=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-34/paper-25
|storemode=property
|title=Towards an Extended Enterprise Memory in Textile Industry
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-34/zacklad_et_al.pdf
|volume=Vol-34
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/pakm/ZackladBM00
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==Towards an Extended Enterprise Memory in Textile Industry==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-34/zacklad_et_al.pdf
Towards an Extended Enterprise Memory in Textile industry
Manuel Zacklad Imed Boughzala Nada Matta
Tech-CICO Laboratory - UTT Tech-CICO Laboratory - UTT Tech-CICO Laboratory - UTT
12, rue Marie Curie BP 2060 12, rue Marie Curie BP 2060 12, rue Marie Curie BP 2060
10010 Troyes Cédex France 10010 Troyes Cédex France 10010 Troyes Cédex France
manuel.zacklad@univ-troyes.fr imed.boughzala@univ-troyes.fr nada.matta@univ-troyes.fr
2 Extended enterprise
Abstract
To respond to an economic and competitive environment
The This paper presents our work to define an which is becoming more and more complex, as well as to
Extended Enterprise Memory which is an explicit the globalization of markets, firms opt more frequently for
representation of knowledge for cooperative alliances and partnerships, developing new net-working
activity. This work is relevant from cooperative forms. The emergence of the concept of extended
engineering which is Knowledge Engineering enterprise or networked companies is the result of the
process in the context of cooperative activities hope of some firms to form alliances with others, after
meaning collective activities which are not yet careful selection and to set up long-term and valuable
entirely formalized exchange relationships, so as to lighten infra-structures.
The network keeps going thanks to the competence that
each brings to a common project participation which does
1 Introduction not affect their legal independence [Pac93].
Our main objective in this paper, is to analyze cooperation
between companies (what we call extended enterprise In this context the concept appears in the form of firms
cooperation activity) in order to capitalize on related showing capitalistic and legal independence and capable
knowledge as an Extended Enterprise Memory (EEM). of specializing in one task in the same value chain
Such analysis is relevant to Cooperation Engineering (see. ([Jar88]; [Pow90]). When choosing multiple alliances,
§4) which is a Knowledge Engineering process in the these firms favor contractual growth rather than
context of cooperative activities meaning collective patrimonial growth. In fact, they aim at more flexibility
activities which are not yet entirely formalized. It and reactivity with a lighter structure, and the preservation
intervenes as an essential step for the operation of a of their independence and opportunities, to evolve
Knowledge Management process adapted to the constantly on the market.
development of extended enterprises and to the building
of Information System elements which facilitate According to many authors, the effectiveness of the
communication, coordination and collective problem network structure is highly dependent on the good use of
solving (mailing, discussion forum, EDI, workflow, GED, IT such as EDI, workflow and Internet which facilitate the
semi-structured databases, etc.). coordination of interdependence between the different
units of the network. Network strategies rely, on the one
We begin by presenting the current problematic of hand, on all the techniques linked to merchandise flow
extended enterprise and the reasons for which Knowledge processing, and on the other hand, on Information
Management problematic is particularly delicate. Then we Systems which allow an efficient coordination of
define the notion of cooperative activity and Cooperation operations between partners all along the added value line
Engineering, introducing the notion of Extended of a product or a service. Such techniques and Information
Enterprise memory (EEM) as an explicit representation of Systems being built on IT, represent, according to Lorino
inter-company cooperative activity. Finally, we present [Lor89], “a strategic factor for the development and the
the area of textile industry in which these solutions will be success of companies”. These tools favor the mastery of
tested. material flow and techniques via information flow. They
make professional links more efficient by allowing
collective learning and knowledge transfer ([Ali93];
The copyright of this paper belongs to the paper’s authors. Permission to copy [Spi95]).
without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not
made or distributed for direct commercial advantage. The importance of good Collective Knowledge
Proc. of the Third Int. Conf. on Practical Aspects of Management will be examined now, for networked
Knowledge Management (PAKM2000) company functioning, and for the specification of
Basel, Switzerland, 30-31 Oct. 2000, (U. Reimer, ed.) Information Systems in inter-company cooperation.
