The analysis processes that take place in the phytotron, a mathematical model of the phytotron, were carried out for further development of the automated control system using the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The functional-algorithmic scheme of the phytotron and the algorithm of remote temperature control of this object are developed. The software and hardware implementation of the control system for the phytotron is based on the integrated Arduino board. Reads information from sensors, also developed an operator interface in the form of a mobile application, in addition to recording the measured values in the database on the server for further processing. It is possible to store files in the cloud and remotely control processes from a mobile device. The software provides an address poll of the sensor, which allows you to estimate the change in the controlled parameter at the location of the sensor. The structural scheme of the electrical complex of the phytotron and the scheme of control of this technological object with the use of IoT technologies are given. electrotechnical complex, interface, information control system.
of things, cloud technologies, platform, software, algorithm, phytotorn,
To study the development of plants, it is necessary to conduct constant phytomonitoring of the plant and their development environment.
To determine the influence of disturbing factors on plant development, a system of phytomonitoring of technological parameters in the phytotron has been developed. The developed system
uses the approach of Internet of Things technology for remote monitoring of the technological process and switching of connected devices of the electrical complex in the chambers of phytotron cultivation. An effective solution to the problem of growing (producing) agricultural products in modern conditions of agribusiness is achieved by introducing information and control systems at production sites. In this regard, the problem arises of creating a hardware-software complex based on modern automation tools. In recent years, new directions in automation systems and IT have been actively developing - cloud technologies and the Internet of Things (IoT), which have found successful application in agricultural production, given the length of control objects and their remoteness from decision-making centers. Today, IoT is the most modern tool for industrial automation, which allows remote
monitoring of the state of an object (including biotechnical) and remote control of drive mechanisms and devices located at the object.
Many researchers from Ukraine and other countries were engaged in the study of the problems of the phytotron and greenhouses and the use of Internet-of-Things technology to control parameters. personal phytotron at an affordable price thanks to a wide range of hardware, cloud computing and
2022 Copyright for this paper by its authors. new opportunities offered by the Internet of things (IoT) [1]. Taiwanese researchers Yu-Chun Chu and Jer-Chia Chang in the chambers of the phytotron tested the temperature regimes, relative humidity and illumination as environmental parameters for growing seedlings or plants in different phases of development [2]. Phytotrons with various electronic control systems are also being creat ed to assess the effect of technological parameters on plants when breeding new varieties. One of them is described in a study by Algerian scientists H. Adjerid, Y. Remram and M. Attari [3]. The researchers presented an electronic control system that includes monitoring and control of air temperature, relative humidity and lighting as environmental parameters. This made it possible to form a new phytotron typology based on two growth phases in order to study the impact of climate change on plants.
In milk production, animal health monitoring is carried out, which includes data tracking using IoT tools. This allows you to know at what point in time you need to change the feed ingredients. There are also technologies for monitoring the quality and quantity of feed grains and oil crops [4]. According to the author, IoT technology is best suited for tracking the location and feeding of animals in a meadow or in a barn. Connecting a collar with sensors to cows allows continuous monitoring and optimal nutrition planning.
Latin America is implementing the latest precision farming technologies, and this technology will be included in AquaSim, a set of customizable IoT productivity tools [5]. The aquaculture division Nutreco Skretting together with the Eruvaka company is implementing IoT in fish farming [5]. IoT technologies in agriculture are intensively used in India, where, due to population growth, the problem of food saturation is acute. The project described in the work of researchers L. Abhishek and B. Rishi Barath [6] includes the automation of technological processes in agriculture, including the measurement of soil moisture, so that the farmer can decide whether to use wet or dry crops depending on the conditions. as well as water level measurement. In another project, described in the work of Indian researchers K.R. Raghunandan, L.J. Quadras et al. [7], IoT technology is used in the following technological processes:
- automation of irrigation - a system based on soil moisture and water level, measuring moisture, temperature and dew point; - lighting control - automation to save energy; - security alarm using infrared radiation; - sending from a sensor located on farmland, a report to the farmer using a notification system. One of the options for applying the technologies was proposed by professors of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers K.A. Patil and N.R. Keil [8]. A “Smart Agriculture Model Using the Internet of Things” has been developed, which implements a real-time soil monitoring system, monitors soil moisture content, acidity and temperature, and these values are used to deploy support and decision-making systems. This system helps in identifying crop pests and diseases and sends SMS alerts to the owner. The proposed architecture consists of three modules: client-side, server-side, and farm-side. The standard Ubi-Sense Mote (M) sensor board is used to measure temperature, humidity, barometric pressure and proximity. The data collected by Ubi-Sense Mote is then sent to the server. The server part consists of a support and decision making system that sends the required information received from the sensors to the client side, which consists of a web application and a mobile application for Android. The disadvantage of this system is that no methodology for improving irrigation facilities is proposed, and the mobile application is not available for iOS phones.
