=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-3312/paper26
|storemode=property
|title=Analysing the Cases of Population Disease at Critical Levels of Environmental Pollution by Emissions, Discharges, and Waste
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3312/paper26.pdf
|volume=Vol-3312
|authors=Myroslava Bublyk,Vadym Humeniuk,Taras Mikhalchuk,Ayhan Surek,Oleksandr Filizhanko
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/momlet/BublykHMSF22
}}
==Analysing the Cases of Population Disease at Critical Levels of Environmental Pollution by Emissions, Discharges, and Waste==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3312/paper26.pdf
Analysing the Cases of Population Disease at Critical Levels of
Environmental Pollution by Emissions, Discharges, and Waste
Myroslava Bublyk1, Vadym Humeniuk 1, Taras Mikhalchuk 1, Ayhan Surek2, and Oleksandr
Filizhanko 1
1
Lviv Polytechnic National University, S. Bandera Street, 12, Lviv, 79013, Ukraine
2
Hacettepe University, İşleri Müdürlüğü Street, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
Abstract
As a result, we investigated population disease at critical levels of pollution emissions,
discharges, and the waste environment worldwide. We did a detailed analysis of the dataset
and demonstrated obtained results. We also studied the composition and structure of the
interrelationship of quantity population disease at critical pollution emissions, discharges, and
waste in the environment in European countries. We concluded that in Romania, most numbers
formed households and enterprises waste causes more diseases in the population.
Keywords 1
Analysis, Dataset, RStudio, Treemap, Pie Chart, Histogram, Population Disease, Critical
levels, Environmental Pollution, Emissions, Discharges, Waste, Power BI Desktop, Language
Programming R, Circular Economy, Ukraine
1. Introduction
The problem of developing methods for determining the amount of socio-economic damage caused
to the social system (population) is directly related to the development of methods for economic
assessment of the amount of compensation (reimbursement) [1-3] for those social damages caused by
the economic activity of enterprises.
Pollution surrounding the natural environment negatively is indicated on health. Contaminated
atmospheric air may become the source of body breathing penetration into the body’s harmful
substances [3-5]. Contaminated water may contain pathogenic microorganisms that are also dangerous
for health substances [6-8]. Contaminated soil and soil water worsen the quality of agricultural products
and food.
A man has long since considered the environment natural environment basically as a source of raw
materials stocks (resources) needed for pleasure and their own needs [9-10]. This big part taken from
natural resources returns to nature as waste. The main part of this waste and pollution is formed in cities.
In cities, railways and roads continuously transported cargo and people [11-13]. All these species
transport strongly pollute the atmosphere by exhaust gases that contain harmful substances for a
person’s health.
In everyone modern smart city, as a result of life activities, people are formed much industrial and
household waste [14-17]. An unpleasant smell often spreads far from landfills near the bridge, on
landfills multiplying a large number of flies, mice and rats, which are carriers of different pathogenic
bacteria. Activity, a person, leads to permanent pollution surrounding natural medium: atmospheric air,
natural waters and soils [18-22].
MoMLeT+DS 2022: 4th International Workshop on Modern Machine Learning Technologies and Data Science, November, 25-26, 2022,
Leiden-Lviv, The Netherlands-Ukraine.
EMAIL: my.bublyk@gmail.com (M. Bublyk); vadym.humeniuk.sa@lpnu.ua (V. Humeniuk); taras.mikhalchuk.sa@lpnu.ua (T. Mikhalchuk);
surek@hacettepe.edu.tr (A. Surek); oleksandr.filizhanko.sa@lpnu.ua (O. Filizhanko)
ORCID: 0000-0003-2403-0784 (M. Bublyk); 0000-XXXX-1721-7703 (V. Humeniuk); 0000-0001-6417-XXXX (T. Mikhalchuk); 0000-
XXXX-1721-7703 (A. Surek); 0000-0101-1721-7703 (O. Filizhanko)
©️ 2022 Copyright for this paper by its authors.
Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)
2. Analytical review of literary and other sources
2.1. Analytical review of reference
The existence of quantitative data on emissions, discharges and waste, the number of diseases of the
population, and their dynamics do not make it possible to assess the essence of the destructive impact
of production on the environment and the population. We detailed and analysed the following specific
indicators in our previous works [1, 2, 7, 10, 25].
• Resource intensity is the specific consumption of natural resources per unit of finished products
• Energy intensity is the specific consumption of electricity per unit of produced products
• Land intensity is the specific use of land resources for production
• Waste intensity is the specific generation of waste per unit of production
• Loss intensity is the specific losses of society associated with changes in natural and human
capital.
The authors describe these indicators’ exact calculation methods in works [1, 2, 7, 10, 25]. Pollution
is an introduction into the environment or occurrence in new ones, usually non-characteristic physical
factors, chemical and biological substances which harm natural ecosystems and a person [18-22].
By spatial distribution (size covering territory), pollution shares the following [18-22]:
• Local pollution is characteristic of cities, significant industrial enterprises, districts mining or
other useful minerals, and significant livestock complexes.
• Regional pollution that is covers significant territories and water areas that subject to impact
significant industrial districts
• Global pollution, more often called atmospheric emissions, spreads at a big distance from
places his emergence and creates an unfavourable influence on large regions and, sometimes, on the
whole of the planet.
Article 6 of the Law of Ukraine “About protection of atmospheric air” [28] is provided for
evaluations stating atmospheric pollution air are installed regulations ecological security atmospheric
air and regulations marginally permissible emissions into the atmosphere air polluting substances, levels
harmful impact physical and biological factors within populated points, in recreational ones zones, in
others places residence, permanent or temporary stay people, objects surrounding natural environment
with a purpose software ecological security citizens and the environment natural environment [28]:
• Regulations on the quality of atmospheric air
• Marginally acceptable levels impact acoustic, electromagnetic, ionising, and other physical
factors and biological impacts on state atmospheric air populated points.
For resort, medical and recreational, recreational and other individual districts they can to be
installed more strict regulations on ecological security atmospheric air
By force and character actions on the environment pollution there are [22-28]:
• Background
• Impactful
• Permanent
• Catastrophic.
By sources occurrence pollution share on [22-28]:
• Industrial (for example, SO2)
• Transport (for example, aldehydes exhaust vehicles)
• Agricultural (for example, pesticides)
• Household (for example, synthetic laundry means).
By type origin [22-29]:
• Physical pollution is a change in thermal, electrical, radiation, light fields in the natural
environment, noises, vibrations, and gravitational forces caused by a person
• Mechanical pollution is different solid particles and items (thrown out as unusable, activated,
or withdrawn from use).
• Chemical pollution is solid, gaseous and liquid substances, chemical elements and compounds
of artificial origin which enter the biosphere, disturbing installed by nature’s processes of circulating
substances and energy.
• Biological pollution is different organisms that appear thanks to life activities, humanity,
bacteriological weapons, new viruses like pathogens AIDS, diseases, legionnaires, epidemics, and
other diseases, as well as catastrophic reproduction plants or animals, relocated from one
environment into another person or accidentally.
2.2. Study of the factors that cause the disease
The WHO notes that two of the biggest ecological killers in the world are strokes and heart attacks
(2.5 million per year) [30]. Further are going diseases hearts (2.3 million) [31-33] and cancer
(1.7 million) [2, 7, 8], respiratory diseases (1.4 million) [2, 34] and diarrhoea (846 thousand) [2, 7, 35].
The WHO report defined a whole number of ecological reasons and their communication with
mortality, namely [36-39]: pollution surrounding the environment, the influence of chemical
substances, change climate and ultraviolet radiation, and others.
Pollution air can charge 8.2 million cases of death, including influenced secondary tobacco smoke,
which responds to cardiovascular diseases, cancer and chronic respiratory disease [2, 7]. In the opinion
of general WHO director Margaret Chen [40], if the conditions surrounding the environment will not
become the best, then mortality will only grow. Since a clean environment lays the foundation for the
health of the planet’s entire population, states must do everything to create an environment so safe for
life and work that millions of people do not get sick and die too young.
