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  <front>
    <journal-meta />
    <article-meta>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>*NQSPWJOH -PBE #BMBODJOH PG -POH MJWFE 4USFBNJOH 31$T GPS H31$ FOBCMFE *OUFS TFSWJDF $PNNVOJDBUJPO</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>$ TUSFBNJOH MPBE CBMBODJOH</string-name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <abstract>
        <p>*OTUJUVUF PG DPNQVUFS FOHJOFFSJOH 6OJWFSTJUZ PG -VFCFDL -VFCFDL (FSNBOZ aX "º?K M/ .X GC#F2 U1/bXV, R8i? w1la qQ`Fb?QT- w1la kykj- &gt; MMQp2`- :2`K MvRe Rd 62#`m `v kykj- Tm#HBb?2/ i ?iiT,ff+2m`@rbXQ`;</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec id="sec-1">
      <title>-</title>
      <p>H31$ JT BO PQFO TPVSDF 3FNPUF 1SPDFEVSF $BMM 31$ GSBNFXPSL JOUSPEVDFE CZ (PPHMF JO</p>
      <p>UIBU QSPWJEFT B IJHI QFSGPSNBODF BMUFSOBUJWF UP 3&amp;45 &lt; &gt; $PNQBOJFT SFQPSUFE JNQSPWFE
EFWFMPQFS QSPEVDUJWJUZ XJUI H31$ BT JU BMMPXT GPS FBTJFS JOUFHSBUJPO XJUI FYJTUJOH MFHBDZ
TZTUFNT BOE QSPWJEFT BVUPNBUJD DPEF HFOFSBUJPO GPS WBSJPVT QSPHSBNNJOH MBOHVBHFT &lt; &gt; *U
VUJMJ[FT )551 &lt; &gt; GPS CJOBSZ DPNNVOJDBUJPO XIJDI JT NPSF F;DJFOU UIBO UIF UFYU CBTFE
QSPUPDPM VTFE CZ 3&amp;45 5IF CVJMU JO :PX DPOUSPM BOE FSSPS IBOEMJOH GFBUVSFT NBLF H31$ NPSF
SFMJBCMF BOE B WJBCMF DIPJDF GPS JOUFS TFSWJDF DPNNVOJDBUJPO JO NJDSPTFSWJDF BSDIJUFDUVSFT &lt; &gt;</p>
      <p>H31$ QSPWJEFT TUSFBNJOH 31$T CFUXFFO TFSWFST BOE DMJFOUT FOBCMJOH UIFN UP LFFQ UIF DPO
OFDUJPO BOE DPOUJOVF XJUI CJEJSFDUJPOBM DPNNVOJDBUJPO PODF UIFZ PQFOFE JU 5IJT GVODUJPOBMJUZ
NBLFT UIF DVSSFOU MPBE CBMBODJOH NFDIBOJTNT &lt; &gt; JOTV;DJFOU TJODF UIF MPBE CBMBODFS XJMM CF
JOWPMWFE POMZ JO UIF DPOOFDUJPO FTUBCMJTINFOU TUFQ "QFS TUBSUJOH UIF DPOOFDUJPO UIF MPBE
CBMBODFS XJMM IBWF OP DPOUSPM PWFS SFRVFTUT BOE MPBET PO UIF TFSWFS 5IJT XBZ UIF DMJFOUT DBO
TVEEFOMZ JODSFBTF UIF MPBE PO UIF TFSWFS BOE DBVTF UIF TFSWFS UP GBJM</p>
      <p>'MPX DPOUSPM *OTUFBE PG -PBE #BMBODJOH