http://sunsite.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/Publications/CEUR-WS/Vol-34/
M. Zacklad, N. Matta, I.Boughzala 4-1
relationships between different firms integrated in the
3 Knowledge Management plays an network for a period of time however limited.
enormous role within the extended enterprise
4 The cooperation between firms makes
As many authors have explained ([Ste93]; [Erm96];
[Gru96], the pressure of technical and organizational
knowledge management critical
innovations, new management modes (project The actors co-operate when they exchange resources when
management), voluntary or enforced staff mobility taking part in a common task. The cooperation can be
(transfers, redundancies, retirements) explain why vertical (either between producer and provider or even in
Knowledge Management has become such a major the fields of production and marketing) or horizontal
preoccupation in numerous organizations. Here it is seen (between companies in a same sector). The need for
from Knowledge Systems Management’s point of view; cooperation comes from the division of labor, but is more
which means focusing on the artifact construction complex than a simple co-ordination of tasks and
problematic facilitating the recall and transmission of and activities between actors (a primarily economic view).
access to the knowledge, but also as a preliminary step for The construction of a common project requires either
the construction of Information Systems for cooperation close representations and close interests [Cro77] or
(see. infra). J.L. Ermine quotes the CEA quality handbook equivalent but non identical ones [Wei79]. The cognitive
which defines Knowledge Management, as seen before, as dimension of cooperation between various actors, namely
enabling: the exchange and construction of knowledge and of
-“ the collection of knowledge and know-how on more common and shared experiments, is essential. One of the
easily accessible media, essential concerns of cooperation engineering is to
- their transmission in real time inside the CEA and later manage knowledge.
to their successors,
- the tracking of certain activities or actions about which The literature shows that a situation of cooperation is built
the CEA could be asked in the future” (Quality handbook or emerges around tools facilitating the structuring
of CEA, 1996, p. 14, quoted by Ermine 1996 p. 16). between actors and the information exchange [Rau95].
Knowledge Systems Management plays an enormous role The main question is to evaluate the characteristics of the
within large firms, and even more so in the firms tools suitable for use as an argumentation system within a
integrated in the network (i.e. extended enterprise). Even cooperation framework.
when firms are centered on their own know-how, they are
extremely dependent on their partners as regards adjusting The study of cooperation processes requires the following
their production and in their innovation processes. These theoretical principles and definitions.
companies must always be up-to-date with their partners’
evolution to be better adapted to and be able to anticipate 5 Cooperation engineering
new needs and future constraints.
According to Grundstein [Gru96] Knowledge For K. Schmidt cooperative work “emerges when multiple
Management problematic can be tackled from four angles: actors, engaged in the realization of a common task, are
- locating the crucial knowledge (identification, location, mutually dependent to their work and must coordinate and
characterization), gather their individual production to be able to do the task
- its preservation (modeling, formalization, conservation), which is confided” [Sch94].
- its evaluation (access, diffusion, operation, combination,
creation), For this author, cooperative work denotes exclusively
- and its evolution (updating, enrichment). collective work on a common object which corresponds to
a principal collective goal. The need to coordinate such
The present research context focuses on the preservation cooperative work generates different, specific work that
and the evaluation stages. Preservation involves the Schmidt calls Articulation Work and which “is constituted
implementation of modeling processes of partly tacit of the need to restrain the distributed nature of complexly
knowledge. Evaluation involves the elaboration of interdependent activities” [Sch96].
software tools which allow access and distribution of
modeled knowledge either in the extended enterprise, or We have not adopted the same definition of cooperative
within the specifications of its Information System. work as it seems, to us, to be a little restrictive. In
Therefore, this research is original in two ways: accordance with Intellectual Transactions Theory [Zac99]
- The knowledge modeling concerns not only problem- we consider that cooperative activities correspond to
solving knowledge but also knowledge allowing collective activities in which “cognitive interdependence”
cooperation between partners. between actors is effective, which means that it has not
- The knowledge distribution and operating tools, such as been standardized (we suggest this definition of
Information Systems whose modeling enables their “cooperation”: there is cooperation between actors when
specification, are intended not for use within the firm the cooperative activity occurs in a context of cognitive
(intra-organizational use) but as supports for the inter-dependence, the actors being obliged to commit
M. Zacklad, N. Matta, I.Boughzala 4-2
themselves to intellectual transactions to reduce this
interdependence. The cooperation concept is applied in According to its architecture, the EEM can enable :
the context of organized cooperative activities (as - the memorization of some useful knowledge made
opposed to mass behavior phenomenon) in which actors known to some companies by the others thus facilitating
are “ structurally independent”). According to this theory, their working relationships,
articulation work is included in cooperative work because - the gathering of knowledge resulting from cooperative
the existence of the articulation activities is essential in work binding the partners and the memorization processes
order to define cooperation. in order to re-use them at a convenient time,
- innovation while being informed of what the others are
A cooperative activity, whether centralized or distributed, doing in order to anticipate the needs and to reduce the
requires the definition of an objective as common to both constraints.