The number of deaths from diseases specified in the WHO report is also striking in Ukraine [41].
On the official page of the All-Ukrainian census population, there is a statistic of basic reasons for
mortality among Ukrainians [42, 43]. Therefore, Ukrainians often died from disease systems blood
circulation (more than 440 thousand persons for eight years) and neoplasms (more than 92 thousand).
By these years, number population had decreased by 3.7% [44-46]. However, whether relevant these
data are today, to say it’s hard for a new census has long not been held, and for the last years situation
could very to change no better [47-49].
There is a forecasted amount of economic compensation for the consequences of man-made
pollution in the industry [1, 2, 7, 8, 50], which is the amount of financial compensation for treating each
type of disease caused by changes in the natural environment.
More thorough studies of the impact of discharges of polluted water on the number of cases of
disease among the population in the Ukraine industry region were carried out in work [51], in which
the dependence between the number of discharges and the number of diseases of the respiratory organs,
circulatory systems. Also, in the already mentioned work [51], the share of the man-made component
of indirect damages was calculated - the costs in Ukraine for treating cases of disease caused by the
man-made load on the environment (pollution of water). It is, on average, about 20% of the total costs
of treating patients. In the works [1, 2, 7, 8, 52, 53], the authors, investigating the relationship between
the factors of man-made influence and their consequences for the population within the defined
pollution zones, built the correlation-regression model of diseases caused by territory pollution. The
model includes quantitative indicators and qualitative characteristics such as proximity to the sea and
the level of territory afforestation. The indicators should also include the number of newly registered
cases of diseases in Ukraine, the number of deaths from certain diseases, the number of registered cases
of disability from occupational diseases, and the number of work-related injuries and accidents.
2.3. Analysis of existing negative factors
Most of the health of Ukrainians affects by polluted air. Annually in Ukraine, the atmosphere stands
out about 17 million tons of harmful substances. Moreover, some of these substances have considerable
influence on climate change and, therefore, on deteriorating state health. Enterprises of black
metallurgy, energy, coal, chemical and petrochemical industries contribute to the pollution of air, in
particular. We also have large emissions from thermal power plants and cars, which grow yearly. The
morally and physically outdated systems for cleaning the atmosphere emissions of metallurgical
enterprises cause growing air pollution. Also, illegal deforestation in the Carpathians causes serious
natural disasters, as the author proves [54-58].
The majority of sources today pollute different genus enterprises and themselves residents countries.
Moreover, in polyhydric Ukraine, there are still problems with drinking water. After all, most sources
today pollute different genus enterprises and their resident countries. Therefore, stocks of water
resources in one Ukrainian make 1.8 cubic meters per year, which is not the lowest indicator in Europe.
However, doctors say the biggest danger is the Chornobyl disaster, with consequences that still have
not been fully eliminated. The explosion in Chornobyl still is a danger to society. People all apply to us
with problems that arise after disasters. Most suffered in this period were more a child; after all, diseases
appear already at more mature ages [55-56]. Many people, after the explosion, remained live in the zone
of radiation, and for these years state, their health worsened. Some people still live in disadvantaged
areas and undergo radiation. Except that, you can take away Donbas, Luhansk or even Poltava to
dangerous regions countries from this points zone. In general, the duration of life after independence
decreased by a few years. Most people impresses cancer and diseases hearts [57].
Experts [58] claim that over the years state things only worsen. Ukraine - on to the second place in
Europe by pace spread of cancer, every year from this one disease die about 90 thousand persons, of
which 35 % - people able-bodied age. By the last ten years, the number of patients has grown by 25%,
while the general population decreased by several million [59]. The only example of this work is shown
in Table 1.
