Authors preserve their rhetoric, creativity and knowledge in stories. News writing falls under the genre of storytelling [1]. The story planning of the news material before writing aids speed, accuracy and influence via controlled information flow [2]. Throughout centuries, Aristotle's Rhetoric has guided writers to create effective communication using Ethos, Logos and Pathos [3] [4]. Ethos is the art of establishing authority on a document considering state-of-the-art knowledge regarding its topic. Logos is building logical argumentation to explain the authors' viewpoint of the topic. Pathos is an attempt to persuade the readers emotionally toward the intended goal to consider required actions. It is the rhetoric that brings cognitive structure to natural language documents [3]. Following this path of persuasive writing, professional authors use various structural story templates to plan the core message that needs to be conveyed to audiences. One such popular and successful structural story template of the 20 th century is Joseph Campbell's "The Hero's Journey" [5]. It involves the main character going on an adventure, facing challenges, learning a lesson and winning with the new found knowledge before returning home as presented in Figure 1 (a). To win readers' attention, a journalist must expose the Who, Where, What, When and Why of a news story consciously [6]. Missing any of the 5Ws is referred to as holes in journalism [6]. This article theoretically mapped 5Ws and Aristotle's Rhetoric into The Hero's Journey to experiment with the potential of story plan extraction as shown in Figure 1 (b). Based on this theoretical mapping we extracted story words from the news and visualized the words. The visualization was put into a user behavioural experiment to understand the cognitive richness of the proposed representation. This paper presents our cognitive reading and writing task-based experiment on 32 participants of university students, staff and teachers. It also compared text-based tasks against visualizationbased tasks.
Considering the speed and amount of new information along with the rise of fake news, fact-checking the news content and its rhetoric has become a big challenge during news analysis. To automatically predict the veracity of claims in news, researchers have been using techniques based on natural language processing, machine learning, knowledge representation and databases [7]. The authors of fake news aim to excite the sentiments of the readers towards the intended goal [8]. Therefore, to determine the polarity and strength of sentiments expressed in fake news, various knowledge-based, context-based and content-based sentiment analysis approaches are used to detect fake news [8]. Some news sentiment analysis systems assign scores indicating positive or negative opinions to each topic in the corpus using statistical analysis on sentiment cues [9]. Some systems use deep learning methodologies of recurrent neural networks with long short-term memory units for forecasting from news archives [10]. News, articles and books convey authors's rhetoric of the author about the topics discussed in the document. In this paper, we employed story templates based on terms extraction to understand the rhetoric of the author and validated it using user experiments. This can be used in rhetoric-based fact-checking in future studies.
News, articles and books are a rich communication medium that preserves authors' rhetoric through Ethos, Logos and Pathos which triggers readers' cognitive thinking for learning. The facts of a document are encapsulated in six basic questions Who, Where, What, When, Why and How. In Figure 1 (b), we proposed a theoretical distribution of rhetorical questions along the sequential structure of news using The Hero's Journey template. Following this template diagram, we visualized the automatically extracted authors' plan in a clockwise circular pattern using the D3 circular bar plot [11] as shown in Figure 2 (b). The concept of known and unknown is also inspired by this template. This is a factual distribution encapsulating the answer to categorical facts of the news What, When, Where and Who. The answer to Why and How is correlated to the authors' argumentation and evidence. We also mapped Aristotle's Rhetoric into this format for the news as shown in Figure 2 (a). To establish Ethos, at the beginning of the document, from title to introduction, the author explains the topic/What, the problem area/Where and the main characters/Who related to the story. To establish Logos in the body of the document, the authors attempt to explain Why and How. For enriching/educating the reader, in the conclusion the author attempts to establish Pathos by stating the current situation of the event and by addressing future issues. Information about When of news is related to its date attribute. We used an archive of pharmaceutical news from a website for analysis. The information extraction philosophy from a news document for this demo is based on our skimming technique. Word is the atomic unit of processing. This technique processes all sentences from top to bottom for extracting story words. We split news into M (5) blocks along document length and focus on multiple block appearances of selected words. Story words are extracted from the news based on four categories.
• W topic : Most frequent N words that appear in all blocks.
• W forward : Words that have the highest forward position weight. If a word appears earlier (based on sentence position) in the document it gets a higher weight. • W middle : Words that appear in more than M / 2 blocks.
• W backward : Words that have the highest backward position weight. If a word appears later(based on sentence position) in the document it gets a higher weight.
The theoretical mapping is evaluated via an online participation-based controlled experiment. We scored understanding factors of readers' cognition based on comprehension tasks using a homogeneous group of 32 participants. We followed the within-group experiment design. Each participant was given four comprehension tasks. The order of the tasks was generated using Latine Square Design. Each participant responded to these questions: "When did the incident take place?", "Who are the main character(s)/role player(s) of the story?", "Where did the story take place?", "Why is the story important?", "Write a summary of the story in a few sentences" and "Ease of comprehension". We invited 3 academic reviewers to blindly score the comprehension tasks. Apart from ease of the task and task time scores, the rest of the questions were scored by the reviewers based on model answers and following the scales in Table 1. We performed a paired t-test on the average scores of text-based comprehension tasks against the average scores of visualization-based comprehension tasks. The result is reported in Table 2. According to Table 2 we have achieved 95% confidence in the reported result on all criteria apart from What, When and Why. The result demonstrates that the current state of representation is providing close cognition scores. This reveals the fact that within the context of visualization-as-summarization, the mapping offers a benefit due to the more compact representation.
An automatic understanding of authors' rhetoric can be extremely useful for comprehensive tasks like abstract summarization or strategic story plan visualization during the learning and teaching process. Topic models [13] help us to analyze the news based on What the news is about. Name entity recognition [14] systems and classifiers [15]