Information and Control System for Controlling the Irradiation Process PlantsVasyl Ramshramsh_v@ukr.net0Larysa Nykyforova01Nikolay Kiktevnkiktev@ukr.net012Taras Lendieltaraslendel@gmail.com01Viktor Trokhaniak01Agrotechnical Institute”
,
Akademichna str., 20, Berezhany, Ternopil region, 47501
,
UkraineNational University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine
,
Heroiv Oborony str., 15, Kyiv, 03041Taras Shevchenko National Univercity of Kyiv
,
Volodymyrs'ka str., 64/13, Kyiv, 01601
,
Ukraine132141
The study is devoted to the technical implementation of methods of controlling the functional activity plants using organogenesis. The authors have developed a set of hardware and software control and management tools for conducting experimental studies of modes of electrophysical effects on plant biological objects. In order to obtain feedback from plants, it is planned to develop a new instrumental method for diagnosing the physiological state of plant organisms.
In Ukraine, over the past decades, the problem of reducing the profitability of greenhouse farms,
their environmental friendliness, and reducing the area of closed soil has become acute. The research
is aimed at solving the food and environmental problem - providing the population of Ukraine with
high-quality vegetable products in the off-season. The creation of high-yielding varieties of plants
requires many years of selection and agronomic work. Adjustment of the vital activity of plants is
possible thanks to the change in the spatial and spectral distribution of external electromagnetic
radiation. Numerous real and practical effects in crop production, obtained by the method of random
samples, cannot provide optimal statistically reliable data. Applied research on the creation of
biotechnical systems operating on the principle of feedback will be conducted at the intersection of
such sciences as automation, cybernetics, electronics, informatics, biophysics, and nanotechnology.
The scientific significance lies in establishing the regularities of the impact of electromagnetic
radiation of various frequency ranges and intensities on seed material and plants at various stages of
organogenesis with the creation of relevant innovative technical tools.
To study the development of plants, it is necessary to conduct constant phytomonitoring of the
plant and their development environment. To determine the influence of disturbing factors on plant
development, a system of phytomonitoring of technological parameters in the phytotron has been
2022 Copyright for this paper by its authors.
developed. The developed system uses the approach of Internet of Things technology for remote
monitoring of the technological process and switching of connected devices of the electrical complex
in the chambers of phytotron cultivation.
An effective solution to the problem of growing (producing) agricultural products in modern
conditions of agribusiness is achieved by introducing information and control systems at production
sites. In this regard, the problem arises of creating a hardware-software complex based on modern
automation tools. In recent years, new directions in automation systems and IT have been actively
developing - cloud technologies and the Internet of Things (IoT), which have found successful
application in agricultural production, given the length of control objects and their remoteness from
decision-making centers. Today, IoT is the most modern tool for industrial automation, which allows
remote monitoring of the state of an object (including biotechnical) and remote control of drive
mechanisms and devices located at the object.
2. The aim of the study.
Scientific research in this direction is actively conducted at university centers in Rochester,
Buffalo, Miami, Iowa, and Taft [
1,2
]. In the study of the plant as a complete biosystem, until now a
paradoxical situation has developed: with sufficient completeness of information about the primary
processes of metabolism and a developed theory of the productive process, the description of the vital
activity of a complete plant turns out to be extremely difficult. A whole plant behaves completely
differently than a collection of cells, and its vital activity is not reduced to a collection of
physiological processes. Difficulties that arise when trying to describe the vital activity of a plant are
mainly related to the lack of adequate models.
Researchers Azita Shabrangi et al. (2011) [
3
], Tkalec et al. (2005) [
4
] were engaged in research
on seed treatment with a magnetic-pulse field. The authors carried out experiments to study the effect
of a pulsed low-frequency magnetic field on the germination of seeds and the growth of seedlings of
garden strawberries. For this purpose, an installation for magnetic-pulse processing of plants was
developed in the form of a low-frequency pulsed magnetic field emitter. The use of this device made
it possible to stimulate the vital and growth processes of garden plants, vegetables, and crops. During
the experiment, various processing conditions were set with a periodic sequence of magnetic
induction pulses in the low-frequency range with simultaneous irradiation with light pulses of certain
wavelengths of the optical range. It was found that the germination energy of seeds treated with a
pulsed magnetic field varied from 29 to 47%, germination from 34 to 48%. Analysis of the data of
factorial experiments showed that the most effective irradiation parameter for increasing germination
and seed germination energy is irradiation with a frequency of 15.325 Hz, a duty cycle of 16.145 and
a magnetic induction in the irradiation zone of 5.05 mT.
