The article traces the formation and development of professional military vocabulary and terminology at the lexicographic level, namely at the level of German - Ukrainian dictionaries of military terminology, which were published in the period during 1939 - 2010; the characteristic features of actual military vocabulary and peculiarities of its functioning at the present stage are singled out and the corpus of military terminology has been changed during the last period of time. The study is based on lexicographical sources published in Austria and Germany between 1939 and 2010 (around 20,000 characters). It is emphasized that the study of this terminological segment is the big importance for modern linguistics. After all, military terminology is a dynamic industry that is constantly changing and develops due to the rapid development of science and technology. New concepts are emerging that require a definition of speech, and then adequate translation and transmission in national languages. The article analyzes the morphological structure of terms, the use of functional and stylistic features of comparative analysis of lexicographic sources in the chronological dimension of the mid-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The research is based on the translation of military terminology in different time periods through the prism of man (as the authors of dictionaries, remote in time, perceive the world through language, namely - through terms); it is shown how a person perceives the world and the surrounding reality through terminology, how he identifies himself and the socio-political situation through an individual. Military terminology is considered in terms of division into different lexical-semantic and morphological groups, which are defined through the communicative role of military terms. The structural method is used to select lexical-semantic groups of terms on the basis of common semantic features. Groups of words that have a common morphological structure and are characterized by common semantic and morphological features in the semantic structure of the components are identified. As history shows, very often the language changes as a result of certain events. Whether these are events inside or outside the country… Unfortunately, the world community has experienced and is experiencing military events that can not but affect the language. Language is a kind of reflection of events on a global and local scale. Germany, as the language of the country that was at war, also changed and acquired a certain lexical nuance. New developments of our study is the reflection of speech changes in the military vocabulary of the German language in the period of 70 years, reflected in both quantitative and comparative analysis. During the study, an electronic form of term search was used, which allowed to use the method of automated search and translation, which is also an element of the novelty of this study.
2022 Copyright for this paper by its authors.
Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)
The object of research is military vocabulary and terminology, presented at the level of German-Ukrainian lexicographic sources published during 1939 - 2010. The subject is diachronic analysis of morphological and lexical-semantic structure of groups of nouns and their word forms, which are traced in military terminology and which are inherent in the German language.
In the course of the research, more than 20,000 terms were analyzed at the level of claimed lexicographical sources: Deutsches und ukrainisches Militärwörterbuch von J. Ilnytzkyi – Zankewytsch (1939) [1] and Ukrainisch-deutsches, Deutsch - ukrainisches Militärwörterbuch (2010) [Verf. Walter Wintschalek] [2].
The study used general scientific methods such as descriptive, modeling and contextualinterpretive analysis. In addition, we took into account the deductive method used to observe and analyze data to predict the result. Methods of observation, comparison, classification, generalization and interpretation that are essential to the descriptive method and are used to classify verbs based on semantic features. The electronic form of the experimental array of texts made it possible to use the method of automated search for certain language units (MathLab) and establish the frequency of their use, the results of which, however, required further manual processing (Excel). Calculation and systematization tools played an important role in helping to analyze the body of the study. As this study deals with the designations of features of German military terminology given in dictionaries, it was conducted using the diachronic method, as one was published in 1939 and the other in 2010.
The research tasks were performed using Microsoft Excel, which allows calculations using formulas and functions, including commercial, statistical and date functions. To a limited extent, data can be edited, for example, to combine short texts or perform logical calculations (if ... then). Depending on the content and values in the table, the content can be obtained elsewhere in the table. The results can be evaluated using sorting, grouping and filtering functions, as well as summary tables and graphically displayed on the charts. Tables or parts of them can be protected from changes in layout or content.
The urgency of the research topic is due to the development of international relations of our
country in various areas, including military-political contacts. This presupposes the elaboration of a
large amount of special literature, the transfer of professional military vocabulary and terminology in
the native language, as well as the translation of Ukrainian military terminology into the recipient
language. Currently, military terminology is a dynamic industry that is constantly changing and
evolving, due to the rapid development of science and technology. New concepts are emerging that
require linguistic definition, and then adequate translation and transmission in national languages.