Table 1. Sources emissions the environment [60]
Branch industry View emissions Harmfulness
Coal, Emissions, which They can violate natural ecosystems
metalworking, paper contain particles of sand, and sanitary regimes to silt up the
rocks and other bottom and shore
mechanical impurities
Machine building Throw that out are The environment gets polluted with
factories, enterprises, formed because of salts, difficult metals, cyanides, acids,
chemical industry neutralisation and toxic organic and inorganic compounds
cleaning sewage water
Ore beneficiation, Pollution, which Pollution in the environment
coal beneficiation, contains micro- and excessive quantity of micro- and
leather factories macronutrients macroelements, in separate cases
pathogens diseases ( leather factories )
Alcohol, sugar, Pollution, which Pollution in the environment organic
starch and molasses contains organic compounds which light can rot cause
and other factories compounds of vegetable infectious disease
and animal origin
Deaths related to external pollution [60]: 40% are cardiovascular disease, 40% are strokes; 11% are
chronic obstructive disease lungs (COPD); 6% are cancer lungs; 3% are acute infections lower
respiratory ways in children.
Deaths related to pollution by air within premises [60]: 34% are strokes; 26% are cardiovascular
disease; 22% are COPD; 12% are acute infections of lower respiratory ways in children; 6% are cancer
lungs.
The indicators should also include the number of newly registered disease cases in the population of
Ukraine, the number of deaths from certain diseases, the number of registered cases of disability from
occupational diseases, the number of injuries and accidents at work.
3. Experiment
3.1. Structure dataset
We combined the datasets “The number of diseases of the urban population” [61] and “Air quality
and its pollution in the cities of the world”. The first dataset contains information on the general disease
level of the urban population. The second dataset describes the air quality and pollution caused by heavy
environmental pollution in the world’s cities [62]. It is important that in the obtained dataset (Fig. 1),
we have the following composition of data: name of the city, region, country, air quality, water
pollution, and population disease level [61-62].
Figure 1 The combined dataset of diseases of the urban population and air quality and pollution in the
cities of the world
3.2. Analysis dataset
We used the R.Sstudio [63] program and language programming R [64]. Analysis dataset was
conducted with the help such diagrams such as Treemap [65], Pie Chart [66], and Histogram [67], which
are depicted below. Based on the analysis diagrams, we conducted our analysis and determined the
main points.
1. Treemap [68-69] reflects hierarchical data in the form set of nested rectangles. Each group
presented a rectangle, a square whose proportional magnitude. Using coloured schemes, we introduced
sprat dimensions: groups and subgroups. The chart of Fig. 2 depicts countries on the quantity content
specified by the dataset. Analysing the present treemap, we can watch significant morbidity in countries
such as Germany, Italy, Canada and the USA.
Figure 2. Chart Treemap
2. PIE CHART [66] is a circle divided into sectors, each of which shares the whole. It often uses for
display proportions, where the sum sectors are equal to 100%. In the diagram (Fig. 3), we can watch
the air quality in each country’s condition for 2020. Having done analysis, we conclude that the highest
quality air is in Switzerland and the smallest quality air is in France.
Figure 3. Pie Chart of air quality of countries
3. Histogram [67] is a method of graphic representation of tabular data, approximately representing
numerical data (Fig. 4). A histogram appears as a diagram that consists of rectangles without gaps
between them. Quantitative correlation is some indicator presented in rectangles with proportional
areas. Most often, width rectangles are taken the same for amenities of perception. At this, their height
determines the correlation displayed parameter.
Figure 4. Histogram chart of the number of diseases in countries
The Histogram chart (Fig. 4) depicts the number of diseases in different countries in 2020. Analysing
the current schedule, we can watch the biggest number of diseases in India, Chile and Egypt and the
smallest Indicators we observe in Canada, Germany and Italy.
4. Results of work in the R environment
First, to work with the tmap package in the Rstudio environment, we established connections with
external servers using R programming language commands. Next, we installed the tmap package using
the following command: [68-76]:
install.packages (“tmap ")
Package tmap designed for the creation of thematic maps with considerable flexibility. The syntax
for the creation of graphs is similar to the ggplot2 syntax. Still, with adding maps, this package offers
a flexible approach to basis layers and an easy-to-use approach for creating thematic maps, such as
choropleths and bubbly maps. There is based on grammatical graphics.