0VS BQQSPBDI JT CBTFE PO UIF JEFB PG :PX DPOUSPM 8F VUJMJ[F UIF TMJEJOH XJOEPX NFUIPE UP
NBOBHF B TFSWFSßT XPSLMPBE EZOBNJDBMMZ 'PS UIJT QVSQPTF UIF TFSWFS IPMET B TJNQMJ9FE JOUFSOBM
NPEFM PG UIF XPSLMPBE XIFSF UIF TMJEJOH XJOEPX DPVOUT POHPJOH SFRVFTUT PWFS UIF MBTU ÈË
TFDPOET 8F VTF UIJT JOGPSNBUJPO JO PVS FYQFSJNFOUT UP EJTDSFUJ[F UIF XPSLMPBE JOUP -08
-0"% .&amp;%*6. -0"% )*() -0"% 07&amp;3-0"% BOE 4:45&amp;. '"*-63&amp;
8F JNQMFNFOUFE PVS BQQSPBDI VTJOH CJEJSFDUJPOBM TUSFBNJOH 31$T FYDMVTJWFMZ 5IJT NPEF PG
DPNNVOJDBUJPO BMMPXT UIF TFSWFS UP SFRVFTU NFTTBHFT GSPN UIF DMJFOU 8F JNQPTF B DPOTUSBJOU
PO UIF DMJFOU XIFSF JU NVTU XBJU CFGPSF TFOEJOH B NFTTBHF BQFS UIF JOJUJBM NFTTBHF 8F BDIJFWF
UIJT CZ JOUSPEVDJOH B TQFDJBM 9FME UP FBDI NFTTBHF GSPN TFSWFS UP DMJFOU 5IJT 9FME IPMET BO
JOUFHFS WBMVF UIBU TQFDJ9FT UIF OVNCFS PG NFTTBHFT UIF DMJFOU JT BMMPXFE UP TFOE 8IFOFWFS
*O PVS FYQFSJNFOUT B TFSWFS TIVUT JUTFMG EPXO JG JUT JOUFSOBM XPSLMPBE NPEFM JT 4:45&amp;. '"*-63&amp;
5IJT XBZ XF DBO TJNVMBUF SFBM XPSME DPOEJUJPOT WJB TNBMM TDBMF FYQFSJNFOUT 8F QFSGPSNFE
PVS FYQFSJNFOU PO 6CVOUV CJU SVOOJOH PO B TZTUFN FRVJQQFE XJUI *OUFM 3 9FPO 3
(PME $16 ()[ $PSFT BOE (# PG 3". 'VSUIFSNPSF XF VTFE %PDLFS &amp;OHJOF
7FSTJPO W XJUI CVJMELJU FOBCMFE BOE %PDLFS $PNQPTF 7FSTJPO W</p>
      <p>8F VUJMJ[F EPDLFS TXBSN OFUXPSLJOH XJUI B SPVOE SPCJO MPBE CBMBODJOH QPMJDZ GPS TFSWJDF
EJTDPWFSZ 8F JOUFOUJPOBMMZ VTF B CBTJD MPBE CBMBODJOH TFUVQ UP JMMVTUSBUF IPX PVS BQQSPBDI
QFSGPSNT 8JUI UIJT TFUVQ XF DBO JNQFSGFDUMZ TQMJU UIF DPOOFDUJPOT CFUXFFO PVS TFSWFST 5IJT
JNQFSGFDUJPO JT B IFMQGVM BQQSPYJNBUJPO GPS SFBM XPSME TDFOBSJPT 5IF DMJFOUT XFSF DPO9HVSFE
UP TFOE B TQFDJ9D BNPVOU PG NFTTBHFT QFS TFDPOE 'JOBMMZ DMJFOUT JNQMFNFOU B TJNQMF SFUSZ
QPMJDZ XIJDI SFQFBUT GBJMFE SFRVFTUT VQ UP UJNFT CFGPSF HJWJOH VQ
.FTTBHFT QFS 4FDPOE
/VNCFS PG $MJFOUT — /VNCFS PG .FTTBHFT
/VNCFS PG 4FSWFST %VSBUJPO PG 3FRVFTUT
8F SVO TFWFSBM FYQFSJNFOUT XJUI BO JODSFBTJOH OVNCFS PG NFTTBHFT 5IF FYQFSJNFOUT BSF