Semantic and functional features of the translation of military terminology have repeatedly become
the subject of scientific research, in particular, this work of Vovk M., [3], Chepurna Z. [
The task of our study is to trace the formation and development of professional military vocabulary and terminology at the lexicographic level, namely at the level of German - Ukrainian dictionaries of military terminology, which were published in the period 1939 - 2010; highlight the characteristics of current military vocabulary and features of its functioning at the present stage and trace how the body of military terminology has changed over the decades.
According to O. Semenog, a term (from the Latin terminus - border) is a word or phrase that
denotes a special concept of a particular field of knowledge or activity [8, p. 26]. L. Pshenichna, V.
Shevchenko, N. Shishkina substantiate that “a term is any word or phrase of natural or artifi
language that denotes a cognitive act aimed at cognition of an object, verbally represented by
definition, is a component of the vocabulary of the language (nominative function) and replaces in the
professional text the definition of cognitive act (communicative function); any word or phrase of
natural or artificial language that denotes a cognitive act, represented by a definition and replaces it in
a professional text "[9, p 123]. Scholars focus on such features of the term as: systematic, accurate,
striving for unambiguity, the presence of definition, codification in dictionaries, creation on the basis
of national language or foreign language borrowing, is a unit of vocabulary (terminological) fund,
implemented in oral speech or professional texts. Military terminology in historical retrospect has
developed taking into account socio-political, scientific, technical, cultural and educational factors
that have determined the semantic specificity of terminological groups of military vocabulary, ways
of their creation, origin. According to modern researchers, military vocabulary and terminology have
undergone seven stages of development [
The current stage of Ukrainian military terminology (1990s - the first decade of the XXI century)
is associated with the revival of traditions of term formation and term use on a national basis, the
intensification of lexicographic work in the military-professional environment. In particular, since the
early 1990s such publications have been published as: Yaremko "Essays on the History of Ukrainian
Military Terminology" (2012), A. Buryachok "Russian-Ukrainian Dictionary for the Military" (1995),
"Russian-Ukrainian Dictionary military-technical terms” (edited by M. Gutsya, 1994),
Kancelyaruk“ Dictionary of Military T”er(m1s993), O. Shmakov“ Doinctairy of the Officer of the
Internal Troops on Military Scientific Issues” (2005) and others. Over the last decade, such a
lexicographical direction as computer (electronic) lexicography has been developing, which,
according to O. Semenog, "stimulates development, determines the information and computer
component in the lexicographic culture of modern users" [8, p. 59-60]. The researcher provides
information on the development of electronic lexicography in Ukraine. Electronic dictionaries are
published by the Ukrainian Language and Information Fund, which has developed an integrated
lexicographic system "Dictionaries of Ukraine" online, which includes five new generation academic
dictionaries: spelling, transcription, phraseology, synonyms and antonyms (252 thousand words),
which, according to experts, has no analogues in the world. Today the "Great Explanatory Dictionary
of the Ukrainian Language" or "DICTIONARY" is being put in order. Net" [3, p. 59-60]. Soldiers, in
particular future specialists of the National Guard of Ukraine, have the opportunity to use this
valuable lexicographic fund, which is a powerful resource for self-education, professional
selfdevelopment, lexical, lexicographic and terminological culture of military professionals. The
retrospective of the development of the military terminology system is determined by external
(political, international) and internal (actually national, scientific) factors. L. Turovska convincingly
proves that “the appeal to the analysis-veorfbalnofanctors shows that the formation of Ukrainian
military terminology is due to several circumstances. In order to clarify them, it is important to
determine which realities of the objective world and special knowledge about them were terminated in
certain historical periods; what were these realities, what are the features that formed the basis of their
name; who and under what social circumstances acted as a term creator "[
1. Socio-communicative (human) factor, which is associated with the fact that the term is the result of fixing a certain concept in the word, this factor determines the terminological synonymy, which is an objective feature of naturally formed terminological systems. For example, in military terminology, several synonymous terms were used to nominate certain ranks and positions, which was due to the different speech orientation of servicemen: Western Ukrainian - with a bright GermanPolish speech orientation (soldier, company commander), eastern parts - with a predominance of Cossack tradition. (Cossack, centurion), central parts - with a significant Russian influence and the use of foreign borrowings used in the Russian army (soldier, captain). During the existence of the Soviet Union there is an active tracing of Russian military terms, which led to further unjustified synonymy in the use of certain terms: attacker instead of offensive, commander in chief instead of commander in chief, tower instead of tower, watchman instead of watchman instead.
