The article analyzes the role of key words in the bibliographic database of world Slavic linguistics iSybislaw; it was investigated that key words reflect the content of the document and at the same time allow the user to find relevant information in the whole array of documents (perform meta-information and search functions), makes it more efficient to search for information. Particular attention is paid to the semantic relationship between keyword terms. The problems of synonymy, variability and ambiguity of linguistic terms in information retrieval language are considered and the ways of their solution are offered. Experience in organizing terminology for iSybislaw is outlined.
The bibliographic base of world Slavic linguistics iSybislaw is an effective and important tool of scientific research, which allows to search for information in a specific linguistic segment, without dividing it into national schools / languages, which, of course, promotes scientific dialogue in international Slavic studies [3]. iSybislaw is a powerful information retrieval system that allows users to access scientific papers in order to obtain background information and perform a variety of theoretical and practical research tasks.
In addition to information on the content and formal features of the documents, some records have been submitted in full. The quality of information in the system is ensured by the inductive-deductive method of selection and processing of documents, as well as the linguistic competence of indexers. Components of the system bibliography of the world linguistic studies are national modules, formed on a common principle. Since 2015, the author of the article has been working on the development of the Ukrainian module together with colleagues from the Department of Structural and Mathematical Linguistics of the Ukrainian Language Institute of NAS of Ukraine within the international research project "Online Bibliography of World Slavic Linguistics". The coordinator of this project on the Polish side for a long time was Dr. Z. E. Rudnyk-Karvatova together with prof. B. Boyar in 1998 published the concept. Now the project manager from the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences is the chairman of the Commission on Linguistic Bibliography, Dr. Pavel Kowalski, and the project manager from the Institute of Ukrainian Language of NAS of Ukraine is
2022 Copyright for this paper by its authors. 2. Key words are the powerful basis for studying Slavic linguistic terminology
The language of information retrieval is the language of key words. The developers of Polish, Ukrainian, Belarusian modules Z. E. Rudnyk-Karvatova [10], P. Kovalskyi and Ya. Banasiak [4], Ye. A. Karpilovska [7], Ye. Volkova [2], Yu. Romaniuk [6] – has repeatedly pointed out that terms are the main tool for creating user queries. The use of terms as key words is effective for users due to their language competence. One of the main tasks of the developers of the Ukrainian module is to create a list of key words to search for information in Ukrainian-language sources, as well as to establish equivalents of such words (especially linguistic terms) in other Slavic languages. As Ye. A. Karpilovska rightly points out, it is important to "fill in the gaps in the index of key words caused by the lack of sources from certain linguistic disciplines and at the same time balance the presentation of such sources, elimination of "distortions" towards certain linguistic disciplines or areas" [8]. To accumulate key words, indexers use different linguistic resources. The user can view documents alternately by title, author or find documents to review the bibliographic description.
The language of key words is close to natural, it is a fragment of cognitive space. The register of key words of Slavic linguistics is an open system, covering elementary language units that coincide with the terms of different languages. In the process of creating a database of key words, translation is not used, the search for functional equivalents in each of the languages is carried out independently, taking into account the content of the document and compatibility in each thematic system. Semantic equivalence is important for establishing the identity of words and phrases that have an identical or close terminological meaning in several languages.
Key words in the iSybislaw system reflect the content of the document (perform a metainformation function) and allow the user to find relevant information throughout the array of documents (search function). An important feature of key word language is pertinence, or compliance of the provided information with the information needs of the user. In 1999, Z. E. Rudnyk-Karvatova and H. Karpinska published a Dictionary of Key words, which facilitates the search for documents in the information retrieval system of Slavic linguistics [11]. Since 2006, an electronic database of key words in various Slavic languages has been created on the basis of the dictionary.
Key words are elementary units of information retrieval language that correspond in form to terms relevant to this field of knowledge and are able to represent the content of a particular document. The following criteria are taken into account when selecting terms for the key word dictionary indexers take into account: frequency (repeatability of word forms in the text, frequency of use exceeds their use in language), information saturation (maximum information in the minimum space), semantic proximity of the word to the topic of the text (synonyms, genus-species relations are considered), and correctness, relevance, conciseness, structural transparency. The hierarchy of these criteria may vary depending on the type of term, its place in the terminological system of a particular language and the role in the text of a particular document.