The control of the functional activity of plants by coherent light is described in the article [
5
]. In
particular, a methodology, analytical apparatus and technical means for studying the interaction of
coherent light with biological systems and structures have been developed, a block-modular principle
for designing laser installations and diagnostic instruments for crop production has been proposed and
developed. The paper presents experiments on the irradiation of both seeds and ripened fruits. In the
research, multifunctional installations of the LIK series (laser research complex) and production
installations of the LOS series (agricultural laser irradiator) were used. As devices for irradiation, the
LIK-30A complex can be used, which makes it possible to solve a wide range of research problems,
including the irradiation of biological objects according to a given program [
5
]. The LIK-30A control
system provides automatic irradiation of one or two biological objects in the mode of single or
multiple periodic exposure to optical radiation with the set parameters. The block diagram of the
control is given in [
5
] and includes three blocks connected by electrical signals: BUCF (control and
operation control unit), BOS (feedback unit with the irradiation object) and BFPI (irradiation flux
formation unit). The most modern device for laser irradiation is Lika-Led (PE "Photonics-plus",
Cherkasy, Ukraine) [
6
]. Development and implementation of a system of phytomonitoring of
technological parameters of cultivation in a phytotron and the ability to remotely switch the connected
devices of the electrical complex.
Scientists are creating a personal phytotron at an affordable price thanks to a wide range of
hardware, cloud computing and the new possibilities offered by the Internet of Things IoT [
7
].
Temperature regimes, relative humidity and lighting as environmental parameters is presented
regimes for growing seedlings or plants in different phases of development are checked in the
phytotron chambers [
8
]. Phytotrons with various electronic control systems are also created to assess
the impact of technological parameters on plants for the derivation of new varieties [
9
].
Many Ukrainian and foreign researchers have dealt with the problems of phytomonitoring in
greenhouses and phytotrons. Scientists from Ukraine in the article [
10
] substantiated phytomonitoring
in the greenhouse using non-contact visual assessment of plants. The basis of this assessment is the
performance of photography of plants by a special electrical complex, after which the stored images
are recognized using wavelet analysis technology. The use of this photo technology as a means of
contactless information allows you to assess the growth and condition of plants in the greenhouse and
predict their development using mathematical transformations, which will assess future yields. The
recognition algorithm developed by the authors is used to recognize biomass in the greenhouse space.
In the work of Ukrainian researchers [
11
] with the participation of the author of this article
implemented software and hardware subsystem phytomonitoring in the greenhouse based on software
environment LabVIEW and hardware support Arduino, as well as tested this subsystem in industrial
production - OJSC "Greenhouse Plant" in Kyiv region. It is shown that when growing vegetables,
along with the temperature characteristics of the environment, information about the temperature of
plants is important. The dependence of plant temperature on illumination in the greenhouse is
analyzed, the specified mathematical model of the greenhouse suitable for formation of control
influences taking into account spatial distribution of control object is received. The article [
12
]
describes the developed energy efficient control system of the electrotechnological complex of
industrial greenhouses. It evaluates the quality of plant products as feedback information using the
Harrington desirability function, based on which it allows to determine the values of microclimate
parameters (temperature and humidity) and plant temperature, this together maximizes production
profits. Such a system includes an intelligent mobile robot, which moves the area of the greenhouse,
measures the basic parameters of the microclimate of the atmosphere in the building of the closed
ground (greenhouse), performs phytomonitoring, including assessing product quality. In the work
with the participation of the authors of this article [
13
] it is proposed to use the technology of Internet
of Things in agricultural production, in particular, in the production of feed. The work contains a
combination of software and hardware solutions based on the Arduino control board with
mathematical models for optimizing the composition of feed by the criterion of maximum yield of the
substance with restrictions on the nutrient content of feed components.
