=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-3346/Paper6
|storemode=property
|title=Supporting Simulation of Military Communication Systems Using Well-Founded
Modeling
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3346/Paper6.pdf
|volume=Vol-3346
|authors=André M. Demori,Julio Cesar Cardoso Tesolin,Maria Cláudia Reis Cavalcanti,David Fernandes Cruz Moura
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ontobras/DemoriTCM22
}}
==Supporting Simulation of Military Communication Systems Using Well-Founded
Modeling==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3346/Paper6.pdf
Supporting Simulation of Military Communication
Systems Using Well-Founded Modeling⋆
André M. Demori1,*,† , Julio Cesar Cardoso Tesolin1,† , Maria Cláudia Reis Cavalcanti1,†
and David Fernandes Cruz Moura1,†
1
Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME), 22290-270 – Rio de Janeiro – RJ – Brazil
Abstract
Tactical Military Communication Systems have several challenging requirements and characteristics
to make them functional, as they are inserted in scenarios with diverse wireless access technologies
that are constantly changing. One strategy to evaluate such scenarios is to reproduce reality through
test environments, simulators, and network emulators. However, capturing the complex scenario
for reproduction is still challenging. Therefore, this article proposes using well-founded conceptual
modeling to support an explicit representation of real tactical military scenarios in network simulators
and understand its agents’ behavior.
Keywords
Conceptual modeling, Tactical networks, Ontology, Network simulation
1. Introduction
Over the past few years, wireless communication networks have undergone several evolutions,
providing flexibility in their management and new services to the users. Various wireless
technologies are used simultaneously to meet new requirements, such as 4G, 5G, Wi-Fi, and
others. Furthermore, each element of the network became flexible as it could communicate with
multiple protocols. If, on the one hand, we have a heterogeneous network with various wireless
access technologies, on the other hand, we have a network with nodes capable of changing their
protocols without the need to replace their hardware, becoming a Software-Defined Network
(SDN) [1].
Just like commercial mobile communication networks, the tactical communication networks
used in the Armed Forces are challenged to operate in this new scenario taking into account the
peculiarities of their operating environment [2]. One of the alternatives presented to understand
the complexity of this environment is the use of simulation and emulation methods, not only
for the technological aspect of the new mobile communication networks but also for the aspects
Proceedings of the 15th Seminar on Ontology Research in Brazil (ONTOBRAS) and 6th Doctoral and Masters Consortium
on Ontologies (WTDO), November 22-25, 2022
*
Corresponding author.
†
These authors contributed equally.
$ andredemori@ime.eb.br (A. M. Demori); jcctesolin@ime.eb.br (J. C. C. Tesolin); yoko@ime.eb.br
(M. C. R. Cavalcanti); david@ime.eb.br (D. F. C. Moura)
0000-0002-0533-3395 (A. M. Demori); 0000-0002-0240-4506 (J. C. C. Tesolin); 0000-0003-4965-9941
(M. C. R. Cavalcanti); 0000-0002-1153-3879 (D. F. C. Moura)
© 2022 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR
Workshop
Proceedings
http://ceur-ws.org
ISSN 1613-0073
CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)
inherent to the tactical-military environment. Hence, the reproduction of reality allows decision-
makers to have a reliable view of the operation environment, like the network behavior and the
operation participants’ behavior.
However, the reproduction of the elements of a communication network in a tactical-military
environment is not a trivial task. There is a need to understand which elements belong to the
operational environment and how they cause interference in the communication system. Fur-
thermore, during preliminary research in the Glossary of the Armed Forces of Brazil [3], several
semantic ambiguities were found in concepts that can have many meanings, depending on the
exposed situation. In response to these difficulties, we chose a conceptual model supported by a
well-founded ontology to overcome the complexity of the domain and the possible ambiguities.
Among the possible alternatives, the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO) [4] was chosen
because of its high level of representativeness, its well-founded theory and for its potential to
unravel the complexity of a domain through explicit representation using conceptual modeling.
Through the concepts derived from UFO, some works have presented the development of
well-founded conceptual models that support the development of solutions for the formal
representation of its domains and the exploration of semantic reasoning based on ontology.