agents engaged in this activity to obtain the best
performance. Its execution presupposes the existence, as a In the crucial knowledge of a network of firms, we have
shared resource, of an ensemble of knowledge and in turn created three categories :
generates experience. Obviously, relationships between - private and confidential knowledge. This knowledge
agents have a big influence on cooperative activity and being internal to and part of the strategy of the company
especially on problem solving. must not be revealed outside. It is to a great extent
registered in the information system of each partner.
One of the essential concerns of cooperation engineering - private but shareable knowledge within the extended
is knowledge management relating to a cooperative enterprise to which the company belongs and which is the
activity. It enable the extraction of knowledge from subject of our research. This knowledge is partly
experience. There are two main stages: registered in the elements of the information system
- modeling of experience which implies formalization of allowing the cooperation (EDI system , electronic mail,
knowledge starting from experience, extranet...) and cooperation engineering aims at
- evaluation which relates to effective and efficient re-use facilitating its clarification.
of the experience transformed into knowledge. - public knowledge which may accessed, for example, in
the partners external communication Web sites.
We define an extended enterprise memory as the result of Capitalizing cooperative knowledge consists essentially in
experience modeling of inter-company cooperative the structure and memorization of common objectives,
activities. Because this memory enables tracking of shared cooperation contexts, the agents’ coordination and
knowledge during these activities, it facilitates collective communication, relationships and problem solving.
training.
The following part introduces a methodological approach
A corporate memory is defined thus ” the explicit and which enables identification and modeling of cooperation
persistent representation of the knowledge of an knowledge.
organization “ [Van96] or as " the whole of the collective
data and knowledge resources of a company " [Pra96]. 6 MCSC: Cooperative information Systems
Thus, the memory makes it possible " to preserve, in order
to re-use the reasoning, the behavior and knowledge, even Design Method
in their contradictions and in all their variety "[Pom96]. The MCSC (Méthode de conception des Systèmes
d’information Coopératifs) approach is a methodological
By analogy, we define the Extended Enterprise Memory framework which aims to guide the design of intra- and
(EEM) as the explicit and persistent representation of the inter-companies cooperation mechanisms. It aims,
collective knowledge of the extended enterprise. initially, to model cooperative activities and to specify
In this definition, we stress the fact that the EEM is the data-processing solutions adapted to the needs and (the)
result of modeling of the cooperation experience. This constraints of cooperation. Thus, its objective is to
memory makes it possible to memorize knowledge shared capitalize on the knowledge generated by this
during a cooperative activity. It allows learning from cooperation. In our research this approach is applied
situations of cooperation between partners. within the framework of the extended enterprise.
The EEM consists of two types of knowledge: In accordance with Alquier [Alq98], our approach
- knowledge coming from the information system of each declines the notion of IS differently according to a
partner in the extended enterprise and forming an integral dimension called spatial by this author who distinguishes
part of its own inheritance of knowledge. The question is between individual, departmental or collective ISs. For
up to what point to put this knowledge in EEM so that the Alquier, at the collective level, ISs are called
shared knowledge does not weaken the position of a “cooperative”, and include all the functionality coming
partner in the extended enterprise (exogenous knowledge). under GroupWare. Relying on the MadeIn’Coop Method
- knowledge resulting from the cooperation between [Zac96], we have refined this notion of Cooperative ISs
partners (endogenous knowledge), emerging in a context by introducing three new points of view about ISs,
of not entirely formalized cooperative activities [Bou00].