2. Production and technological factor. If military terminology at the beginning of its development (the period of Kiev-Rus, later the Cossacks) was a relatively closed, small number of units, the modern scientific and technical military terminology is an open system of education, which is constantly replenished with lexical borrowings from related or related disciplines. for example, molecular physics and thermodynamics, quantum physics, chemistry of macromolecular compounds), technical industries (automation and computerization of military equipment) through new discoveries, the introduction of scientific advances. At the present stage of development in the military terminology system, the terms of these related disciplines are actively functioning: radio control, radar, gas tightness, sonar, disinfection, space navigation system, laser weapon guidance system, chemical reconnaissance, etc. Among the terms for modern military ranks and positions are ancient (private, sergeant, colonel) and modern (pilot, flight engineer, bomber). This lingual phenomenon is explained by the fact that from the appearance of the army to modern times, its main task has not changed, rather slowly changed the position and rank of the system.
3. Historical and political factor. The analysis of the historical background of the Ukrainian army
in terms of speech, closely related to the political history of Ukraine, provided clarification in which
time planes the Ukrainian army served mainly the native language, and in which - the language of the
ruling state. The geopolitical situation that has developed as a result of the division of Ukrainian lands
over several centuries between different states, where Ukrainians have been subject to the laws of
these countries, where the rights and status of the Ukrainian language have manifested themselves in
different ways, is important. Different linguistic and political orientation of the regions of Ukraine
influenced the formation of Ukrainian terminology of military affairs in the Dnieper and
Transdniestrian lands [
Some researchers (E.Ogar and others), determining the main indicators of the terminological culture of the individual, note that the terminological culture of the specialist involves: 1) possession of a terminological dictionary, its constant replenishment; 2) possession of skills of effective work with the sources necessary for the decision of problems of linguistic and terminological character; 3) the ability to analyze terminological material in relation to its origin, structure, method of creation, normativeness, degree of language acquisition, relevance, etc .; 4) the ability to identify on the basis of previously described knowledge of errors and defects in term use and, accordingly, to eliminate them; 5) the ability to distinguish between productive and unproductive models of term formation, use them to create or improve terminological material "[3]. Thus, the terminological culture of the future serviceman, in particular the specialist of the National Guard of Ukraine, should be understood as a set of speech knowledge, speech skills of the individual to use terminological units, based on which professional competencies are formed and necessary for professional development. culture.
The latest lexicographic source of professional military vocabulary is the Dictionary of Professional Terminology for Future Specialists of the National Guard of Ukraine (for the course "Ukrainian language for professional purposes") [11]. The material of the dictionary is compiled taking into account the specifics of the professional activity of the future specialist of the National Guard of Ukraine. Emphasis is placed on the actual professional, psychological aspects of the NMU, the specifics of service and combat activities, which is accumulated in the range of vocabulary articles that represent professionalism, terms of the military sphere. Linguistic terminology is presented with a projection on the peculiarities of the NMU.
The corpus studied in this exploration consists of military terms of two dictionaries in different time periods. The chronological range is almost 70 years, so the analysis of the study of military terminology is of interest given the quantitative use of both morphemes and tokens to determine whether time and political events affect the formation of military vocabulary.