Nevertheless, the amount of works that propose to use UFO within the military area, more
specifically within the context of tactical networks, is still scarce. This paper presents a pre-
liminary conceptual modeling of a communication scenario in a tactical-military environment
supported by the UFO constructs. It also presents the first results of the modeling while being
used to represent a mobile communication network in the context of an emulation software.
As preliminary results, an understanding is reached that a well-founded modeling can enrich
the system in its representations, by using the constructs to express the characteristics of the
elements that participate in the entire simulation process.
The following sections are organized as follows: Section 2 briefly reviews the main concepts
of the Unified Foundational Ontology, Tactical and Software Defined Networks; Section 3 shows
the academic efforts to reproduce communication networks environment; Section 4 presents
the preliminary conceptual modeling being developed together with the UFO concepts. Section
5 presents the result of a military wireless network behavior simulation running over a network
emulator considering the proposed conceptual modeling; Section 6 presents final considerations
and future works.
2. Background
2.1. Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO)
The representation of reality is essential for information transfer. However, semantic ambiguities
and incompleteness can cause different interpretations. Semantic problems can also be present in
standards, protocols, recommendations, and glossaries in various areas, causing interoperability
problems and inconsistencies. In systems and computing area, conceptual modeling is one
of the tools to represent reality. In [4], Guizzardi argues that the truthfulness to the reality
of a given system depends heavily on the availability of well-founded conceptual modeling
languages.
Guizzardi proposes the creation of an axiomatized and well-founded higher-level ontology
called the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO) [4]. The author argues that a conceptual mod-
eling language should have modeling primitives that reflect the conceptual categories defined
in a Foundational Ontology [5]. Using UFO, modeling can be developed to facilitate integration
between models, enable more sophisticated representations, avoid semantic interoperability
problems, increase terminological accuracy and organize knowledge to be used in different
ways.
UFO has been used as a top-level ontology alternative for model formulation in several
works, and it is divided into three fragments. The first fragment is the UFO-A, the Ontology of
Endurants), which is the one with the highest scientific consensus [4]. Endurants are entities
whose identities are preserved even if their characteristics change over time. The taxonomy of
Endurants addresses concepts and basic philosophical principles and properties such as identity,
part-whole relations, classification, and existential dependency, among others, that help in the
formal representation of the real world.
The second fragment is UFO-B (Ontology of Perdurants), defined as the part of the ontological
foundations of conceptual modeling that addresses the concept of Events [6]. Perdurants are
Individuals composed of temporal parts [4] and their approach can be seen as an extension of
Giancarlo Guizzardi’s seminal work. In this fragment of UFO, issues such as the mereology of
Events, Dispositions of objects, pre and post-Event Situations, objects participating in Events,
among others are addressed. The third fragment is UFO-C (Ontology of Social and Intentional
Entities), which deals with social aspects such as Plan, Action, Goal, Agent, Intentionality,
Commitment, Naming, among others [7].
This work uses the concepts defined in UFO-A fragment to support our conceptual modeling
development. Figure 1 shows a UFO taxonomy fragment with some concepts used in this paper.
Figure 1: A Fragment of UFO-A Taxonomy
2.2. Emulation and Simulation of Communication Networks
To build functional military communication systems, the experimentation process should help
develop strategies during decision-making, avoiding unforeseen events such as failures caused
by reasons that could be reproduced beforehand. Hence, network emulators and simulators can
be used to reproduce them. Moreover, it allows the exploration of parameter and configura-
tion settings, helping the elaboration of better transmission and routing strategies, different
topologies, or the simulation of issues related to access points’ positioning or mobility pattern.
An extensive research was conducted in [8] looking for alternatives to perform experiments
with wireless communication networks. The result shows three main types: emulators, simula-
tors and testbeds. For instance, emulators for wireless networks allow a close analysis of the real
world, using real protocols and transmission methods. On the other hand, simulators are based
on hypothetical, non-real-time systems but provide more flexibility for researchers, for example,
to reproduce random behavior and arbitrary user decisions in the system. The intersection
between emulation and simulation occurs precisely in systems that aim to reproduce a simulated
behavior, or a synthetic context, over an emulated system. For example, the user’s transmission
behavior in a communication network is simulated, but the equipment is being emulated.