The terms reflect the content of the documents of modern Slavic linguistics, contrasting Slavicnon-Slavic linguistics, as well as theories of language and general linguistics.
The iSybislaw information retrieval tool meets the deadline. The semantic characteristics of the term also include proper and common names that outline thematic fields important for the organization and search in the database: these are the names of linguists and writers, names of fiction works, dictionaries, monographs, geographical names (regions where research, for example, dialectology), names of conferences (as well as place and year), collective names (scientific societies), common names: tokens, phraseology, which is the object of study, numerical expressions (years and centuries). Morphological characteristics of the term indexing include derived words, complex words, phrases, abbreviations, morphemes.
Key words are an important indicator of the quality of indexing. The right choice of key words determines the effective further search for scientifically relevant information. Therefore, their function is to provide an intellectual search for information on the problems of Slavic linguistics. The main criterion for choosing a key word is its potential value for displaying the topic of the document or for its search. The functioning of the term as a key word in information retrieval language involves the elimination of polysemy, synonymy and variability, which are characteristic for natural languages. However, if descriptors as conditional normative elements are unambiguous, then ascriptors, hierarchically subordinate to descriptors, are capable of logical synonymy, which, in turn, creates conditions for improving search efficiency.
We will illustrate the work with the Ukrainian module on the example of the records of the magazine "Culture of the word: interdepartmental collection" (Kyiv, Institute of Ukrainian Language of the National Academy of Sciences in Ukraine) (see Fig. 1).
Equivalent linguistic units of different languages that perform the function of denotation, form the equivalence class of the term language of mass media. Among the national equivalents of the Polish term język mediów is Russian язык масс-медиа, Croatian jezik medija, Slovenian jezik medijev, instead there is no Ukrainian term мова мас-медіа ‘language of mass media’ / мова ЗМІ ‘language media’. And the reason is not the lack of sources in the database, but the lack of a term in the list of key words in the works` annotations.
Analysis of the key words recorded in iSybislaw provides a basis for constructing a scale of equivalence of terms by the nature and degree of divergence of their content and form, for example, equivalence classes мова преси ‘of the language press’ and мова ЗМІ ‘the language of the media’.
It is in terminology that the correspondence of form and content must be consistent and noncontradictory, this is required by the specifics of professional and scientific communication. Then it will be clear how the terms implicature / implication, repetition / repeating, illocution (equivalents in iSybislaw Pol. akt ilokucyjny, Rus. иллокутивный акт ‘illocutionary act’) / иллокуция ‘illocution’, Ukr імплікатура ‘implicature’ / імплікація ‘implication’, Rus. речевая инерция ‘speech inertia’ / речевая интенция ‘speech intension’, Rus. мифическое имя ‘mythical name’ / мифоним ‘mythonym’ / мифологическое имя ‘mythological name’, Ukr. антропоцентризм ‘anthropocentrism’ / Rus. антропоцентричность языка ‘anthropocentric language’, Rus. бранная лексика ‘swearing’ / бранные формы ‘swearing forms’, Rus. вариантность ‘variability’ / вариативность ‘variability’, Ukr. варіант ‘variant’ / варіант літературної мови ‘variant of literary language’, Rus. вводная единица ‘introductory unit’ / вводное слово ‘introductory word’ / вводный элемент ‘introductory element’, etc. After all, such complex semantic relationships between terms complicate the work of indexers.
The variability of terms is also a problem when designing a key word language. This is relevant for multilingual users and indexers, as they need access to an effective information retrieval tool. The creation of equivalence classes takes place within the units of the language of formal description, as well as the language of subject description, which reflects the content of the document. For example, in the formal language there are different variants of the author's name and surname: Shevelov George Y., Ševelev Jurij, Ševel'ov Jurìj, Szerech Jurij, Шевелёв Юрий Владимирович, Шевельов Юрій.