EFTJHOFE UP QVTI UIF XPSLMPBE CFZPOE UIF GBJMVSF UISFTIPME 'JSTU XF UFTU UIBU PVS TJNVMBUJPO
GVODUJPOT DPSSFDUMZ XJUI GFXFS NFTTBHFT 4FDPOE XF JODSFBTF UIF OVNCFS PG NFTTBHFT UP UIF
MJNJU PG XIBU PVS TFSWFST TIPVME CF BCMF UP IBOEMF 5IJT UFTUT UIF BCJMJUZ PG PVS BQQSPBDI UP
IBOEMF QFSJPET PG JODSFBTFE XPSLMPBET 'JOBMMZ XF JODSFBTF UIF OVNCFS PG NFTTBHFT XFMM BCPWF
UIF JOUFOEFE MJNJUT UP TFF IPX PVS BQQSPBDI TDBMFT #Z DPOUSPMMJOH UIF OVNCFS PG NFTTBHFT
XF BQQSPYJNBUF B SFBM XPSME TDFOBSJP PG UIPVTBOET PG DMJFOUT XJUIJO PVS SFTPVSDF DPOTUSBJOFE
UFTUJOH IBSEXBSF 8F QVCMJTIFE PVS FYQFSJNFOU DPEF JO B QVCMJD (JU)VC SFQPTJUPSZ &lt; &gt; BOE
JODMVEFE TUFQT UP SFQSPEVDF JU
1BSBNFUFS /BNF
/VNCFS PG 4FSWFST
/VNCFS PG $MJFOUT
/VNCFS PG 3FRVFTUT
/VNCFS PG .FTTBHFT
%VSBUJPO PG 3FRVFTUT
'BJMVSF 5ISFTIPME
$POsJHVSBUJPO</p>
      <p>TFDPOET
.FTTBHFT QFS TFDPOE
5BCMF
$PO JHVSBUJPO GPS UIF FYQFSJNFOUT
*O 'JHVSF XF DBO TFF UIF OPSNBM SFTQPOTF GPS UIF MPXFTU XPSLMPBE JO PSBOHF BOE UIF :PX
DPOUSPMMFE SFTQPOTF GPS BMM PUIFS XPSLMPBET 8F 9OE UIBU UIF :PX DPOUSPMMFE SFTQPOTF CFIBWFT
EJ8FSFOUMZ JO QSFWFOUJOH UIF TVEEFO JODSFBTF JO XPSLMPBE "EEJUJPOBMMZ XF OPUF UIBU PO BWFSBHF
JU TUBZT CFMPX UIF PWFSMPBE UISFTIPME CFDBVTF UIF TFSWFS TVTQFOET DPOOFDUJPOT TVDDFTTGVMMZ
XIJDI GVSUIFS MJNJUT UIF XPSLMPBE</p>
      <p>5IF OVNCFS PG NFTTBHFT JT BO JODPNQMFUF NPEFM PG B TFSWFSßT XPSLMPBE *U JT JOBDDVSBUF CVU
JU EPFT TV;DF JO UFTUJOH PVS MPBE CBMBODJOH NFDIBOJTN PO B TNBMM TDBMF</p>
      <p>8F TIPXFE UIBU BO JODPNQMFUF NPEFM PO B SFTPVSDF DPOTUSBJOFE TJOHMF IPTU NBDIJOF IBOEMFT
XPSLMPBET CFZPOE JUT DPO9HVSFE MJNJUT 0VS FYQFSJNFOU TFUVQ VTFT B CBTJD DPO9HVSBUJPO PG UIF
QPQVMBS PSDIFTUSBUJPO GSBNFXPSL EPDLFS DPNQPTF</p>
      <p>5IF JEFBT PG PVS QSPQPTFE TPMVUJPO DBO CF HFOFSBMMZ BQQMJFE UP BOZ H31$ BQQMJDBUJPO CFDBVTF
JU POMZ SFRVJSFT B DIBOHF JO QSPUPCVG TFSWJDF EF9OJUJPOT 'VSUIFSNPSF JU EPFT OPU QSFTVNF BOZ
TQFDJ9D MPBE CBMBODJOH TFUVQT BOE FWFO XPSLT CFUXFFO B TFSWFS BOE B DMJFOU XJUIPVU BOZ MPBE