M. Zacklad, N. Matta, I.Boughzala 4-3
according to the roles which they play in the cooperation - focus on a particular activity and its detailed description
processes: in terms of objectives, tasks, sub-tasks, resources,
- A communication IS which supplies media, facilitating constraints, etc (the model),
synchronous or asynchronous, face to face or distance - specification and development of a software tool for
dialogs between the actors (for example mailing, cooperation which will facilitate the course of this
discussion forums, videoconferences, etc.). cooperative activity. Such tools concern the NTIC and
- A coordination IS which supplies media, facilitating more particularly GroupWare tools such as discussion
coordination between the actors, relying on the concepts forums, workflow, etc (to implement the model in a tool),
of roles, activities, tasks, responsibilities, means, etc. (for - installation of the tool and observation of its use in
example EDI, workflow, etc.). context over a certain period of time. We have integrated
- A collective problem-solving IS which supplies media, sociological and ergonomic dimensions into these
facilitating collaboration between actors working on a observations to facilitate the evolution of the model
common task, relying on problem models and (experimentation in situation),
argumentation techniques, etc. (for example knowledge - enhancement of the model by dynamic capitalization of
systems). knowledge generated by inter-company cooperation and
their modeling with feedback through the EEM
Of course, since the use of the artifacts determines their (contextualized restitution). (evolution of the model).
status, the same computing artifact could take part in all
three ISs according to the way it is used in the 7 Experimentation in the textile industry
organization. Complex computing environments can also
offer different tools at the same time supplying these To answer the research questions raised (coherence of
different functionalities. Finally, certain tools may knowledge systems, inter-operating ISs, adjustment of
associate two functionalities as for example a complex levels of confidentiality and sharing of knowledge, MCSC
workflow, combining the cooperative documentary probation, etc.), we have used a field of application
support (collective problem-solving) with the collective provided by the textile industry in a regional environment.
validation processes support (co-ordination). In this industrial field, the extended enterprise
We have also introduced a point of view close to corresponds to group of networked specialized companies
Alquier’s spatial dimension which identifies three levels (mill owner, knitter, dyer, clothing manufacturer…) whose
of cooperative ISs : aim is to manufacture a range of products together, at a
- The small group level which corresponds to a project or lower price, by reducing time and investment. IT can be a
recurrent processes which involve a limited number of factor that helps to reduce time in information exchange,
actors who have close knowledge of each other; and consequently the manufacturing time, while ensuring
- The organization or extended group level which better quality. But cooperation ISs will be effectively
involves a number of actors such that deep mutual introduced only if all the actors are willing to share and to
knowledge is impossible; formalize knowledge.
- The inter-company level which joins groups of actors
(small or extended groups) belonging to the different Although the textile industry is a difficult ground for
partners of the extended enterprise and which is the experimentation it is extremely suitable for the following
subject of our research. reasons:
- It is at risk internationally because the labor costs are
To study these different activity levels and to specify the higher than in the developing countries. It is generally
ISs responding to their needs, MCSC identifies two levels considered that more efficient networking, would be a sine
of modeling which correspond to a progress in qua non survival condition, as illustrated by the American
conceptualization, and in which different techniques are experience which shows the importance of IT for the re-
used as regards IS design methods and cooperation location of some textile production activities [Abé98];
engineering: - In this industry knowledge as well as inter-company
- A macro level where company processes are modeled cooperation styles are both complex and informal.
‘trade by trade’ in an intra- and inter-company context. At Implementation of effective cooperative ISs will most
this generic modeling level the main interests are in the probably involve developing a new stage in common
description of the activities or business, the actors who knowledge management.
take part in it, their relative positions and their relations in
their specific context. 7.1 Description of the field
- A micro level focusing on a particular process and its
The textile industry (in the regional context of the
actors and artifacts particularly the cooperative activities
“Champagne Ardenne, Aube department”) is composed of
and artifacts that they use as regards these three models
two sectors : clothing (with as main actors, distributors or
(communication, co-ordination, collective problem-
collectors playing the role of the donors in the industry)
solving).