In the language of the subject description, variants within one language are given, e.g.: Pol. językoznawstwo kognitywne = kognitywizm = lingwistyka kognitywna; and identical in meaning in many languages: Rus. когнитивизм ‘cognitivism’= когнитивстика ‘cognitivistics’ = когнитивная лингвистика ‘cognitive linguistics’, Eng. cognitive linguistics, Horv. kognitivna lingvistika, Czech. kognitivní lingvistikа, Serbian когнитивна лингвистика (Fig. 2).
All terms belong to the same class, and each of them illustrates the same documents in iSybislaw. Therefore, the user receives the same search result regardless of the term specified in the search bar, because the search is performed using key words based on different natural languages.
The use of key words and equivalence classes in iSybislaw can be seen in terms of terms related to language dynamics, as language and time, factors and directions of language evolution, the relationship between language dynamics and social development are problems that scientists are interested in.
In the terminological system we record cases of discrepancy in the scope of concepts that are in the relationship of semantic hierarchy, subordination such as: Pol. dynamika językowa – Rus. языковая динамика ‘linguistic dynamics’ and descriptors of the Rus. эволюция языка ‘evolution of language’ and Pol. ewolucja języka – Rus. развитие языка ‘language development’ (three descriptors: Ukr. розвиток мови ‘language development’, Rus. развитие языка, Pol. rozwój języka and the Czech equivalent vyvój jazyka). The evolution of language is a natural process of historical changes in the field of language activity. It is the changes in the language structure that encourage the study of dynamic processes in modern Slavic languages, as evidenced by the key word мовна зміна ‘language change’ with a Polish descriptor and four equivalents: Pol. zmiana językowa – Ukr. мовна зміна ‘language change’– Rus. языковое изменение – Croatian jezična promjena – Czech. jazyková změna.
For the twentieth century characteristic opposition of the новомови ‘newspeak’ – the totalitarian new language, the weapon of enslavement and obedience and the new language as an expression of the new thinking of society. The primary source of the term newspeak is J. Orwell's novel "1984", where the new language is a means of serving Angsots (English socialism). The following equivalents of this Orwellian definition of the language official of the state are used in iSybislaw: Pol. język totalitarny – Rus. тоталитарный язык ‘totalitarian language’ – Czech. jazyk totality; Pol. język propagandy – Pol. propaganda językowa; Pol. nowomowa – Rus. новояз ‘novoyaz’ – Croat. novogovor – Czech nový jazyk and term Rus. советизм ‘sovietism’. There is no renewal of language as a component of modern lexicon in the species term database, but there is Pol. рostpierestrojka – Rus. постперестройка ‘post-perestroika’, which denotes a social phenomenon.
It is interesting that in the language of iSybislaw key words there are terms мовна тенденція ‘language tendency’ with the Polish descriptor tendencja językowa and Russian and Ukrainian equivalents языковая тенденция – мовна тенденція ‘language tendency – tendencja językowa’ and the Ukrainian term тенденція розвитку ‘tendency of the development’ with the Polish descriptor tendencja rozwojowa and the equivalents Engl. developmental tendency – Czech vývojová tendence – Verkhnioluzh. wuwićowa tendency. However, a review of documents for the key word мовна тенденція ‘language tendency’ shows that in some works it is about development trends, for example: Ohnheiser I. Purpose and concept of the volume // Słowotwórstwo / Nominacja (Opole, 2003); Nikolaev G. A. The main trends in the development of word formation in modern Russian language: on the material of dictionaries "New words and meanings" (Opole, 1997); Spiwak O. Something about trends in the development of vocabulary of the modern Ukrainian language (Studia Ukrainica, 2001); Neščimenko G. P. Word formation of colloquial language in the light of the tendency of language economy: on the material of Russian and Czech languages (Innsbruck, 2000) and others.
Important for the choice of the term are its formal and semantic features, in particular the aspect of the denoted concept that brings the terms-variants or distances them from each other; suitability of the term for word formation, which provides, as is well known, in Slavic languages structuring of the concept, and hence the establishment of semantic links between terms that affect the formation of linguistic terminological systems and relations between them.