CBMBODJOH FOUJUZ
*O UIJT QBQFS XF SBJTFE UIF JTTVFT PG MPBE CBMBODJOH JO MPOH MJWFE TUSFBNJOH 31$T BOE FYQMBJOFE
UIF JOBCJMJUZ PG DPOWFOUJPOBM MPBE CBMBODJOH NFDIBOJTNT UP IBOEMF JU 5P TPMWF UIJT JTTVF XF
QSPQPTFE BO BQQSPBDI CBTFE PO TIJQJOH UIF DPOUSPM PWFS JODPNJOH SFRVFTUT GSPN MPBE CBMBODFS UP
UIF BQQMJDBUJPO TFSWFS 5IJT NFUIPE QSFWFOUT UIF TFSWFS GSPN PWFSMPBEJOH B EFTJSBCMF GFBUVSF GPS
JOUFS TFSWJDF DPNNVOJDBUJPO JO NJDSPTFSWJDF CBTFE BSDIJUFDUVSF 5IF NBOBHFNFOU PG JODPNJOH
SFRVFTUT QSPWFT UP CF BO F8FDUJWF NFBTVSF JO QSFWFOUJOH TFSWFS PWFSMPBE BOE DBTDBEJOH TFSWFS
GBJMVSF B DIBJO PG FWFOUT XIFSF TFSWFST GBJMJOH MFBE UP PUIFST GBJMJOH EVF UP B TVEEFO JODSFBTF JO
SF USBOTNJUUFE NFTTBHFT GSPN DMJFOUT</p>
      <p>5IF XPSLMPBE NPEFM DPVME JODMVEF NPSF QBSBNFUFST UP CFUUFS NPEFM SFBM XPSME TDFOBSJPT
8JUI BO FYUFOEFE XPSLMPBE NPEFM NPSF TPQIJTUJDBUFE :PX DPOUSPM NFDIBOJTNT TIPVME CF
FYQMPSFE " OPO MJOFBS DPOUSPMMFS DPVME MFBE UP GVSUIFS JNQSPWFNFOUT XIFSF UIF TFSWFS XPVME
USZ UP TUBZ DMPTF UP B EFTJSFE TUBUF 5IF QFSGPSNBODF JNQBDU PO UIF PWFSIFBE UIF TFSWFS JODVST
SFNBJOT UP CF TUVEJFE</p>
      <p>"QQMZJOH - 'MPX $POUSPM UP B SFBM XPSME BQQMJDBUJPO DPVME QSPWJEF WBMVBCMF JOGPSNBUJPO
BCPVU JUT F8FDUT PO BWBJMBCJMJUZ BOE TDBMBCJMJUZ *O SFBM XPSME TDFOBSJPT UIFSF BSF PQFO NBOZ
TFSWJDFT BOE NBOZ EJ8FSFOU UZQFT PG 31$T JO VTF .PEJGZJOH UIF QSPUPDPM CV8FST GPS FBDI
TFSWJDF BOE 31$ NBZ OPU CF B QSBDUJDBM TPMVUJPO</p>
      <p>"OPUIFS JNQSPWFNFOU JT UP EFWFMPQ B GSBNFXPSL UIBU JT USBOTQBSFOU UP JUT VTFST )PXFWFS
UIJT SFRVJSFT FYUFOTJWF EFWFMPQNFOU BOE FYQFSUJTF JO NVMUJQMF QSPHSBNNJOH MBOHVBHFT UP XPSL
TFBNMFTTMZ BDSPTT EJ8FSFOU GSBNFXPSLT JO H31$ 5IFSF JT UIF QPTTJCJMJUZ PG JOUSPEVDJOH :PX
DPOUSPM NFDIBOJTNT PO B MPXFS MBZFS 5$1 OBUJWFMZ TVQQPSUT :PX DPOUSPM &lt; &gt; BOE H31$ BMTP
TVQQPSUT JU BU UIF GSBNFXPSL MFWFM</p>
      <p>"MUIPVHI PVS BQQMJFE :PX DPOUSPM NFDIBOJTN TIPXT QSPNJTJOH SFTVMUT GVUVSF SFTFBSDI JT
