=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-3200/paper14
|storemode=property
|title=Methods for Assessing the Risk of Approaching Ships as an Integral Part of the Vessel Traffic Control System
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3200/paper14.pdf
|volume=Vol-3200
|authors=Victor Strelbitskyi,Nataliia Punchenko,Oleksandra Tsyra
}}
==Methods for Assessing the Risk of Approaching Ships as an Integral Part of the Vessel Traffic Control System ==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3200/paper14.pdf
Methods for Assessing the Risk of Approaching Ships as an
Integral Part of the Vessel Traffic Control System
Victor Strelbitskyi 1, Nataliia Punchenko 2 and Oleksandra Tsyra 3
1
Odessa National Maritime University, Odesa, Ukraine
2
Odesa State Environmental University Odesa, Ukraine
3
State University Of Intellectual Technologies And Communications Odesa, Ukraine
Abstract
The article presents a brief overview of methods for ensuring the navigation safety of vessel
traffic, which are divided into three categories: methods of early detection of the collision
possibility of ships, methods of maneuvering to avoid a collision and planning trajectory
methods of the ship. A detailed theoretical review of methods for assessing the risk of a
dangerous approach of ships, associated with ensuring the navigation safety of ship traffic, is
carried out in detail. The representation of ship domains is disclosed to assess the risk of a
dangerous approach of ships. The work provides links to sources that clarify the presented
material.
Keywords 1
Navigation safety, navigational control methods, risk assessment, ship convergence, "ship
domain"
1. Introduction and internal factors accompanying navigation,
which will always be present regardless of the
human factor. The level of state and reliability of
The science of ensuring safe navigation in the
navigation in modern conditions, the real
civil and military spheres is in the process of
accuracy of navigation and the quality of
improvement. A global issue in this scientific area
navigation problems is about twice worse than
is prevention of groundings and collisions of
expected. It follows that the complete elimination
ships. This science examines the aspect of the
of the accident rate of ships has no chance. But it
problem of navigation safety from all sides.
is quite possible to influence the number of
Navigation figure 1, since antiquity, as a result,
accidents with the help of various measures and
has created problems of navigation safety.
try to achieve its relative maximum reduction for
Ensuring navigational safety is a task that is a
a period that is limited. Such a drop in the accident
complex multi-level complex.
rate can be achieved up to a certain level, after
To solve this problem, the forces are united:
which the accident rate will inevitably grow again
manufacturers of maritime navigation aids,
or temporarily stabilize [1]. This conclusion
international organizations, administrations of
follows from the realities of the present time,
states participating in world shipping. The
which can be characterized:
cooperation of these entities forms a system for
1. An increase in the volume of water
ensuring safe navigation. Despite such
transport
cooperation, a high percentage of ship accidents
2. The increasing traffic intensity in areas of
at sea is an objective reality that cannot be denied
busy shipping leads to a constant increase in
and is primarily due to the peculiarities of external
the workload on boat masters
III International Scientific And Practical Conference “Information
Security And Information Technologies”, September 13–19, 2021,
Odesa, Ukraine
EMAIL: vict141174@gmail.com (A. 1); iioonn24@rambler.ru
(A. 2); aleksandra.tsyra@gmail.com (A. 3)
ORCID: 0000-0001-7027-9498 (A. 1); 0000-0003-1382-4490
(A. 2); 0000-0003-3552-2039 (A. 3)
©️ 2021 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative
Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)
British Isles. From the analysis of catastrophes,
the existing problems of the safety of navigation
becomes acute in limited waters and cramped
navigation conditions. As a result, special
methods of preventing collisions of ships,
introduced into complex technical navigation
systems, are in great demand [4,5]. The legal
framework at this stage, despite the emergence of
unmanned navigation, regulates that the
management of a ship is the exclusive right of its
captain. In his actions, the boat master is only
guided by the information provided by various
navigation aids, but the final decision on the
movement of the vessel is made only by the boat
master. And because of this, it has led to the fact
that in navigation, extraordinary approaches to
traffic management have developed and are used.