and textile (knitters and dyers and clothing manufacturers
play the role of order takers or subcontractors). The
To build a micro model, we have tried to set up the
Textile industry we have studied, is specialized in the
following stages:
knitted fabric technique with companies such as
M. Zacklad, N. Matta, I.Boughzala 4-4
“Devanlay (Lacoste, etc.)”, “Doré-Doré (DD)” or “Petit other knitters or dyers, so as to make an aggregate offer to
Bateau”. The role of the donors varies considerably the donors. This choice is based on information and
according to the integration degree of these actors in the presupposes the actors being able to cooperate. The EEM
industry. The donor position has been constituted starting plays a role in the emergence of this working group in the
from the trade of distributor (e.g.“Kiabi”.) or from the following way:
trade of clothing manufacturer (e.g “Devanlay”.). - On the one hand, the EEM provides subcontractors with
information on the competences of the partners. The
The situation of this industry is very tricky. The donors subcontractors have to choose: information on machine
impose on their subcontractors a hard logic of cost and capacity, more or less qualified workforce, threads usually
“manufacture-delivery” quality. This cost logic explains worked, financial standing or even capacity of reactivity.
why the donors relocate all or most of the clothing Since the knowledge, related to the partner’s / partners’
fabrication activity. Consequently the industrialists inventory, or to its / their workload already in progress, is
relocate the upstream activities of the clothing making available in the EEM, it becomes easier and faster to
(knitting and dyeing), more and more, obviously to reduce establish coordinated planning of work between several
their costs but also in order to organize the complete subcontractors to answer the invitation to tender. In the
production of a textile article in one place. Within a micro same way, the EEM may contain a set of nomenclatures or
and macro socio-economic context, the subcontractors are codes related to manufacturing process stages, or related
short on capital and usually small-sized firms (20 people to knitwear colors, etc., so as to facilitate drafting and
on average), which together with a lack of any marked work order exchange between subcontractors, containing
spirit of co-operation are the main reasons for the this type of technical data. This varied information is
problems of the local subcontractors which prevent them especially substantive knowledge.
from taking up the challenge imposed by international - On the other hand, subcontractors will also access
competition. information via the EEM about how past relationships
between some actors have functioned. This EEM could
However some ways of enhancing the textile industry contain the set of orders / purchases required by donors.
have been studied, around the following ideas : This could include details of subcontractors had taken up
- product innovation (use of special fabrics for some the order as well as its conditions, (exceeding delay times,
sectors such as medicine, automobile industry) call for subcontracting or not...). This varied information
- process innovation (better co-ordination, intra or inter is more procedural knowledge.
company, to provide a faster service and/or better quality).
Both kinds of knowledge are important since they will
These changes require new co-operative practices, so enable actors to choose whom to work with. However,
three types can be considered : they should not have " to negotiate " the access to this
- product innovation information when that relation is established. All those
- coordination of an aggregate offer concerned should have simplified and precise access to
- cooperation in capacity. information via the EEM. This access to information is
also very rapid, an essential condition in such a
Knowledge and information exchange in these three areas competitive environment, where in fact the most reactive
of cooperation has become essential. This reinforces our and the most flexible companies may hope to gain market
original hypothesis: modeling cooperative information share.
systems and offering information and knowledge
management tools, such as extended enterprise memory as For example, let us illustrate two types of invitation to
a tool for cooperation should provide satisfactory choices tender:
and optimize transactions between the actors. - According to a process directed or “channeled” by an
actor (knitter or dyer) ; this actor would take the role of
7.2 Extended enterprise in the textile industry and coordinator in the constitution of the corporate network;
memory he would be informed of the invitation to tender and
would look for other partners to answer it. A coordinator
The following co-operation example explains how the in the extended enterprise could be responsible for,
EEM can be used as a support for cooperation aid for: launching, for example, the production of a new textile
- collective training collection, he could send out a call to all the partners to
- knowledge transfer design this collection. Each one of them would be part of
- collective decision-making (argumentation, constraints, the value added at his stage of the chain of production :
planning: calculation of manufacturing requirements and - the raw material supplier would suggest the
production flow) most suitable thread for the collection,
Let us imagine the following cooperation example: once - the mill owner would suggest a type of
an invitation to tender is launched by a donor, a set of spinning, or the knitter a style of knitting,
subcontractor actors will be progressively constituted to - the dyer would suggest a range of colors and a
answer it. The constitution of the set results from the certain number of processes,
choice of certain actors (knitters or dyers) to favor certain
M. Zacklad, N. Matta, I.Boughzala 4-5
- the printer would suggest a certain number of We focused on the cooperation between a knitter and a
patterns and designs, dyer and identified different scenarios of cooperative
- and finally the clothing manufacturer would work as compared to ‘normal’ knitters’ activity.