One of the important problems of neology is to determine the criteria for separating neologisms from different types of innovations, as scientists put different meanings into the concept of neologism. ISybislaw uses неологізм ‘neologisms’ and інновація ‘innovations’ that are similar in meaning to new lexical items. Borrowed in the XIX century in French language, the word неологізм ‘neologisms’ was the first to denote the category of new in the lexical-semantic system of language. In light of this concept, it was considered generic to denote all kinds of new vocabulary and increasingly in linguistics began to be replaced by the term інновація ‘innovations’. This term is used to denote new phenomena at all levels of the language, as evidenced by the names in the key words of the iSybislaw system "Innowacje w językach słowiańskich", "Innowacje frazeologiczne w powojennej fraszce polskiej". Under the generic status of the term Pol. innowacja językowa and its equivalents Rus. языковая инновация ‘language innovation’ – Croatian jezična inovacija – Ukr. інновація мови ‘language innovation’ is subject to a number of species innovations belonging to certain levels of the language system: Pol. іnnowacja fonetyczna – Rus. фонетическая инновация ‘phonetic innovation’, Pol. іnnowacja fonologiczna, Pol. innowacja frazeologiczna, Pol. іnnowacja leksykalna – Rus. лексическая инновация ‘lexical innovation’, Pol. innowacja morfologiczna, Pol. іnnowacja semantyczna, Pol. innowacja składniowa, Pol. innowacja słowotwórcza, Pol. innowacja stylistyczna.
The Polish descriptor neologizm has more equivalents than інновація ‘innovation’ – it Rus. neologism – Croatian neologizam – Chezh neologismus – Verkhnoluzh. neologism – Slovanian neologizmus – Ukr. неологізм ‘neologism’, but fewer species: Pol. neologizm frazeologiczny – neofrazeologizm, Pol. neologizm leksykalny, neologizm słowotwórczy, neologizm strukturalny.
The problem of document description and choice of terms інновація ‘innovation’ / неологізм ‘neologism’ is directly related to the problem of terminological nature: it is necessary, firstly, to clarify their meaning; secondly, to define system relations, connections between the concepts that denote these terms, because in one row of key words simultaneously present іnnowacja leksykalna – neologizm leksykalny, innowacja językowa – neologizm, innowacja leksykalna – neologizm leksykalny (terms неологізм ‘neologism’ and неолексема ‘neolexem’ are absolute synonyms). In our opinion, sometimes the range of features involved in the classification of neologisms is so wide that the term неологізм ‘neologism’ is identified with the term інновація ‘innovation’.
Add to this the terms from iSybislaw: Pol. descriptor neosemantyzm and equivalent neologizm semantyczny – Eng. neosemanticism Chezh neosémantismus – Slov. neosémantizmus – Ukr. неосемантизм ‘neosemanticism’. The doublet is the term innowacja semantyczna. Derived meaning of a word or form, which arose on the basis of the main, nominative, in the "Encyclopedic Dictionary of References of Linguistic Terms and Concepts: Russian Language" is interpreted as a вторичное значение ‘secondary meaning’ (Russian descriptor вторичное значение ‘secondary meaning’). The formation of a new meaning of the token is also called the вторинною номінацією ‘secondary nomination’ – in the key words of the iSybislaw system today there are Rus. вторичная номинация ‘secondary nomination’ – Rus. equivalent повторная номинация ‘re-nomination’ – Bel. другасная намінацыя. A separate group is formed by semantic borrowings – Pol. zapożyczenie semantyczne – Eng. semantic borrowing. The prospect of developing the language of key words in general (classes of equivalence of multilingual terms) and its Ukrainian module in particular may be the addition of terms ‘чужосемантизм’ foreign semantics (Pol. obcysemantyzm) or приховане запозичення ‘hidden borrowing’ – new meanings of words that are the result from hidden borrowing and reveal the interaction of found in the secondary nomination on the basis of an already mastered foreign language unit (Pol. ukryte zapożyczenie), англосемантизм ‘anglosemantysm’ (Pol. anglosemantyzm) – neosemantysm from the English language in its American version (in the key words of the iSybislaw system the term neoanglicyzm is already recorded).