In the analyzed dictionaries, the number of dictionary units in the military dictionaries of J. Ilnytsky-Sankovych [1] and W. Wintshalek [2] was first determined.
In the study of the corpus of military vocabulary on the use of terms in the quantitative representation of letters, we came to the following results: the letter A occurs in the ratio: 1008 and 380, respectively, B - 641 and 80, C - 31 and 26, D - 303 and 23, E - 535 and 56, F - 318 and 65, G 471 and 39, H - 277 and 37, I - 99 and 4, J - 26 and 7, K - 535 and 47, L - 211i 31, M - 332 and 28, N - 181 and 14, O - 97 and 8, P - 306 and 15, Q -41 and 2, R - 356 and 41, S - 960 and 101, T - 326 and 14, U - 447 and 21, V - 589 and 40, W - 258 -18, X - 1 and -, Y - 1 and -, Z - 309 and 17. Total: 8 659 and 1 114.
Analyzing the studied language units, it can be noted that in the dictionary of J. Ilnytsky Sankovich has more vocabulary units compared to the dictionary of W. Wintshalek, ie in the first half of the twentieth century the most common words begin with the letters A, B, S. Regarding quantitative reflection, the number of dictionary entries has the letter A - 1008 in the first dictionary to another. Instead, the modern dictionary lacks dictionary terms with the letters X and Y.
In addition, the structure of military terms of the two dictionaries was examined and compared by quantitative analysis of dictionary units, its similarities and differences were revealed.
For example, Wintschalek's dictionary is structured according to the cellular system, ie this dictionary not only provides a translation of the word, but also demonstrates lexical connections. For example, we have the term "army": Army [-, - n] f army, regular ~ regular army. Key word: army. Grammatical variants: 1) translation: "Army" 2) examples: regular army ~ regular army.
Thus, the article presents both grammatical and possible speech connections.
Grammatical variants: translation of the term: "army" and examples: alliiеrte friendly army, feindliche Armee ~ enemy army, Armee im Felde ~ active army, rote Armee ~ red army, ukrainische Armee ~ Ukrainian army, verbündete Armee ~ union.
The military terms of two dictionaries with the letter "S" also became an illustrative study. Ilnytsky's dictionary contains 960 dictionary articles, Wintshalek -101. Total core - 48 lexical units. The following are common lexical items and their translation in both dictionaries.
Scheinflugen - Scheinflugpaltz (fake airport - fake airfield); Schicht (layer, layers - ball); Schießscharte (loophole, embrasure, battle slit - embrasure); Schlachtflugzeug - Schlachtflugzeuge (assault aircraft - assault aircraft); Schlag (blow - blow, battle); Schlauch (gut - hose); schleifen (sharpen, grind - sharpen); Schleifstein (bar, stone sharpener - bow); Schlucht (beam); Schraubenzieher (screwdriver - screwdriver); Schuld (debt - debt); Schulflugzeug Schulungsflieghorst (training aircraft - training aircraft); Schwache - Schwach (weakness, small number - weakness); Schwindel (foolishness, deception - fraud); Schwinghebel (balancer - balancer); Seekampf - Seegefecht (sea battle - sea battle); Seilbahn (cable car - funicular); Seite (side, side side); Seitengewehr (bayonet); Seitenwind (crosswind - crosswind); Security (safety, security security); Soldat (soldier, archer, soldier, soldier - soldier, serviceman); Soldnerheer (mercenary army - mercenary army); Söldnerflug - Soldnerluftfahrt (special flight - special aircraft); Spalt (crack - slit); Spitze (tip - forehead); Stab (headquarters, mace - headquarters); Stand (state, position, position state - state); Stärke (strength, power, mental state - number); Stempel (stamp - seal); Streuerung (patience, rudder mechanism - steering wheel, helmsman); Stickstoff (nitrogen); Stickstoff (nitrogen - nitrogen); Stirn (forehead, forehead - forehead); Stoßdämpfer (spring shock absorber); Straße (street, path - path); Straßenkraftwagen - StraßenKfz (road car); Streit (conflict, dispute, quarrel - quarrels); Sturmabteilung - Sturmabteilungsmann (assault division - attack aircraft).