2.3. Implementing Tactical Networks Using Software Defined Networks (SDN)
The academic literature shows that one of the overall strategies to implement tactical networks
is the use of Software-Defined Networks [1] [2] [9]. The main feature of this strategy is the
separation of the data plane and the control plane, providing a logical centralization through a
controller. One of the main SDN emulators aimed at wireless networking is the Mininet-WiFi
[10] [11] [12], which is an extension of Mininet [13].
The use of SDN as a solution for implementing networks in tactical environments has many
advantages. It makes possible the virtualization of the network over the physical infrastructure,
the dynamic provision of information, and a high degree of programmability and network
reconfigurability. Also, it allows the fractioning of the network for specific policies and traf-
fic separation, providing more possibilities for network infrastructure projects, and broad
situational awareness, among other advantages. [2] [10] [14]
3. Related Works
The research conducted in the academic literature shows that there is little use of conceptual
modeling based on a founded ontology to represent tactical networks.
The only work that was found relating the UFO constructs in the context of wireless networks
was the one presented by the authors in [15] that propose the use of well-founded modeling using
UFO due to the high level of semantic expressiviness in the domain of critical communication
networks, aiming to support the decision process with the use of semantic reasoning. This paper
is inspired by works such as [16], where Barcelos involves UFO concepts in communication
networks. In [17], the authors address several concepts and work related to tactical networks and
SDN. The authors review current research initiatives, explain possible demands and problems
in building military communication networks, and point to future directions to be explored in
these topics.
Authors in [18] propose developing an emulation system aimed at the context of tactical
networks, including several elements that characterize such an environment. They also address
the importance of experimentation and analysis in developing military networks. In [19], the
authors present the development of an SDN simulation environment for tactical scenarios using
Mininet-WiFi. Finally, in [20], the authors propose the incorporation of SDNs into tactical
scenarios, working with realistic wireless networks and mobility patterns. It also addresses the
dynamic network configuration problem, being concerned with building a suitable SDN and
capturing the tactical military environment in a testbed.
4. Describing Tactical Communication Networks Using
Well-Founded Modeling
During preliminary conceptual modeling process, the main components that should be part of a
tactical communication use case were investigated. The development of the conceptual modeling
started by looking at the Brazilian Army Communication Manuals1 . Furthermore, interviews
with experienced experts in the field of tactical networks, including one of the authors of the
paper, were conducted throughout weekly meetings. As a result of these meetings, a better
understanding of the communication environment was obtained, where there are restrictions
that must be obeyed during communication. As a preliminary result, it was thought to develop
the network emulation within a synthetic context that is the scenario with the five Military
Organizations shown in the model of Figure 2 and the representation of the generation of the
content shared. The idea is to use the ontology to create a reference model that represents the
process that was reproduced through simulation and emulation as a conceptual guide giving
guidelines for implementation and future directions. The model presented in Figure 2 depicts
the reproduction of a fragment of a tactical network. This scenario involves content creation on
the network that will be shared among military people, respecting the rules of communication
that are based on the model itself.
The OntoUML language [21] was also used to create our preliminary conceptual model. This
modeling language can be defined as a language used to represent ontological distinctions and
constraints defined by UFO-A and UFO-B. Also, we used an OntoUML model validation plugin
2 , developed to work with the Visual Paradigm modeling tool 3 . Hence, we have all the support
for formalization, verification, and semantic evaluation of our modeling attempts.
4.1. The Conceptual Model
The model explicit the relation between Military to MilitaryOrganization, represented
as a material relation. Therefore, the Relator MilitaryEmployment is represented, which
is the truthmaker of the relation. Relators are described in the literature as relations that are
represented as Endurants and that mediate the relation between other Endurants [4], [22] ,[23],
[24]. The explicit representation of Truthmakers intends to solve ambiguity problems in a
material relations between different Endurants4 .