Another method, considered by P. Patil and A. Narhidi [9], involves the use of a soil moisture
sensor, which measures the value of the moisture content in the soil at fixed intervals. When the soil
moisture level is registered below the threshold value, an SMS notification is sent to the user. The
main disadvantage of using this method is that data is sent at a fixed time interval. Minimizing the
interval will result in excessive energy consumption, increasing the interval may damage the crop.
This system will be useful for monitoring the state of soil moisture on the farm, as well as for
controlling soil moisture by monitoring the water level in the water source and, accordingly, turning
on / off the motor for irrigation purposes and using the PIC16F877A and GSM SIM300 modem. The
system offers a soil moisture sensor in every location where moisture needs to be monitored. Another
proposed system is the "Intelligent irrigation system for automating the maintenance of field
conditions based on the Internet of Things", proposed by N. Rao and B. Sidhar in 2018 [
The sensor readings are sent to the Raspberry Pi controller, in which the Apache web server is configured. The Raspberry Pi also has a storage such as SQL database or container. The ZigBee module is used to establish a communication channel between the sensor arrays and the server. The farmer can access the field status server anytime, anywhere, thereby reducing labor and time.
Mmultishock communication has been implemented to increase the communication range. Data from sensor arrays are transmitted through neighboring sensor matrices for further transmission to their neighbors. The data is then sent to the database using WiFi, so the user of this system can track changes and draw up an irrigation plan at his own discretion. The disadvantage of this method is that no security protocols are implemented in the system.
IoT livestock management solutions make livestock monitoring more affordable than ever before.
Livestock monitoring solutions are based on portable sensors mounted on the body of animals [
Researchers from Ukraine A. Zhiltsov, I. Bolbot et al. in the article [
In the work of Ukrainian researchers V. Lysenko, T. Lendiel and D. Komarchuk [
Researchers from Qatar, Morocco and Canada A. Ouammi, Y. Achour et al. [
An interesting study by Turkish scientists M.A. Akkasha and R. Sokulu [
An article by Chinese researchers Yin Ding, Liang Wang et al. [
Romanian researchers R.-O. Gregory, A. Water et al. [
The software and hardware implementation of the information management system as applied to
various biotechnical objects based on the Arduino integrated board and the LabView visual
programming environment is considered by the authors of this article in [
The purpose of the study is to develop and implement a system of phytomonitoring of technological parameters of cultivation in the phytotron and the ability to remotely switch the connected devices of the electrical complex.
The mathematical model of the phytotron is based on the heat balance equations for the
greenhouse [
Qi = Qt + Qk + Qt + Qv + Qc, where Qi is the amount of heat in the phytotron chamber, J; Qt is the amount of heat from the heating system, J; Qk is heat loss transmitted through the side walls, J; Qt is heat consumption transmitted through the end walls, J; Qv is the amount of heat to heat the ventilation air, J; Qc - heat from radiation lamps, J.
The amount of heat in the phytotron chamber depends on: where Сp is heat capacity of air, J / kg · ° С; p is air density, kg/m3; tp is air temperature, °C; Vp is the volume of the phytotron chamber, m3.
The amount of heat given to the phytotron chamber by the heating system is determined by: where ktp is heat transfer coefficient through the wall of the heating system pipe W/m·°C, St is heating surface area, m2; tw,i is heater temperature, °C; ti is air temperature in the phytotron, °С.
The model also takes into account the effect of heat from radiation lamps, J., which is equal to: ,
Qс ks Sk ,іOcv (5) where ks is the heat transfer coefficient due to additional lighting, W/m·°C; Sk,i is area of the base of illumination, m2; Ocv is intensity of illumination, W/m2.
Qi C pVp pt р , Qt ktp St (tw,i ti ) , (1) (3) (4)
Heat consumption is determined taking into account all the end surfaces of the phytotron chamber, which borders the corresponding temperature zone:
Qv k pz (Sb,i Sk ,i )(ti t z ) , (7) where kpz is the heat transfer coefficient through the end surfaces of the phytotron chamber to the external environment W/m2 · ° C; Sb,i is the area of the end surface in the chamber, m2; ti, tz is outdoor air temperature, respectively, °C.
The functional-algorithmic scheme of the phytotron complex will look like Fig. 1.
EZ Сontrol
t φ L H CO2
Wt(s)
Wφ(s) WCO2(s) WL(s) WH(s)
To study the development of plants in the management of the technological mode of plant growth, I use phytochambers, in combination with all the equipment is a phytotron. The phytotron is a chamber with the created artificial climate where it is possible to regulate temperatures, humidity and gassiness of air, and also management of watering and lighting.
