, the majority of students (from 70 to 90 %) adhere to spelling rules (see Fig. 5).
The rules of writing an apostrophe, soft sign, degrees of comparison of adjectives, simplification in groups of consonants, doubling or lengthening of consonants, spelling of prefixes з-, с-, пре-, при-, formation of possessive adjectives, capital letters are especially important for them.
The data shown by the respondents is 5-9 % worse when it comes to spelling of complex words (nouns and adjectives, adverbs) which are difficult to master or spelling the particle no/not.
The lowest percentage of respondents adheres to the rules of doubling the letters in foreign words 72.3 %. We assume that the lower level of compliance with regulatory requirements is due to the difficulty of mastering these spelling rules and the lower frequency of their application.
The negligence of speakers can also be explained by the factor of haste, the need to perform several tasks at once, lack of control over the written text, informal circumstances of communication. In informal communication, which takes place with the help of handwriting, the level of compliance with spelling rules immediately drops sharply. This is due to the fact that communicators (Fig. 3) are moving to a conversational style of communication, which is characterized by free handling of norms, including spelling. As adherence becomes unimportant, not all speakers consider it necessary to make extra effort to spell words correctly.
The level of literacy of informal communication on the Internet (see Fig. 4) is especially low, which raises serious concerns. The results of the study eloquently show that literacy during online communication becomes insignificant for the younger generation, as other means of self-expression come to the fore: images, photographs, the ability to comically present information, demonstrate originality and independence from public opinion by all possible methods including sometimes deliberate language deviations and obscene language. As a result, some spelling rules in Internet communication are followed by only 50–70 % of respondents, and in some cases even this level falls below 50 %.
For example, in the Ukrainian words, only 48.3 % and sometimes 11.6 % of respondents always follow the rules of apostrophe use. However, this can be explained by technical difficulties - they need to switch the keyboard case during typing.
However, we consider this argument weakness, as there is another eloquent example (Fig. 4): 46.7 % of respondents always follow the rules for doubling letters in foreign words and 15.2 % follow them sometimes. Our assumption about the imperfect mastery of complex spelling rules is confirmed, which is exacerbated by the lower frequency of their application. 2. Conclusions and practical recommendations
The study discovered that Internet users between the age of 17 and 18 years significantly underestimate the importance of spelling correctly to communicate online to create a positive personal image. The discrepancy between the data illustrating compliance in business and informal online communication, in some cases reaches 38 %. The level of compliance with spelling rules is almost the same for informal handwriting and Internet communication. This suggests that students perceive communication on the Internet as a private informal conversation, not realizing that it is becoming public and virtually indestructible. Young people perceive language primarily as a means of entertainment, self-affirmation, demonstration of their originality, humor, creativity, unwillingness to obey the norms that causes a careless attitude to spelling and the use of intentionally distorted forms.
At the same time, the experiment confirmed the existence of the basic part of spelling rules, which are rarely subject to distortion and are a kind of spelling imperative for speakers. Regardless of the style and format of communication, most communicants try to follow the rules of writing a soft sign, the degree of comparison of adjectives, simplification, doubling, spelling of prefixes з-, с-, пре-, при-, formation of possessive adjectives, capital letters. Thus, despite all the changes in the communication process due to the development of modern technical means, language remains a universal, timeless means of transmitting ideas.
The results of the study show that it is necessary to take care of eliminating errors in online communication, because posts, comments are available to everyone and are stored in the online environment for a long time. Mistakes and errors in online communication can cause significant damage to a person's image. The survey made it possible to systematize typical errors and can become a basis for improving the recommendation system when creating a mobile application that will prevent the occurrence of breaking the spelling rules in Internet communication. The most important recommendation: you should pay special attention to the spelling of words of foreign origin, including proper names, regarding such norms as consonant doubling, apostrophe spelling, soft sign and spelling hyphen.
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