=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-3356/paper9
|storemode=property
|title=Systematic Literature Review of Gender and Software Engineering in Asia
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3356/paper-09.pdf
|volume=Vol-3356
|authors=Hironori Washizaki
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/apsec/Washizaki22a
}}
==Systematic Literature Review of Gender and Software Engineering in Asia==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3356/paper-09.pdf
Systematic Literature Review of Gender and Software
Engineering in Asia
Hironori Washizaki1,2,3,4,∗
1
Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
2
National Institute of Informatics, 2-1-2 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
3
SYSTEM INFORMATION CO.,LTD., 1-7-3 Kachidoki, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
4
eXmotion Co., Ltd., 2-11-1 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Abstract
It is essential to discuss the role, difficulties, and opportunities concerning people of different gender in the field of software
engineering research, education, and industry. Although some literature reviews address software engineering and gender, it
is still unclear how research and practices in Asia exist for handling gender aspects in software development and engineering.
We conducted a systematic literature review to grasp the comprehensive view of gender research and practices in Asia.
We analyzed the 32 identified papers concerning countries and publication years among 463 publications. Researchers
and practitioners from various organizations actively work on gender research and practices in some countries, including
China, India, and Turkey. We identified topics and classified them into seven categories varying from personal mental health
and team building to organization. Future research directions include investigating the synergy between (regional) gender
aspects and cultural concerns and considering possible contributions and dependency among different topics to have a solid
foundation for accelerating further research and getting actionable practices.
Keywords
Gender, diversity, inclusiveness, software engineering, software development
1. Introduction RQ1. How does academic literature address gen-
der aspects in software development and en-
With the social awareness of diversity and inclusion, it is gineering in Asia? To answer this question, we
important to discuss the role, difficulties, and opportuni- conducted a literature review of the academic lit-
ties concerning people of different gender in the field of erature. We analyzed the 32 identified papers
software engineering research, education, and industry with respect to countries and publication years
[1]. Although some literature reviews address software among 463 publications.
engineering and gender, such as gender-inclusive require- RQ2. What are the overall trends of software engi-
ments engineering [2], perceived diversity in software neering research and practices about gender
engineering [3], diversity and agile methodologies [4], aspects in Asia? To answer this question, we
and software engineering in digital transformation and identified topics and classified them into seven
diversity [5], still it is unclear how research and practices categories varying from personal mental health
in Asia exist for handling gender aspects in software de- and team building to an organization and gender
velopment and engineering. Since cultures and people aspects.
in particular regions are different from other regions in RQ3. What are the possible research directions?
many ways that would affect gender aspects, it is worth To answer this question, we summarized the re-
grasping the big picture of research and practices related maining issues and suggested future directions.
to gender aspects reported by researchers and practition-
ers in Asia. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section
We conducted a systematic literature review and an- 2 presents the process of our literature review. Section
swered the following research questions to grasp the 3 shows and discusses the review results. Section 4 con-
comprehensive view of gender research and practices in cludes this paper and provides future works.
Asia.
APSEDEI 2022: 1st Asia-Pacific Software Engineering and Diversity, 2. Systematic literature review
Equity, and Inclusion Workshop, December 6, 2022, Online
∗
Corresponding author. We performed a systematic literature review (SLR) to
Envelope-Open washizaki@waseda.jp (H. Washizaki)
collect research and practices about gender aspects in
GLOBE http://www.washi.cs.waseda.ac.jp/ (H. Washizaki)
Orcid 0000-0002-1417-9879 (H. Washizaki) software development and study reported by researchers
© 2022 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License and practitioners in Asia. An SLR aims to assess scientific
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR
Workshop
Proceedings
http://ceur-ws.org
ISSN 1613-0073
CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org) papers and group concepts around a topic. We chose
Scopus1 as the search engine since it is effectively used (4) Data Extraction: The following information was col-
in SLRs of software engineering [6, 7, 8], and the search lected from each paper to answer the research questions:
results can be exported. The database covers many major Publication title, publication year, publication venue, au-
publishers, including IEEE, ACM, Springer Nature, Wiley thor affiliation countries, and topics addressed.
Blackwell, Taylor & Francis, and Elsevier. Furthermore,
the database provides a mechanism to perform keyword
searches. 3. Results and discussions
Our process has four steps (1)–(4):
We present and discuss the results of our literature review
(1) Initial Search: We executed the following query on ti-
aligned with the three research questions below.
tles, abstracts, and keywords of papers regardless of time
and subject area. The query specified papers that contain
”software engineering” or ”software development” from 3.1. RQ1. How does academic literature
computer science or engineering areas written in English. address gender aspects in software
We used no publication period restrictions. We found development and engineering in
463 publications published from 1994 to 2022.
Asia?
(TITLE-ABS-KEY(gender Identified papers by country are shown in Table 1. As
AND (”software engineering” shown in the table, 13 papers were written by authors
OR ”software development”)) from Pakistan and Malaysia. However, almost all of them
AND ( LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA,”COMP” ) have been written by the same author group, so it does
OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA,”ENGI” ) ) not necessarily imply active gender research over orga-
AND ( LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE,”English” ) ) ) nizations in these countries.