The control system operation algorithm is shown in Fig. 2. The system works as follows: 1) after the presentation of the power supply, the entire system is initialized, the critical value of the time tk is entered;
2) the effective value of the time t is compared with the critical value of the time tk (the time during which the entire technological process takes place); 3) measurement of technological parameters; 4) check the wireless connection, assign an ip-address; 5) when connected via wireless communication, the measured value is displayed; 6) waiting for the command; go to item 2; 8) if there is no wireless connection, the system goes into automatic mode; 9) after the transfer of the control action to the actuators, data is sent to the personal computer of the general control system; go to item 2.
11) when the critical time is reached, the program ends.
The general algorithm of the specified is shown in Fig. 2. One of the most important features of the ESP8266 is that it can not only connect to an existing Wi-Fi network and act as a web server, but can also set up its own network, allowing other devices to connect directly to it and access it. to web pages. This is possible because the ESP8266 can operate in three different modes: station mode, access point mode and both first modes simultaneously.
Start
Initialization, introduction of T Assigning an IP
address Measurement of T
Connection request Check the connection No Data output
Yes
End of the program
During operation, the phytotron control system provides real-time data collection and processing in the phytotron, plays the role of a controlling component of the parameters of plant phytodevelopment and technological parameters of the microclimate. The set of hardware used in this case - hardware and software environment of Arduino. Their diversity and availability have created the conditions for the successful implementation of automation systems that operate on the basis of Internet of Things technologies. The technological scheme of phytotron operation is made (Fig. 3): K1 and K2 - 1st and 2nd phytochambers; L1, L2 - lamps of the 1st and 2nd chambers; C - LED backlight; B1 and B2 - fans of the 1st and 2nd chambers; H - pump; P - heater; G1 and G2 - humidifier 1st and 2nd; O1 and O2 - light sensor (inclusions L1, L2); T1 and T2 - air temperature sensors (inclusion P); T3 and T4 - Plant temperature sensors (pyrometers);
T5 and T6 - substrate temperature sensor (DS18b20, DHT11);
F - humidity sensor (DHT 11) (inclusion G1, G2).
The control of the phytotron electrical complex is divided into three hierarchical levels. The structure of the electrical complex is presented in the following figure (Fig. 4). The phytoclimatic regime is controlled according to the specified cultivation norms, where the daytime air temperature is within 22..25° С; at night - 18..20° С; where the relative humidity should be within 60..70% and air pollution is 350..450 ppm. The control process also provides for the study of the impact of the environment on tomato plants, provides for the additional introduction of phytotemperature criteria for plant development [6], according to which the plant temperature is equal to the air temperature.
The phytotron was mounted in the laboratory of the Department of Automation and Robotic Systems. academic І.І. Martynenko (Figs. 5, 6). The monitoring system is based on the Arduino Uno and the W5100 controller. A web-server was built for graphical display of remote client data, obtaining measured data from temperature, pressure, humidity sensors and the ability to switch the relay to which the devices of the electrical complex are connected (Fig. 7). The server program is written in the Arduino IDE development environment. A Wi-Fi wireless network is also used to allow wireless access to the specified web server. Screenshot of the web server configuration screen show in Fig. 8. When the client requests the server's address in the internal network (http://10.11.0.105), the server contacts the Arduino Uno controller, which forwards the measured data to the browser. The program also provides lighting of the relay switching buttons for switching on and off the components of the electrical complex. Active monitoring of plant development also allows to study the influence of disturbing factors on plant development and the quality of the original vegetable products.
In the project under consideration, the Arduino MEGA2560 + WiFi R3 controller from RobotDyn
is used for remote control [
• monitoring of parameters by the operator; • implementation of technological equipment control algorithms; • saving data from primary converters to a database.
• direct control of technological equipment; • survey of primary converters.
• сhannels of control of technological parameters; • primary converters;
Remote control technologies for other objects are considered by Ukrainian authors N. Kiktev, H.
Rozorinov, N. Chichikalo et al. [
For decision-making in control systems, the mathematical apparatus described in the work of
Ukrainian researchers O. Oletsky, E. Ivohin [
In the future, the authors plan to conduct a series of experiments in an industrial greenhouse and work out remote control of individual processes using the Internet of things technology.
A phytotron model for the study of plant development has been developed and implemented. The structure of the control system has been created, the functional-algorithmic system of the control object has been built and the system of phytomonitoring of plant growing parameters with the use of Internet of Things technology has been implemented.
A web-server was built for graphical display of remote client data, obtaining measured data from sensors of temperature, pressure, humidity and the ability to switch the relay to which the devices of the electrical complex are connected.