Because of this, the methods of ensuring the
navigation safety of vessel traffic can be divided
into three categories: methods of early detection
of the collision possibility (collision risk
assessment), methods of maneuvering to avoid a
Figure 1: Water transport collision (collision avoidance), and planning
trajectory methods of the safe movement of the
Experimental studies show that the largest vessel. Brief comparative characteristic these
number of accidents in water transport occur in methods:
the areas of responsibility of ports and on the Method 1. On-board radio and computer
approaches to them. In this regard, the problem of systems, which are called on-board collision
safe movement at sea becomes most acute in avoidance systems, have been recognized as
limited waters and cramped navigation conditions highly effective means of preventing collisions in
[2]. shipping. The English name for these complexes
is Collision Avoidance System. The on-board
2. Aspects of the tasks for ensuring collision avoidance system is a proven system
based on the use of surveillance radar signals and
the navigation safety other navigational aids. It operates independently
of ground equipment and provides information on
One of the seven ancient man-made wonders situations that other vessels can create in various
of the world - the Pharos lighthouse, and the navigational conditions. The collision avoidance
miraculous miracle - the Pillars of Hercules were system provides information to the officer of the
navigational landmarks on the approaches to watch on the situation in the navigation area
Alexandria and Gibraltar and helped mariners through the provision of visual and voice
prevent their ships from aground. And this is one information, ensures the timely detection of
of the proofs that at that time the knowledge, threatening vessels, classifies vessels according to
experience and intuition of the navigator was not their degree of danger, and issues
enough to guarantee the safety of navigation. In recommendations for the appropriate maneuver.
modern conditions when the main cause of The collision avoidance system monitors vessels
maritime accidents is breakdown, damage, or in the surrounding water area within a radius of up
equipment failure. The worst regions in terms of to 24 miles from own vessel [3]. Such observation
maritime accidents, according to the AGCS makes it possible to determine the trajectory of the
report, are the waters of southern China, relative movement of each oncoming object, to
Indonesia, and the Philippines. Every fourth assess the risk of collision of own ship with other
incident occurs in those areas. Even though Asia objects. With the help of communication
remains the most unfavorable region due to the facilities, coordination of planned maneuvers can
busiest routes and the old fleet. Next come the be carried out with other vessels.
Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea and the
Method 2. The problem of divergence of Method 3. Get answers to the questions:
vessels in the water area is a priority in the determination of the current coordinates of the
management of the vessel. Without disregarding vessel in the coordinate system - bearing and
the increasing intensity of traffic on all distance relative to a given point; determination of
international water communications, it is possible the actual trajectory of the vessel's movement, the
to ensure a satisfactory level of traffic safety in actual elements of movement, is possible with the
recent years using innovative means of radio help of navigation methods for monitoring the
navigation. For this reason, the problem of position and movement of the vessel. Evaluation
divergence of ships should be considered only in of the trend of the vessel's movement to predict
accordance with the section "Use of automatic the current coordinates in time, control of the
radar plotting means". lateral deviation of the vessel from and calculation
The main document among the normative ones of the course correction. The listed monitoring
that determine the reliability of the divergence of tasks are referred to as “Real-time tasks”. The
ships is the "International rules for preventing more difficult the navigation conditions are, the
collisions of ships at sea" (IRPCSS-72) [6]. shorter the “real time clock” should be. The
These Rules oblige each vessel to carry the advantage of each navigation method is
appropriate lights and signs, to sound the determined by the main features of the
appropriate sound signals, to use all available characteristics: the accuracy of determining the
means in accordance with the prevailing current coordinates of the vessel, the duration of
circumstances and conditions to enable each of navigation determination and the discreteness of
them to: the definitions [7]. Methods of control over the
1. To detect in advance the presence of other position and movement of the vessel are divided
vessels; into two groups: "navigational" and "pilotage".
2. To determine the degree of danger in order With “navigator” control methods based on
to identify the existence of a collision hazard; navigation measurements, the point at which the
3. Take into account the mutual obligations vessel was located, and depending on the position
when maneuvering the gap; of this point relative to the line of the given path,
4. Ensure safe divergence in all visibility solve the remaining navigation problems. The
conditions. navigational methods include the reckoning of the
Method 3. The lack of a quantitative ship's coordinates, its refinement along one line of
description of the concept of "limited visibility" in position, navigational observations, as well as
the IRPCSS-72 causes a contradiction between methods formed by their combinations, including
R. 19 ("Swimming with limited visibility") and "corrected dead reckoning"
R. 15 ("Situation of intersecting courses in sight
of each other") in cases where the visibility range 2.1. Security Domains
is of the same order of magnitude with D. Having
detected in such conditions with the help of the
The area around a ship of a certain radius,
radar an approaching vessel from the right side, a
shape, and size, not considering geometry, actual
prudent navigator will make way for him, without
dimensions, the current course, into which the
waiting for this vessel to come within the distance
of visual visibility and he will have to act in oncoming ship should not enter is called the ship's
domain. The ship's heading is determined by
conditions: the short period of time and minimal
evaluating the speed vector from radar
space.
observations during several turns of the antenna.