SFRVJSFE 'VUVSF SFTFBSDI DPVME GPDVT PO 9OEJOH PUIFS XBZT UP JNQMFNFOU UIF JEFBT PG - 'MPX
$POUSPM
&lt; &gt; 3 5 'JFMEJOH "SDIJUFDUVSBM TUZMFT BOE UIF EFTJHO PG OFUXPSL CBTFE TPQXBSF BSDIJUFDUVSFT
6OJWFSTJUZ PG $BMJGPSOJB *SWJOF
&lt; &gt; , *OESBTJSJ % ,VSVQQV H31$ 6Q BOE 3VOOJOH #VJMEJOH $MPVE /BUJWF "QQMJDBUJPOT</p>
      <p>XJUI (P BOE +BWB GPS %PDLFS BOE ,VCFSOFUFT ã0ß3FJMMZ .FEJB *OD ã 4FCBTUPQPM
&lt; &gt; % 4UFOCFSH )UUQ FYQMBJOFE
&lt; &gt; " #VDDIJBSPOF / %SBHPOJ 4 %VTUEBS 1 -BHP . .B[[BSB 7 3JWFSB " 4BEPWZLI
.JDSPTFSWJDFT 4DJFODF BOE &amp;OHJOFFSJOH 4QSJOHFS
&lt; &gt; 3 ,BVS 1 -VUISB -PBE CBMBODJOH JO DMPVE DPNQVUJOH JO 1SPDFFEJOHT PG JOUFSOBUJPOBM
DPOGFSFODF PO SFDFOU USFOET JO JOGPSNBUJPO UFMFDPNNVOJDBUJPO BOE DPNQVUJOH *5$
$JUFTFFS
&lt; &gt; . 5 /ZHBSE 3FMFBTF *U %FTJHO BOE %FQMPZ 1SPEVDUJPO 3FBEZ 4PQXBSF 1SBHNBUJD
#PPLTIFMG 3BMFJHI /$
&lt; &gt; : -FF : -JV 6TJOH SFGBDUPSJOH UP NJHSBUF SFTU BQQMJDBUJPOT UP HSQD "$. 4&amp; ß
"TTPDJBUJPO GPS $PNQVUJOH .BDIJOFSZ /FX :PSL /: 64" Q Ù EPJ
&lt; &gt; $ - $IBNBT % $PSEFJSP . . &amp;MFS $PNQBSJOH SFTU TPBQ TPDLFU BOE HSQD JO DPNQVUBUJPO
P&lt;PBEJOH PG NPCJMF BQQMJDBUJPOT "O FOFSHZ DPTU BOBMZTJT JO *&amp;&amp;&amp; UI -BUJO
"NFSJDBO $POGFSFODF PO $PNNVOJDBUJPOT -"5*/$0. QQ Ù EPJ
-"5*/$0.
&lt; &gt; + 4IBI , ,PUFDIB 4 1BOEZB % $IPLTJ / +PTIJ -PBE CBMBODJOH JO DMPVE DPNQVUJOH
.FUIPEPMPHJDBM TVSWFZ PO EJ8FSFOU UZQFT PG BMHPSJUIN JO *OUFSOBUJPOBM $POGFSFODF
PO 5SFOET JO &amp;MFDUSPOJDT BOE *OGPSNBUJDT *$&amp;* QQ Ù EPJ *$0&amp;*
&lt; &gt; $ 4UBSDL + (IPGSBOJ *NQSPWJOH -PBE #BMBODJOH PG -POH MJWFE 4USFBNJOH 31$T GPS
H31$ FOBCMFE *OUFS TFSWJDF $PNNVOJDBUJPO 63- IUUQT HJUIVC DPN #BMUJD#ZUFT
HSQD MPBE CBMBODJOH MPOH MJWFE TUSFBNJOH SQDT EPJ [FOPEP
&lt; &gt; + ' ,VSPTF , 8 3PTT $PNQVUFS OFUXPSLJOH B UPQ EPXO BQQSPBDI UI FE FE 1FBSTPO</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="ref1">
        <mixed-citation>3FGFSFODFT</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
</article>