As we can see, 12 of the 48 units had different spellings. The meaning of terms in the new dictionary has been improved. Ilnytsky's Dictionary (1939) provides more examples of translation, including dialectal meanings, while Wintschalek's Dictionary (2010) uses abbreviations in complex words, such as StraßenKfz.
Analyzing the dictionary articles, it was found that their number in the modern dictionary (2010) is less than in the 1939 dictionary edition. We tried to determine why the number of dictionary entries is different, what influenced this process and what the entire vocabulary is. One of the factors that could be the geopolitical situation on the world map.
In addition, when analyzing dictionaries, we trace the total number of terms and their division into the following categories: 1) military terminology, 2) other terminology (geographical, biological, Armee ~ chemical), 3) general language. In total, we researched 16 729 items in the Ilnytsky-Sankovych dictionary and 1 220 items in the Vintshalek dictionary.
The results are presented in the following tables:
Vocabulary analysis (Dictionary of Ilnitsky-Sankovych) A – Z: 1-military terms 2 - other terminology 3 -general vocabulary A total of 5462 2616 8651 16 729 Vocabulary Analysis (Wintshalek Dictionary) A-Z: 1-military terms 2 - other terminology 3 - general vocabulary A total of 356 280 566 1 202 Next, we provide quantitative results for each letter to trace the correlation between each category. The results of the dictionary Ilnytsky-Sankovych are given in the table: Table 1. Quantitative results for each letter to trace the correlation between each category of the dictionary Ilnytsky-Sankovych Letter Military terminology Other General vocabulary General A 472 207 835 1514 B 317 199 740 1256 C 18 17 13 48 D 135 128 320 583 E 219 98 478 795 F 305 129 374 808 G 423 183 553 1159 H 203 97 320 620 I 58 12 73 143 J 23 2 25 50 K 518 163 607 1288 L 238 151 444 833 M 399 174 320 893 N 117 51 259 427 O 106 18 129 253 P 171 91 356 618 Q 3 11 44 58 R 278 112 396 786 S 586 230 683 1499 T 242 148 247 637 U 88 40 375 503 General 547 1 4 483 16 729
The percentage ratio is as follows: 1) military terminology 33% (5 462), 2) other terminology 15% (2 616), 3) general lexicons 52% ( 8 651).
Diagram 1. Analysis of vocabulary of categories (dictionary of J. Ilnytsky-Sankovych) 52%, 8 651
33%,5 462 15%, 2 616
Graph 1 shows the general result of the analysis of vocabulary categories in the dictionary of J. Ilnytsky-Sankovych Orange – military terminology, green – general vocabulary, yellow – other terminology.
Graph 1. The general result of the analysis of vocabulary categories in the dictionary of J. Ilnytsky-Sankovych
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Next, we provide quantitative results for each letter to trace the correlation between each category. The results of the dictionary of Wintshalek's are given in the table: Analysis of vocabulary categories (W. Wintshalek's dictionary) The results are as a percentage: 1) military terminology 30% (356), 2) other terminology 23%(280), 3) general lexicons 47%(566) Diagram 2. Analysis of vocabulary categories (W. Wintshalek's dictionary) 47%, 566
30%; 356 Graph 2. The general result of the analysis of vocabulary categories of W. Wintshalek's dictionary Orange – general vocabulary, green – military terminology, yellow – other terminology.
Graph 2. The general result of the analysis of vocabulary categories in the dictionary of W. Wintshalek
J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Z
Comparing the results of the analysis of the two dictionaries, we can say that the number of military terminology is almost the same - 30% and 33%. Ilnytskyi-Sankovych's dictionary is dominated by commonly used vocabulary, which in part no longer corresponds to the realities of today.