MilitaryOrganization is meta-categorized as Category, a type that is used to aggregate
properties to individuals that have different identity principles. On the other hand, Military
1
https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/handle/123456789/40
2
https://github.com/OntoUML/ontouml-vp-plugin
3
https://www.visual-paradigm.com/download/community.jsp
4
The taxonomy of Endurants stems from the categories of Universals and Individuals discussed in Chapter 4 of [4].
Figure 2: Preliminary conceptual model for representing the case study for tactical communications
using UFO
is meta-categorized as an anti-rigid and relationally dependent type called Role.
The Kinds of MilitaryOrganization, being them Brigade, Battalion, Company,
Regiment and Squadron5 6 , are meta-categorized as Kinds, which are rigid types with a
single identity principle. This entities are important to explicit the relations between the Kinds
5
The hierarchy of military organizations shown in the model is focused on the context of the Armed Forces of Brazil.
6
In Portuguese, the military organizations Brigade, Battalion, Company, Regiment and Squadron are respectively
translated as Brigada, Batalhão, Companhia, Regimento and Esquadrão.
that will affect the communication rules. Defining that a type is rigid means that every instance
of that type is necessarily that instance and will always be that instance, such as the cases of
the entities Person and MilitaryOrganization in the model. The implementation of the
communication rules, on the other hand, is influenced by the formal relations between each
Kind of MilitaryOrganization, since there will be communication if the following rules
are met:
• R1: Given two CommDeviceOperators that are members of two different Kinds of
MilitaryOrganization, a communication may occur if the formal relation directly-
Subordinate exists between the respective Kinds of MilitaryOrganization;
• R2: Given two CommDeviceOperators that are members of two different Kinds of
MilitaryOrganization a communication may occur if the formal relation isEquivalent
exists between the respective Kinds of MilitaryOrganization;
• R3: Given two CommDeviceOperators that are members of two identical Kinds of
MilitaryOrganization, a communication may occur.
directlySubordinate and isEquivalent are being considered as formal relations [25], because
they are related to the level of hierarchical position between military organizations, i.e. it is an
intrinsic principle of organizations to have a higher or lower hierarchical level compared to
other military organizations. Therefore, isEquivalent can be considered a comparative formal
relation and directlySubordinate can be considered a formal relation between types, since some
organizations are always directly subordinated to other organizations, that is, they are inherent.
The Military in the Role of CommDeviceOperator is also specialized as Role
ContentCreator. It is important to represent the Role ContentCreator in the model since
it shows that the CommDeviceOperator is not always responsible for content creation, once
other roles are to be played depending on their mode of interaction with App. In this case, the
role we are interested in representing is only ContentCreator since this interaction will be
reproduced in the simulation environment.
App is being specialized as ContentEditor, since it is the app that enables users to create
contents to be send. From this interaction with the App, the Session is created.
Represent the content generation process in the communication network is another goal to be
achieved in the modeling since this event was reproduced in the simulation. The representation
of the entity Session is important for this model, for representing what is derived from the
material relation between ContentCreator and App in the Role of ContentEditor. So once
again the concepts of Truthmaker and Relator appear.
In addition to CommDevice, the AccessPoint are also represented in the model. Together
they have an aggregation relation with the WirelessNetwork, reproduced in the network
emulation.
The Kind App is specialized as Role ContentSender, a role responsible for content trans-
mission. This entity also has a Mode, called BBSignal, which is the baseband signal generated,
responsible for carries the data through the network. For this reason, there is an formal
relation between Content and BBSignal (Baseband Signal). According to [26], Modes are
Moments whose Universals are not directly related to structured values 7 . Moreover, they are
existentially dependent on their bearers. In this case, the Mode BBSignal is inherent to the
ContentSender entity. Finally, the App entity is defined in the model as a aggregation element
of the CommDevice entity.
Finally, the attributes of Content, such as SecutityLevel and Precedence are also
represented in the model. These attributes may affect the decision-making process in the
military environment, which is one of the future goals while reproducing this scenario in a
network simulator.