Researchers from Qatar, Morocco and Canada Ahmed Ouammi, Yasmine Achour etc. [
14
]
presented a comprehensive energy management system, which is based on centralized management
for an intelligent greenhouse. This management allows you to optimize and control the global internal
environment for crop growth. The development is to implement a comprehensive energy management
platform based on the forecasting control model (MPC), which takes into account the volatile
behavior of renewable energy production, the dynamics of energy and water accumulation, as well as
uncertainties associated with climatic conditions. The authors propose a multi-purpose integrated
optimization system to control the operation of the smart greenhouse, which takes into account
forecasts and updated data collected from the available wireless sensor network.
Interesting is the study of Turkish scientists M.A. Akkash and R. Sokulu [
15
], who presented a
prototype consisting of MicaZ units, which are used to measure temperature, light, pressure and
humidity of greenhouses. Measurement data were provided via the Internet of Things. With this
system, farmers can control their greenhouse from their mobile phones or computers connected to the
Internet.
Canadian researchers M. Bozchalui and K.A. Canizares in their article [
16
] presented a new
hierarchical approach to management and new mathematical models of greenhouse optimization,
which can be easily integrated into power center management systems in the context of intelligent
networks to optimize the work of their energy systems. Greenhouse artificial lighting systems, CO2
production and climate control consume a significant amount of energy. The authors propose a
mathematical model of greenhouses, which is suitable for their optimal operation and can be
implemented in the form of dispatch control in existing greenhouse management systems. As a result,
the total costs of electricity and gas are minimized, the following parameters of greenhouses are
stabilized; as room temperature and humidity, CO2 concentration and lighting level. Thus, the model
proposed by the authors includes weather forecasts, information on electricity prices in the
greenhouse management system.
In an article by Chinese researchers Yin Ding, Liang Wang and others [
17
] propose the use of
intelligent algorithms in modern agricultural production, which requires the support of a database,
which can be complex and difficult to use in practice and requires a large amount of computation. A
prediction model (MPC) is proposed, which can provide high-precision control operations with
moderate complexity, and also allows you to perform sliding optimization in a limited time interval,
which increases accuracy.
Other Chinese researchers Ts. Hou; And Gao [
18
] propose the development of a solar-based
greenhouse greenhouse sensor monitoring system. It transmits data using wireless equipment for
receiving and sending without installing wiring. Compared to conventional wireless technology, this
system design consumes less energy, costs less money and has a higher Internet bandwidth. Sensor
nodes receive solar energy and supply it to a wireless sensor network. This system uses the MSP430
microcontroller with ultra-low power consumption and the nRF24L01 low-power network
transmission chip to minimize system consumption. Moreover, this system uses multilevel energy
memory. It combines energy management with energy transfer, which allows you to wisely use the
energy collected by solar panels. Thus, a self-managing energy supply system was created.
Romanian researchers R.-O. Gregory, A. Water et al. [
19
] offer temperature control of a
greenhouse heated by renewable energy sources. Based on the linearized model, a PID controller was
set up, which was used to control the internal temperature in the greenhouse.
3. Experimental conditions.
Three-week seedlings of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) variety TSHA-575 were used in the
experiments, which were grown in 2-liter sterilized vessels under laboratory conditions in sandy
culture on Arnon-Hoagland nutrient mixture. Seedlings had 3-4 well-developed leaves. Fluorescent
lamps were used as a background light source, the illumination intensity at the level of the upper
leaves was ~ 1 mW/cm2, the light period was 16 hours, the moisture content of the nutrient substrate
was 70% of the lowest moisture capacity, the relative air humidity was 60% The air temperature in
the daytime was 24°C C, at night - 22 ° C.
To register running electrical impulses U, we used the standard BEP recording technique.
Installation diagram for registration U is shown in fig. 5.3. After 1 hour after connecting the silver
chloride electrodes to the plant, a stationary BEP difference is established between the measuring
electrodes 11 and 12 and the reference electrode 10. The light flux from the radiation source (He-Ne
laser, LEDs) 6 passes through a polarizing filter 5, a diaphragm 4, a system of mirrors 2, 3 and is
directed to the interveinal region of the plant leaf plate surface. After the start of local irradiation,
after some time, an impulse deviation (response) U from the stationary potential difference between
electrodes 12 and 10 was observed. After a time t, the response U was observed between electrodes
11 and 10. time t of passing the response U , displaying and recording signals recorded by the
ADC board through channels.