In addition, the International Maritime
This definition indicates that the information is
Organization at the United Nations (IMO) in 1978
not received in real time, but nevertheless this area
adopted the Convention on the Training,
Certification and Watchkeeping of Seafarers. This is called the "navigation safety zone". In methods
for assessing the risk of dangerous approach by
Convention defines the minimum requirements
the foundation, there is a point of the shortest
for the knowledge and practical skills of boat
approach of ships (closest point of approach). For
masters in relation to ship divergence and the use
navigational safety, the shortest distance is greater
of radar information. IMO has also formulated
requirements for programs for radar surveillance, than the critical value. The following values are
provided: "time of movement to the point of the
laying and use of automatic radar laying facilities.
shortest approach of ships" (time of closest point
All this is aimed at increasing the reliability of the
of approach), "distance to the point of the shortest
divergence of ships.
approach of ships" (distance to closest point of
approach).
Research groups that study the issue of ship
collision avoidance use a variety of domains:
circular, elliptical, and other complex shapes. The
domain boundary is interpreted as a function of
the ship's heading angle. At this point in time, to
use the security domain, each domain is analyzed
separately. Based on this, we can conclude that the
domain cannot fully solve all the problems of
discrepancy due to strictly defined domain
boundaries.
The Goodwin domain model is divided into 3
sectors. The dimensions of the free zone from
other objects are different. Depends on the
situation in a certain period. The radius of the
sectors corresponds to the critical values of the
closest approach of ships for each scenario
Figure 3: Davis domain
Figure 2.
The ship domain proposed by
S. V. Smolentsev, A. E. Filyakov considers the
navigation features of the navigation area and the
hydrometeorological situation. Eliminates the
occurrence of false alarms when a vessel enters
the safety domain that is moving in the opposite
direction in its lane [9]. The position of the
security domain boundary is parameterized and
depends on the value of one parameter, which is
convenient for performing calculations. In
addition, the border of the proposed safety zone is
smooth, which excludes jumps in solutions for
different course angles of entry of targets into this
zone [10].
There are groups of our and foreign researchers
who are working towards assessing the risk of
Figure 2: Goodwin domain collision and improving ship domains. An
unconventional method for clarifying the situation
Deepening the idea of Goodwin is carried out of approaching ships at sea based on information
by the Davis domain, presented in the form of an from an automatic identification system was
ellipse with an offset center, divided into sectors. proposed by Bukaty Vitaly Mikhailovich,
For the navigator, this is an indicator for deciding Morozova Svetlana Yurievna. Titov A.V., Zaikova
to perform an evasive maneuver when other S.N., Volynskiy I.A., Khmelnitskaya A.A. in their
objects intrude into the active domain Figure 3. work the current state and problems of using inland
Caldwell's ship domain is a different waterways (on the example of the Volga-Caspian
configuration depending on the ship's Sea shipping canal) and Nitsevich A.A., Melnikov
approaching scenario. With oncoming traffic in N.V., Khristich D.Yu., Lebedev V.P. in work
the domain, the stern part is completely absent. Collision of ships use the method of M.A.
When overtaking, the domain has an ellipsoidal Konoplev, who presents the risk assessment in the
shape. form of a fuzzy system.
Tszyu's ship domain is based on neural
networks trained by the backpropagation method, 3. Conclusions
which makes it possible to partially consider the
influence of the external environment without
resorting to complex classical deterministic One of the main problems of navigation,
mathematical models of its description [8]. namely the navigation safety, remains unresolved,
although the work is carried out by all groups Processes of the Far Eastern Branch of the
according to the law of a conical spiral. Russian Academy of Sciences], 2017.- 297 p.
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International Mul-tidisciplinary Scientific
for assessing the risk of a dangerous approach of
ships, associated with ensuring the navigation GeoConference SGEM 2019 28 June - 7
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the presented material. Transformations Radiosignals and the
Perspectives of Use of their use for Systems
4. Acknowledgements of Control with safe Literal Appliances
(UAVs) (2019) 2018 International
Scientific-Practical Conference on Problems
We wish to thank V. Kychak, prof., I.
of Infocommunications Science and
Trotsyshyn, prof., O. Punchenko, prof., G.
Technology, PIC S and T 2018 – Proceedin,
Bortnyk, prof. for their insightful comments on
earlier drafts. pp. 685-690.
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Technical University for the application of collisions at sea, 1972 Moscow 2013
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R&D "Development of methods for designing assessments to analysis of risks associated
a fiber-optic transmission system" (Ltd with navigation methods of control of the
"Budivelnik-3", Vinnitsa National Technical position and movement of vessels while
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Science of the 21st century: Questions,
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