5. Modeling Implementation
The well-founded modeling presented in Section 4 brings a conceptual help towards the provision
of guidelines both for implementation as well as for users who will carry out experiments. This
holds true due to the fact that the relation between the simulation agents and the scenario
as a whole can be better understood as a strategy to test the typical behavior of a tactical
communication network.
The first version of MiniManager [29] was developed just as an extension of Mininet-WiFi
to manage experiments. It allows users to create different versions of network configurations
and topologies, supported by an experiment provenance system, using an intuitive interface
capable of comparing results between different execution rounds. Based on this initial MiniMan-
ager project, we have developed an extension that encompasses characteristics of the tactical
communication scenario according to the presented conceptual models in Section 4.1.
Figure 3 shows the display interface of a running network experiment in a tactical commu-
nication scenario. The screen frame labeled as 1 shows radio frequency attributes extracted
from the running experiment for each station in the network at a given instant. Frame 2 shows
the results of the packet (Content) delivery between stations, working according to the rules
presented in Section 4.1, e.g., a Regiment node, which represents a communication device in use
by a military person of Regiment X, can communicate with a Brigade node, which represents
a communication device in use by a military person of Brigade Y. Finally, Frame 3 shows the
movement of a communication device (sta) within the coverage provided by the tactical wireless
network access points (ap). This network is used by military personnel (stations) that belongs
to military organizations. Each Military operates a device (a station), and each Military
has a material relation with MilitaryOrganization. Four Military Organization types were
configured in this experiment: Brigade, Battalion, Regiment and Squadron.
Each device creates and transmits Content with a certain SecurityLevel and
Precedence. The transmission and reception of each Content are reproduced by using
a round-trip-time test, commonly known as a ping test. The ping statistics in Frame 2 repre-
sent the communication between devices that are operated by military personnel serving in a
particular MilitaryOrganization. The example shows that, based on the conceptual model
presented in Section 4.1, it is only allowed Content transmission between organizations that
7
The idea of structured value is linked to the notion of what is called Quality dimension or Quality structures which
is the basis of the theory called Conceptual Models by Peter Gardenfors [27], [28]
Figure 3: Screenshot of MiniManager displaying the results of a network experiment between stations
from different military organizations
comply with defined rules that take into account the formal relations between different Kinds
of MilitaryOrganization.
6. Final Considerations and Future Works
Simulating military communication networks imposes challenges in representing their man-
agement complexity and diversity of wireless access technologies. This paper proposes an
approach using a well-founded conceptual modeling that can provide a high semantic expres-
siveness and support the development of the real-world experimentation process. Moreover, it
ensures consistency between the worldviews of the scenario reproduced in the computational
environment.
We present the results of the MiniManager extension as a preliminary case study that validates
the use of well-founded modeling as a basis for understanding and reproducing the operational
environment. In addition, the use of well-founded conceptual modeling contributed to consoli-
dating the worldview of the scenario to be reproduced and improving the understanding of the
semantic value of each represented element and its relations. Thus, this article encourages the
use of well-founded modeling in software development, especially in experimentation processes
such as simulation, which aims at reproducing reality.
In future works, we foresee deepening the veracity related to tactical network behavior
simulation processes, applying more operational environment elements, and creating richer
real-world representations. To achieve it, we intend to enhance our conceptual modeling using
UFO fundamentals, adding more elements of the operational environment and analyzing how
they relate to the communication system. For example, enriching the model by working with
the historical semantics of a simulation process. This can be done using UFO-B concepts
presented in Section 2.1 such as the use of Events and HistoricalRoles [30], since the process of
simulating a military operation can also be seen in a historical way. For example, in a simulation
process of a military operation, once the experiment is finished, the data can be captured by a
provenance system and the military operation will be abstracted to a historical point of view,
paying attention to the data that was captured.
The extension of this work intends to improve the MiniManager database by correctly includ-
ing entities and relations such as associating devices on a network with military organizations
and making these relations impact the way nodes communicate. For now, the modeling has
influenced more in the construction of the relational database, but there is an intention to
promote an import of the model in OWL when creating the scenario for simulation. Other ideas
for extending the work are the use of multi-level modeling and deepening related works that
involve semantic foundation for organizational structures [31] and bring this into the context
of modeling military organizations.