suggest a certain number of models / styles. We specified and developed a tool (WebEDI) for
- Using EEM: According to a more emergent, self- electronic data interchange based on Internet which allows
regulated process; the invitation to tender would be these two partners to exchange commercial and technical
proposed (via a server or a centralizing organization for data between their information systems (form for handing-
example) to various actors who would .mutually compare over natural products, form for dyeing handing-over,
and adjust their work capacities to tender together. delivery form, etc.) within the framework of the sale of
« knitted fabric by the meter » carried out by the knitter.
Through this example, it seems clear that knowledge We are currently going to develop this tool in two
management amongst partners within an extended textile directions: from the point of view of coordination, to
enterprise can be ensured via an EEM (according to our specify a skeletal tool for multi-partner cooperative
initial hypothesis) which can provide the following workflow adapted to the use of other exchange
advantages: documents, from the point of view of problem-solving, to
- a better mutual knowledge (kinds of trades practiced, extend the functionality of the memory tool to adapt it to
available resources, and so on), enabling anticipation of the storage and handling of knowledge.
requirements, We are still modeling other sectors of activity and other
- the use of knowledge about previous situations of cooperation processes in the industry in particular the
cooperation, providing a decision-making aid by enabling making up and distribution. At the same time, we are
the estimation of production times and costs, a better improving the previous models.
allocation of resources and supplies and a better We are currently planning the observation of the uses of
management of competences within the network. this tool to facilitate the cooperation in two tasks: knitting
and dyeing.
The use of this cooperation support should enable: The results of this observation will enable us to capitalize
- improved cooperation between partners as time goes on, on knowledge, specific to this type of coordination, which
- improved product quality, will enable us to define their functionality allowing their
- innovation in all the stages of the production chain, further operation.
- reduced manufacturing times and investments, We are studying the knowledge modeling methods (such
- reduced cost prices for textile goods, making them more as MKSM, KADS, REX, etc.) to adapt one of them for
competitive on the market, EEM Knowledge capitalization.
- motivation for every actor so that they give the best of At the same time, we are taking part in the development of
themselves in terms of competence and involvement. Each a questionnaire with the managers and sociologists of the
thus becomes a factor of innovation instead of a simple Tech-CICO laboratory, to identify shareable knowledge at
subcontractor in the field. the level of an extended enterprise.
We are also collaborating with the linguists of the Tech-
The remaining question is about EEM construction, the CICO laboratory, particularly in the modeling of the
choice of exogenous knowledge to be preserved as well as communication IS mentioned.
the capacity to formalize endogenous knowledge
(resulting from work processes already operated). This 8 Conclusion
also can reveal the question of the nature of the “strategic
information” which can be shared by partners within an IT technologies are good technical supports for
extended enterprise and if a partner can leave or enter this workgroup. But, this type of tools does not represent well
network, which is largely informal, at any time. This last efficient help for cooperative activities. We regret a
point is of course significant but it will not be clarified in formalization of subjacent process.
this paper.
As answer to this missing, we propose to analyze and
7.3 MCSC Application :current work and model inter-company cooperative activity by
perspectives distinguishing its dimensions. We base our analysis as
well as on a theoretical study and practical observation of
We started to study the processes of this industry, an activity in textile extended enterprise.
following the stages of our approach:
1- the macro level : modeling the operating modes and Our main objective is to develop techniques, based on the
the decision-making processes within the textile industry models so defined, that support an inter-company
and categorizing the business, the actors and their cooperative activity. For instance, the extended enterprise
relationships. Here is an example of models to describe a memory (EEM) forms a good example of this type of
" study" in the textile industry. techniques. We offer with this modeling macro and micro
vision of cooperation process.
2- the micro level :
M. Zacklad, N. Matta, I.Boughzala 4-6
Such modeling is guided by cooperation engineering that
has, as its principal objective, knowledge management of [Pow90] Powell, W.W., (1990). Neither market nor
a complex cooperative activity which requires articulation hierarchy : Network Forms of organisation, research in
in different dimensions such as communication, Organizational Behavior, Vol. 12, JAI Press, P. 295-
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