Dictionaries are those databases that reflects the current state of language, which creates speech and reflects to some extent the speech state of society. Using the dictionaries, they have the opportunity to master the rules of spelling, pronunciation, stress, replenish their vocabulary, distinguish the subtle nuances in the meaning of any word, grammatically and stylistically correct words in speech. The use of dictionaries of different types not only increases literacy, but also expands the worldview of man, raises the general level of his culture. Mastering the culture of speech is an important condition for success in professional growth.
The morphological and functional-stylistic analysis of the formation and functioning of military vocabulary and terminology on the basis of remote lexicographic sources allows us to summarize the following: military terminology is a dynamic industry that is constantly changing and evolving due to the rapid development of science and technology; new concepts emerge that require speech definition, and then adequate translation and transmission in national languages. The article analyzes the morphological structure of terms, the use of functional and stylistic features of terms and comparative analysis of lexicographic sources in the chronological dimension of the mid-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is established that the actual military terminology presented in remote dictionaries is approximately the same number (30% and 33%, respectively), while the share of common vocabulary is growing, due to the fact that military terminology, as professional vocabulary, is closely related to is connected with the general lexical structure of the language, with scientific and technological progress, without which the consideration of this professional terminology is impossible.
The novelty of the study is due to the fact that military terminology, which is reflected in lexicographical sources published in Austria and Germany (1939-2010), is studied as an object of study for the first time. A novelty is the comparative analysis of translated military terms as a sociocommunicative phenomenon that depends on the situation and realizes the communicative goal. The novelty is provided by the fact that changes in lexical and semantic groups of nouns of military terminology are reflected in the diachronic section, and quantitative analysis as a means of communicative paradigm allows the vector of tracking changes in the outlined terminological field. During the study, an electronic form of term search was used, which allowed to use the method of automated search and translation, which is also an element of the novelty of this study.
Prospects for further research in this area include involvement in comparative analysis of new lexicographical sources, including the Dictionary of Professional Terminology for Future Specialists of the National Guard of Ukraine (for the course "Ukrainian for Professional Purposes") [11] to trace the vector of professional military terminology and its influence on the formation of the general lexical structure of the language.
Іn accordance with the staffing requirements conducting educational activities in the field of higher and postgraduate education for people with higher education Resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of December 30, 2015 № 1187 “On approval of the License Terms of Procedure educational activities "to the results of professional the activity of the teacher belongs to the presence copyright certificates. Аccording to ethProcedure for conferring scientific titles on scientific and scientific and pedagogical workers (Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of 14.01.2016 № 13) to the list of educational and methodical works and / or scientific works copyright certificates are included.
Authors Halyna Antonyuk and Lilia Chernysh reserve the right to apply for copyright registration for the article "Diachronical Analysis of Lexicographic Sources of Military Terminology."
[1] German and Ukrainian military dictionary [ed. I. Ilnytsky-Zankovych]. Berlin: Bernard and Grefe. 1939.-504 p. [2] Ukrainisch-deutsches, Deutsch - ukrainisches Militärwörterbuch [Verf. Walter Wintschalak]. Landesverteidigungsakademie, Sprachinstitut des Österreichischen Bundesheeres. [Hrsg.: Republik Österreich, Bundesministerium für Landesverteidigung und Sport. Wien: BMLVS 2010; URL: https://cutt.ly/EOHeAJY [3] Vovk M.P. Terminological culture of the future specialist of the National Guard of Ukraine as a criterion of professional competence. 2016. URL: http://elar.naiau.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/6141. publishing normalization and functional aspects [11] Dictionary of professional terminology for future specialists of the National Guard of Ukraine (for the course "Ukrainian language for professional purposes") / Compiled by: MP Wolf, R.S. Trotsky, VS Moldavchuk, O.V. Chupryna, О.А. Blinov, S.I. Shepel; for ed. I. Shepel; for ed. Wait. - K .: NAVS of Ukraine, 2016. – p. 156 . URL:https://cutt.ly/FIlGNeO A.O.