Acknowledgment
This research has been funded by FINEP/DCT/FAPEB (ref.: 2904/20 convênio 01.20.0272.00)
under the “Systems of Command and Control Systems” project (“Sistemas de Sistemas de
Comando e Controle”, in Portuguese).
References
[1] D. Kreutz, F. M. V. Ramos, P. E. Veríssimo, C. E. Rothenberg, S. Azodolmolky, S. Uhlig,
Software-defined networking: A comprehensive survey, Proceedings of the IEEE 103
(2015) 14–76. doi:10.1109/JPROC.2014.2371999.
[2] B. Doshi, D. Cansevar, J. Pilipovic, Software defined networking for armys tactical network:
Promises, challenges, architectural approach, and required s & t work, US Army CERDEC,
Tech. Rep. (2016).
[3] M. da Defesa, Glossário das forças armadas, https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/
123456789/141/1/MD35_G01.pdf, 2015. [Online; accessed 26-July-2022].
[4] G. Guizzardi, Ontological foundations for structural conceptual models (2005).
[5] G. Guizzardi, J. P. Almeida, R. GUIZZARDI, M. P. Barcellos, R. Falbo, Ontologias de
fundamentação, modelagem conceitual e interoperabilidade semântica, in: Proceedings of
the Iberoamerican Meeting of Ontological Research. Anais, Citeseer, 2011.
[6] G. Guizzardi, G. Wagner, R. de Almeida Falbo, R. S. Guizzardi, J. P. A. Almeida, Towards
ontological foundations for the conceptual modeling of events, in: International Conference
on Conceptual Modeling, Springer, 2013, pp. 327–341.
[7] G. Guizzardi, R. de Almeida Falbo, R. S. Guizzardi, Grounding software domain ontologies
in the unified foundational ontology (ufo): The case of the ode software process ontology.,
in: CIbSE, Citeseer, 2008, pp. 127–140.
[8] R. D. R. Fontes, Mininet-Wifi: Emaulation Platform For Software-Defined Wireless Net-
works, Ph.D. thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas-SP-Brasil, 2018.
[9] R. D. R. Fontes, C. Campolo, C. E. Rothenberg, A. Molinaro, From theory to experimental
evaluation: Resource management in software-defined vehicular networks, IEEE access 5
(2017) 3069–3076.
[10] R. R. Fontes, S. Afzal, S. H. Brito, M. A. Santos, C. E. Rothenberg, Mininet-wifi: Emulating
software-defined wireless networks, in: 2015 11th International Conference on Network
and Service Management (CNSM), IEEE, 2015, pp. 384–389.
[11] R. d. R. Fontes, C. E. Rothenberg, Mininet-wifi: A platform for hybrid physical-virtual
software-defined wireless networking research, in: Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIG-
COMM Conference, 2016, pp. 607–608.
[12] R. dos Reis Fontes, C. E. Rothenberg, Mininet-wifi: Plataforma de emulação para redes
sem fio definidas por software, in: Anais Estendidos do XXXVII Simpósio Brasileiro de
Redes de Computadores e Sistemas Distribuídos, SBC, 2019, pp. 201–208.
[13] B. Lantz, B. Heller, N. McKeown, A network in a laptop: rapid prototyping for software-
defined networks, in: Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Hot Topics in
Networks, 2010, pp. 1–6.
[14] C. U. Army, Deployed Tactical Network Guidance - Appendix D to Guidance for ‘End
State’ Army Enterprise Network Architecture - Version 1.0, CIO U.S. Army, Washington,
DC, USA, 2012.
[15] J. Tesolin, M. Silva, M. L. M. Campos, D. Moura, M. C. Cavalcanti, Critical communications
scenarios description based on ontological analysis., in: ONTOBRAS, 2020, pp. 212–218.