The main processes in the vocabulary with different intensity took place in the language always, in all periods of its functioning, and this is evidenced in the language of key words, in particular: removal from the lexicon of individual words, their departure to periphery (Pol. descriptor pasywizacja – Rus. пассивизация ‘passivization’); return to life of previously irrelevant tokens (Pol. descriptor and equivalent aktualizacja wypowiedzi = aktualizacja = Czech aktualizace); revaluation of some categories of words, the formation of new connotations (Rus. descriptor переоценка лексики ‘revaluation of vocabulary’); dissemination of lexical groups of socially or professionally limited use (Pol. descriptors żargonizacja, wulgaryzacja języka). The last of these processes is related to the trend of democratization, which, unfortunately, is not recorded, although the database contains sources that indicate the need to introduce this term: Henryk Duda « Język polski po komunizmie : nowomowa, demokratyzacja języka, zapożyczenia z języka angielskiego, wulgaryzacja » (Poznań, 2001).
The dynamics of the language is also reflected in the time intervals that need to be unified in iSybislaw, because there are key variants: 20/21 w. = 20-21 w. = 21 w. (początek) = 21 w. = 20 w. (druga połowa) = 20 w. (koniec).
Researchers of language dynamics identify the following trends in language development: 1) internationalization (see currently available in the iSybislaw system key words-terms Pol. іnternacjonalizacja – Rus. интернационализация ‘internationalization’) – nationalization; 2) intellectualization (Pol. intelektualizacja języka – Rus. интелектуализация языка ‘intellectualization of the language’) ("bookkeeping") – democratization ("talk", liberalization, substandardization, vulgarization, colloquialization), 3) economy of language means (Pol. ekonomia językowa – Czech ekonomizace řeči) – transparency and analytical (detailing) of the nomination. This phenomenon, which reflects the linguistic tendency to save means of expression, is known in the linguistic literature under various terms: compression, contraction, semantic condensation, unification or universalization, fusion. The presence of such terms-variants testifies to the complexity and multifaceted nature of the phenomenon of language economy. In iSybislaw from the terminological range to denote the manifestations of the economy of language means recorded universion with the Polish descriptor uniwerbizacja and equivalents Rus. универбация ‘universalization’ – Czech univerbizace – Slov. univerbizácia – three Slovenian equivalents poenobesedenje – univerbacija – univerbizacija and two Ukrainian doublets універбація ‘university’ – універбізація ‘universalization’, as well as усічення ‘truncation’ with the Pol. descriptor ucięcie – Polish equivalent dezintegracja – Rus. усечение ‘truncation’.
In order to solve the problem of variance of terms, it is necessary to find out the degree of similarity of the content of variants of terms. To determine the dominance in the series of monolingual and multilingual terms, the quantitative and qualitative properties of their functioning in the texts of the iSybislaw database, as well as the degree of closeness of national terms to Polish as the basis of information retrieval language iSybislaw. The formation of groups of term terms allows you to optimize the search in the database without changing the structure of its information retrieval language key words. In addition, the completeness of such groups of variants of the same terms and their synonyms is important as an indicator of the amplitude of the change in the designations of certain concepts of modern Ukrainian linguistics. Coordination of the key word index in a certain language with the texts of the iSybislaw source database makes it possible to arrange the terms in such variant groups according to their decreasing functional weight in the national linguistic tradition of the period under study, taking into account their time perspective.
Terminology of language dynamics is developed on the basis of constant variable empirical material (new types of innovations appear), so it is constantly replenished with new elements of metalanguage and is still in a state of formation and active discussion. Terminological disorder is the result of different understandings of the main categories of neology, so there is an obvious need to organize and unify the terms of neology as an independent linguistic discipline and present it in the language of key words iSybislaw in a form consistent with modern practice. In particular, it is necessary to take into account the semantic relationships between terms that indicate an in-depth semanticization of certain concepts of neology.