We displayed the map of Europe (Fig. 6) with the help of the following commands.
library( tmap )
data(“Europe”)
tm shape ( Europe)+
+ tm polygons (“HPI”)
Figure 6. Map of Europe removed by help package tmap
We used the following commands to view the world maps in interactive mode.
tmap mode (“view”)
tm shape ( Europe) +
+ tm polygons (“HPI”)
We also used the ability to change the map’s scale, namely the ability to bring the map of Europe
closer to the size of a specific country (Fig. 7). Figure 7 shows a map of France and the number of
diseases in 2020.
Figure 7. Interactive card
5. Discussion
Taking into account the results obtained in our previous works [1, 2, 7, 8], we concluded that the
factors of public perception of the destructive impact of pollution are described by indicators that
determine the levels (quantitative and qualitative) of receptivity of the recipients of actions of
destructive impacts depending on the state of the subsystem (economy, society, nature), among which
are: levels of infrastructure, transport, communication, disease, mortality, birth rate, etc., as well as the
quality and structure of the main characteristics of the subsystems: the number of different categories
of the population, its structure, the quality of agricultural land, the sensitivity threshold of the
ecosystem, the stability of the economy, etc.
The source of population diseases in cities is industrial production, transport and the provision of
certain types of services related to the collection and storage of waste, the supply of electricity, gas,
steam and air conditioning, etc. [77-96]. The system of indicators for assessing population diseases does
not directly concern the source of their formation but rather their consequences. The consequences of
human economic activity are the loss of non-renewable natural resources, the significant deterioration
of the state of renewable resources, the accumulation of hazardous waste and, as a result, the
deterioration of the quality of labour resources, even their loss.
The problem of effective use of productive assets, rational resource provision and obtaining profits
from the economic activity of enterprises is directly related to the problem of economic evaluation of
those losses, damages and losses (in kind and value forms) that enterprises experience in the process
and as a result of their activities.
Morally outdated production technologies lead to high levels of pollution of the natural environment,
accidental damage or destruction of the main production assets, and a decrease in indicators of the
viability of labour resources, which leads to an increase in man-made losses in the national economy.
In the case of the economic assessment of man-made losses in the national economy (from the point
of view of the assessment of losses as consequences of economic activity), it is advisable to use a
balanced system of indicators, which would make it possible to carry out a full and objective assessment
of precisely these consequences, i.e. not only the volumes of man-made impact but also the results its
effects on the environment and society (indirect man-made damage, damage to future generations).
Therefore, we added new indicators following the theoretical and practical needs of assessment,
modelling and forecasting of the relevant macro indicators.
In addition to man-made load indicators (specific volumes of emissions, discharges, generation of
waste of all hazard classes), volumes of environmental payments (environmental tax, fines), costs of
environmental protection activities (capital investments, costs of major repairs and current costs), the
system included as well as indicators that characterise the social, natural, and economic living
conditions of the population of Ukraine, namely: the level of the natural radiation background, climatic
features (forestry, proximity to the sea, etc.), the mortality rate of children under the age of 1, the average
monthly nominal salary of employees, the ratio population mortality rate, population birth rate, average
age of the population, etc., as well as indicators of the quality of health, social protection and injuries
at work (number of cases of newly registered diseases, number of cases of first-time assigned disability
for persons of working age, number of deaths due to malignant diseases neoplasms, the number of
pensioners due to disability, the average amount of the monthly disability pension, incapacity for work
as a result of injuries at work, the number of victims of injuries, the amount of payments to victims and
families of the deceased, fines paid for cases caused by the fault of entrepreneurs, etc.).
6. Conclusions
As a result, we investigated population disease at critical levels of pollution emissions, discharges,
and the waste environment worldwide. We did a detailed analysis of the dataset and demonstrated
obtained results. We also studied the composition and structure of the interrelationship of quantity
population disease at critical pollution emissions, discharges, and waste in the environment in European
countries. We concluded that in Romania, most numbers formed households and enterprises waste
causes more diseases in the population.
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