[16] P. P. F. Barcelos, C. C. Reginato, M. E. Monteiro, A. S. Garcia, On the importance of truly
ontological distinctions for standardizations: A case study in the domain of telecommuni-
cations, Computer Standards & Interfaces 44 (2016) 28–41.
[17] R. Mahmud, A. N. Toosi, M. A. Rodriguez, S. C. Madanapalli, V. Sivaraman, L. Sciacca,
C. Sioutis, R. Buyya, Software-defined multi-domain tactical networks: Foundations
and future directions, in: A. Mukherjee, D. De, S. K. Ghosh, R. Buyya (Eds.), Mobile
Edge Computing, 1 ed., Springer International Publishing, Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham,
Switzerland, 2021, pp. 183 – 228.
[18] N. Suri, A. Hansson, J. Nilsson, P. Lubkowski, K. Marcus, M. Hauge, K. Lee, B. Buchin,
L. Mısırhoğlu, M. Peuhkuri, A realistic military scenario and emulation environment
for experimenting with tactical communications and heterogeneous networks, in: 2016
International Conference on Military Communications and Information Systems (ICMCIS),
IEEE, 2016, pp. 1–8.
[19] Q. Zhao, A. J. Brown, J. H. Kim, M. Gerla, An integrated software-defined battlefield
network testbed for tactical scenario emulation, in: MILCOM 2019-2019 IEEE Military
Communications Conference (MILCOM), IEEE, 2019, pp. 373–378.
[20] K. M. Marcus, K. S. Chan, R. L. Hardy, P. L. Yu, An environment for tactical sdn experimen-
tation, in: MILCOM 2018 - 2018 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM),
2018, pp. 1–9. doi:10.1109/MILCOM.2018.8599775.
[21] J. Guerson, T. P. Sales, G. Guizzardi, J. P. A. Almeida, Ontouml lightweight editor: a
model-based environment to build, evaluate and implement reference ontologies, in: 2015
IEEE 19th International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Workshop, IEEE, 2015,
pp. 144–147.
[22] G. Guizzardi, G. Wagner, What’s in a relationship: An ontological analysis, in: International
Conference on Conceptual Modeling, Springer, 2008, pp. 83–97.
[23] N. Guarino, G. Guizzardi, “we need to discuss the relationship”: Revisiting relationships
as modeling constructs, in: International Conference on Advanced Information Systems
Engineering, Springer, 2015, pp. 279–294.
[24] G. Guizzardi, V. Zamborlini, Using a trope-based foundational ontology for bridging
different areas of concern in ontology-driven conceptual modeling, Science of Computer
Programming 96 (2014) 417–443.
[25] C. M. Fonseca, D. Porello, G. Guizzardi, J. P. A. Almeida, N. Guarino, Relations in ontology-
driven conceptual modeling, in: International Conference on Conceptual Modeling,
Springer, 2019, pp. 28–42.
[26] G. Guizzardi, G. Wagner, Using the unified foundational ontology (ufo) as a foundation
for general conceptual modeling languages, in: Theory and applications of ontology:
computer applications, Springer, 2010, pp. 175–196.
[27] P. Gärdenfors, Conceptual spaces: The geometry of thought, MIT press, 2004.
[28] P. Gärdenfors, How to make the semantic web more semantic, in: Formal ontology in
information systems, 2004, pp. 19–36.
[29] A. Demori, R. Silva, P. Albuquerque, D. Moura, J. Tesolin, M. C. Cavalcanti, Minimanager:
Uma proposta de plataforma web para emulação de redes heterogêneas de comunicação
móvel, in: SBRC 2022 - Salão de Ferramentas (Fortaleza/CE), 2022.
[30] J. P. A. Almeida, R. A. Falbo, G. Guizzardi, Events as entities in ontology-driven conceptual
modeling, in: International Conference on Conceptual Modeling, Springer, 2019, pp.
469–483.
[31] V. A. Carvalho, J. P. A. Almeida, A semantic foundation for organizational structures:
a multi-level approach, in: 2015 IEEE 19th International Enterprise Distributed Object
Computing Conference, IEEE, 2015, pp. 50–59.