Other types of paradigm are also established between elements of search language, such as generalization / concretization, logical and / or formal derivation, hypero-hyponymy, and so on. According to hyper-hyponymic connections, i.e. different aspects and the degree of the content`s generalization of the same concept, we combine the common root nominations перфект ‘perfect’ / перфектив ‘perfective’ / перфектність ‘perfection’ / перфективність ‘perfectiveness’ / перфективація ‘perfectivation’.
The terms proposed in linguistic works to denote these phenomena can be schematically depicted as follows: перфект ‘perfect’ (descriptor perfectum) – species-temporal form (V. M. Rusanivskyi); перфектив ‘perfective’ (descriptor czasownik perfektywny) – perfect form (Yu. S. Maslov); correlative in type перфективи ‘perfectives’ – імперфективи ‘imperfectives’ (M. I. Kalko); перфектність ‘perfection’ – перфект ‘perfect’ (G. O. Zolotova); перфектний феномен ‘perfect phenomenon’ (Niels Thelin);
перфективність ‘perfectiveness’ (descriptor perfektywność) – the ability of verbs to express the effect;
перфективація ‘perfectivation’ (descriptor perfektywizacja) – the creation of forms of perfect form (Fig. 5).
iSybislaw is a relevant intelligent search system, constantly improving, and therefore increasingly satisfying user requests. As rightly noted by O. V. Dobrov, the higher value of the parameter of search accuracy and rubrication, the less information noise, i.e. irrelevant results; the higher the value of the search completeness parameter, the less inaccessible information for the user [17].
The question of the scope of linguistic terms is related to the principles of building the source base of the iSybislaw information search system, in particular to the criteria for entering texts of certain styles, genres and types or to the chronological boundaries of the publication of such texts. For example, iSybislaw's database of world Slavic linguistics includes texts published from the early 1990s to the present day. Its source is made of scientific works, so outside this database are educational and methodological and popular science publications. However, even clearly defined temporal and functional-stylistic boundaries of the iSybislaw database sources inevitably expand. This evidenced, for example, by the Ukrainian scientific practice of the early XXI century, journal publications, monographs and collections of terminological conferences. This expansion of the modern linguistic terminology system is due to the fact that Ukrainian scientific publications of the independence period actively discuss the problems of revival of national linguistic terminology, sources, resources and trends in its development, the feasibility of returning specific terms to.
In general, a thorough linguistic analysis of the most common models of terminological units, ways of their semantic differentiation in the iSybislaw system is required. Solving the problems of ambiguity, avoiding synonymy and variability of terms in information retrieval language involves finding out the degree of similarity of terms, the activity of their use in language practice and in iSybislaw texts, which in turn will ensure effective search in the system.
In addition, the search for a key word in iSybislaw not only represents the state of elaboration of the linguistic problem in Slavic studies, but also serves as a scientometric basis on which to establish the citation index of a particular linguist. To date, there have been no such information retrieval databases with powerful Slavic language modules for the humanities. Thus, the evolution of the bibliography has contributed to a more effective implementation of information needs of the user [9].
The prospect for iSybislaw developers is the creation of the Bank of Slavic Linguistic Terminology and on its basis – a new thesaurus of Slavic linguistic terminology in the digital space. Working on such a terminological bank requires from its developers not only linguistic competence, but also mastery of modern technologies for processing language information. Carrying out a joint project with the developers of the iSybislaw system – a team of scientists from the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Ukrainian linguists are delighted to be at the center of the latest concepts and research methods of modern Slavic linguistics.
We express our sincere gratitude to the academic institutions – the Institute of Ukrainian Language of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences – for the opportunity to be one of the developers of the Ukrainian module iSybislaw. Special words of gratitude to the head of the Department of Lexicology, Lexicography and Structural and Mathematical Linguistics of the Institute of Ukrainian Language of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Doctor of Philology, Professor Ye. A. Karpilovska, Dr. P. Kovalskyi, Dr. Z. E. Rudnyk-Karvatova, Z. Mikos for the importance of developing interstate scientific cooperation.
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