4. Computer-integrated system for controlling plant irradiation with a laser device
The computer-integrated system of care was created on the basis of the Arduino Mega2560
hardware, which is based on the ATmega2560 microcontroller (Fig. 2). The platform was set up to
live in the spring with a voltage of 5-12 V with a short chirp. The microcircuit receiving the resource
provides a stabilizing voltage for the operation of the microcontroller and sensors. For this controller,
data exchange with a computer via the USB port is not available. Also, through the port, you can live
and live the controller. Arduino operates at a frequency of 16 MHz with 54 digital input/output
channels, 16 analog inputs, 14 of which can be used in PWM mode, 4 UART hardware serial ports for
communication with a computer and other connected devices. At the time of the wrong request, the
button "Skydannya" (Dropping) was transferred.
To study the development of plants in the management of the technological mode of plant growth,
I use phytochambers, in combination with all the equipment is a phytotron. The phytotron is a
chamber with the created artificial climate where it is possible to regulate temperatures, humidity and
gassiness of air, and also management of watering and lighting.
The control system operation algorithm is shown in Fig. 3.
Description of the algorithm:
After system initialization, initial values are entered. Then the choice of control mode: automatic
or manual. When automatic control is selected, the operation timer is first activated (t). The control
system then measures the technological parameters, after which the measured value is compared with
the set values. After each comparison, the actuator relay is turned on or off (relay T, relay L). In
automatic mode, after each performed operation, the time of the system timer increases by one step.
The automatic mode is performed until the set control time is reached (t > ti). In the manual control
mode, technological parameters are measured, and after the operator presses the control buttons, the
relays of executive devices are turned on or off (relay T, relay L). Measurements are recorded in both
modes.
The software of the designated system is implemented in the LabVIEW environment, and reading
information from sensors is also decomposed into an operator interface. Also, the recorded values
were transferred to the database for further analysis. The data is stored in memory in the form of a
table, unified with data processing programs, an example of which is Microsoft Office Excel. The
graphical representation of the software system in LabView is shown in fig. 4, and in fig. 5 shows the
program interface window.
turning on the
relay (T)
Introduction
T, O, t
CONTROL
5. Research results.
During operation, the control system for laser irradiation of plants ensures the collection and
processing of data in the phytotron in real time, acts as a controlling component of the parameters of
plant phytodevelopment and technological parameters of the microclimate, and also regulates the
launch of laser irradiation by the Lika-Led device in accordance with the software setting. The set of
hardware used in this case is the Arduino software and hardware environment. Their diversity and
availability created the conditions for the successful implementation of automation systems.
Control of the plant irradiation process in the phytotron chamber is divided into three hierarchical
levels. The system interface in the LabView package is shown in Fig. 4, and the block diagram of the
algorithm - in Fig. 5. The phytoclimatic regime is controlled according to the specified cultivation
standards, where the daily air temperature is within 22..25°C; at night - 18..20°С; where relative
humidity should be within 60..70% and air pollution 350..450 ppm. The control process also provides
for the study of the influence of the external environment on tomato plants, provides for the additional
introduction of phytotemperature criteria for plant development [
6, 8
], according to which the plant
temperature is equated to the air temperature.
turning on the
relay (T)
turning on the
relay (L)
on
on
off
off
The phytotron was assembled in the laboratory of the Department of Automation and Robotic
Systems NULES of Ukraine (Kyiv) (Fig. 6). The monitoring system is based on Arduino Uno. An
automated control system was built, in which the visualization of the process is displayed on the
operator's panel. In system show obtaining measured data from temperature, pressure, humidity
sensors and the ability to switch a relay to which phytotron devices and a Lika-Led laser irradiator are
connected. In this case, plants are irradiated in the frequency range 440-780 nm.
6. Conclusions
A phytotron model for the study of plant development has been developed and implemented. The
structure of the control system has been created, the functional-algorithmic system of the control
object has been built and the system of phytomonitoring of plant growing parameters with the use of
Internet of Things technology has been implemented. An automated control system has been built,
which provides for the display of technological parameters on the operator's panel. The system
provides for receiving measured data from sensors of temperature, pressure, humidity and the
possibility of switching the relay to which the devices of the electrical complex are connected.
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