Other major countries are China, India, and Turkey.
(2) Impurity Removal: Due to the nature of the involved Researchers and practitioners from various different or-
data source, the search results included entities that are ganizations are actively working on gender research and
not research papers, such as abstracts. We also removed practices in these countries. It might reflect that there
papers written by authors whose affiliations are unspeci- are much gender and cultural diversity in these countries
fied or outside Asia. Removing such results left 98 papers. compared with others.
(3) Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria: For each paper, Figure 1 shows the annual trend in the number of
we vetted whether they should be included in our SLR papers. Most papers are from 2011 or later, indicating
by applying the following criteria. The titles and ab- that gender initiatives are emerging in response to the
stracts followed by the entire paper were read to de- recent increase in social awareness of diversity in the last
termine whether the paper pertained to gender as- decade.
pects in software development and engineering. Us-
ing the definition of our criteria, 32 scholarly papers RQ1. How does academic literature address gender as-
[9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, pects in software development and engineering in Asia?
25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40] Gender initiatives are emerging in the last decade.
were identified. 32 academic papers related to gender aspects in
software development and engineering were re-
• Inclusion: Papers addressing gender aspects in ported from Asia. Researchers and practitioners
software development and engineering (particu- from various different organizations are actively
larly developers and teams) research, practices, working on gender research and practices in some
and education, which are written in English countries, including China, India, and Turkey.
• Exclusion: Papers focusing on software handling
gender information (such as software tools for 3.2. RQ2. What are the overall trends of
gender recognition), papers addressing gender bi-
ases in software-supported tasks such as resume
software engineering research and
screening and emotion classification, papers ad- practices about gender aspects in
dressing gender differences in pedagogical out- Asia?
comes of education in general (except for educa-
By carefully reading all identified papers, we identified
tion dedicated to software development), dupli-
topics and classified them into the following seven major
cate papers of the same study, or papers that are
categories 𝑇1 − 𝑇7 varying from personal mental health
not written in English
and team building to organization and gender aspects.
1
https://www.scopus.com/
Table 1
Identified papers on gender aspects in software development and engineering
Country Number of papers References
Pakistan 12 [24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35]
Malaysia 10 [23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32]
China 5 [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]
India 4 [15, 16, 17, 18]
Turkey 3 [38, 39, 40]
Kuwait 2 [21, 22]
Singapore 2 [18, 36]
Bangladesh 1 [9]
Israel 1 [19]
Jordan 1 [20]
Saudi Arabia 1 [35]
South Korea 1 [35]
Taiwan 1 [37]
5
• 𝑇6 . Organization: Two papers handle organiza-
4 tional human resource development and manage-
sr ment with gender consideration [14, 35].
pea 3
pf
or
• 𝑇7 . Others (Research and survey): The paper [20]
e2
m studied the research-industry collaboration and
u
N gender, while another [15] surveyed researchers
1
in a specific conference with their demographic
0 attributes including gender.
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022
Publcation year
RQ2. What are the overall trends of software engi-
Figure 1: Numbers of papers per year neering research and practices about gender aspects in
Asia? There are seven major topic categories vary-
ing from personal mental health and team build-
ing to organization and gender aspects. These are
• 𝑇1 . Team building: 14 papers address the team building, SE education, SE major and job, OSS
team’s gender diversity and software engineering- and community, mental health, organization, and
related task performance. Findings and practices others. Although Asian cultures and gender as-
can be used for designing better team formation pects are expected to be related to each other, only
and anticipating team performance [37, 11, 38, 39, few research and practices (i.e., gender segregation
30, 21, 25, 27, 32, 31, 29, 24, 26, 13]. in classrooms [12, 19]) seem to be directly related
• 𝑇2 . Software engineering (SE) education: Six to cultural background.
papers address gender differences in software
engineering-related education outcomes [40, 12,
21, 17, 19, 33]. Two of them are about single- 3.3. RQ3. What are the possible research
gender classrooms [21, 19] due to religious and directions?
cultural policies.
As mentioned above, gender research and practices seem
• 𝑇3 . SE major and job: Three papers discuss the to be active in a limited number of countries in Asia.
gender and motivation of software engineering- Thus, researchers and practitioners in Asia are expected
related majors and jobs [34, 10, 9]. to work more actively on gender aspects, share them, and
• 𝑇4 . OSS and community: Three papers discuss identify what is specific to each region and/or culture
the gender diversity (especially participation of and what can be commonly applied 2 . In relation to that,
women) in OSS development as well as commu-
nity support [23, 18, 36].
2
• 𝑇5 . Mental health: Two papers address gender, There might be many papers addressing gender aspects, which are
mental health, and pressure in software engineer- written in domestic languages. We will consider expansion of our
survey to include such domestic papers since regional issues may
ing [16, 28]. appear in such domestic papers.
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