=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-3405/paper4
|storemode=property
|title= The use of gamification to change commuters mobility behavior: A literature review
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3405/paper4.pdf
|volume=Vol-3405
|authors=Andrea Reindl, Melanie Juppe, Philipp Graf, Lisa-Maria Putz-Egger,Wolfgang Schildorfer
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/gamifin/ReindlJGPS23
}}
== The use of gamification to change commuters mobility behavior: A literature review==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3405/paper4.pdf
The use of gamification to change commuters’ mobility
behavior: A literature review
Andrea Reindl 1, Melanie Juppe 1, Philipp Graf 1, Lisa-Maria Putz-Egger 1 and Wolfgang
Schildorfer 1
1
University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wehrgrabengasse 1-3, 4400 Steyr, Austria
Abstract
From current research projects at the University of Applied Sciences we learned that changing
mobility behaviour is very difficult to achieve. Nevertheless, to reduce negative mobility impact
and support people in their daily commute, we investigated the effects of gamification in the
context of commuting.
Through conducting a structured literature review this paper aims to identify elements used in
gamification to change users' mobility behaviour towards selecting more sustainable choices.
The main challenge when doing this structured literature review was to define accurate search
strings to cover our research question followed by selecting relevant papers and setting up a
clear matrix for presenting the identified results. The research question answered in this paper
is: What gamification elements and transport modes are employed in studies on gamification
for commuter behaviour? Our paper follows the approach of Liberati et. al. [1] for systematic
literature reviews. We retrieved 260 studies, 23 of them were identified for the thematic
analysis. Private motorized individual transport, public transport, active mobility, and mobility
sharing are the four major types of transportation modes which were identified after screening
the 23 studies. Points & leaderboards, badges and quests/challenges are the main gamification
elements which are identified after screening the 23 relevant papers. The positive effects of the
individual elements are shown in the discussion and conclusion section.
Keywords 1
Gamification, behavioral change, smart and playful cities, mobility service, commuter,
systematic literature review
problems. The term commute refers to a journey
1 Introduction that is non-discretionary and undertaken frequent
between home and work [6, 7]. Environmentally
friendly solutions such as shared-use vehicle
Transport emission account for one-fifth of the right-of-way lanes, bicycle infrastructure
global CO2 emissions and thereof 41% the improvements, downtown driving fees, and public
passenger car is accountable for [2]. Rapid growth transportation have been explored to significantly
of urban population and vehicle numbers has led improve the devastating congestion and emissions
to new requirements for solving congestion and
problems in urban and catchment areas. These
emission problems [3–5]. Commuting to work approaches all have in common that they are
contributes to this congestion and emission costly, reduce comfort for motorists, and require
7th International GamiFIN Conference 2023 (GamiFIN 2023),
April 18-21, 2023, Lapland, Finland.
EMAIL: andrea.reindl@fh-steyr.at (A. 1); melanie.juppe@fh-
steyr.at (A. 2); philipp.graf@fh-steyr.at (A. 3);
wolfgang.schildorfer@fh-steyr.at (A. 4); lisa-maria.putz-
egger@fh-steyr.at (A. 5)
ORCID: 0000-0002-5325-9927 (A. 2); 0000-0002-0637-5810 (A.
4); 0000-0003-3659-2231 (A. 5)
©️ 2023 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative
Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)
37
changes in commuters' work routines [8]. It would the context of travelling shall occur, according to
be better to continue to provide mobility per se for Yen et. al. ”gamification can be designed either to
everyone, but in a user- and environmentally impact on the derived demand itself and/or the end
friendly manner. Mobility is defined as the point activity for which transport is demanded“
potential for movement and the ability to get from [8].
one place to another using one or more modes of Policymakers therefore have a choice in
transport to meet daily needs. As such, it differs implementing gamification in the transportation
from accessibility, which refers to the ability to context in practice. In a derived demand
access or reach a desired service or activity [9]. intervention for transportation, gamification can
One measure to reduce traffic congestion and either target activities required by the travel
emissions in urban areas is ridesharing. The term behavior ( i.e., completing the trip) or attempt to
ride sharing is used for several concepts of shared characterize transportation in that it is bundled
use of mobility in the literature. Ridesharing including the goods or services that are consumed
means the sharing of a motor vehicle to share only at the end of the trip.
costs (non-profit) or to compensate the driver (i.e., If the aim is to relieve congestion in the
paid service), with participant billing (for-profit) transport network by political means, for
by the driver and one or more passengers [10]. It example, two different concepts can be applied.
represents a useful complement to other forms of First, as a substitute for the own car, a
mobility, but the behavioral changes required to gamification system for public transport could be
do so generally take time. Gamification has been developed. Here, a concentration of the game
considered one of the most popular persuasive elements on variables related to the travel
technologies to change user behavior towards behavior, e.g. travel costs or travel modes, would
sustainability. Gamification is defined by Sgueo be necessary. As a second option, gamification
as “the use of game-design elements (e.g., could target the bundling of travel and
rankings, levels, and badges) into non-game consumption of goods or services at the end of the
contexts”, implying playful dynamics such as an trip. Accordingly, the game structure would have
artificial conflict among users (competition), a set to be geared towards the use of public transport as
of rules to govern such conflicts and quantifiable access to, for example, soccer matches, enabling,
outcomes (rewards) [11]. With gamification an for example, participation in a lottery for a ticket
environment is created in which intrinsic to the next soccer match. In both cases,
motivation encourages individuals to change their gamification provides an incentive for car owners
behavior in a desired way. [12]. to see public transportation as an experience and
Moreover, mobile apps for ride sharing used thus increase their use of it. In practice, this has
gamification to incentivize more environmentally already been used successfully to achieve change
friendly travel modes such as public transport [8]. The literature review aims to understand this
[13]. In recent years, Buningh et al. implemented change and anwers the following research
a gamified system for stimulating company question:
employees to choose sustainable means of (RQ) What gamification elements and transport
commuting to work [7]. One major challenge is to modes are employed in studies on
encourage commuters to use alternative modes of gamification for commuter behavior?
transportation (than the private motorized
individual vehicle), while including them in the 2 Method
pervasive game. The building of a community of
traffic participants (including motorists,
bicyclists, public transport users, etc.) via the use We conducted a systematic literature review to
of a website and a mobile application is a key identify what gamification elements and transport
aspect to make [8]. modes are used to aid behavioral change towards
Transport policy is one of the most appropriate sustainable commuting. The authors drew from
public areas suitable for gamification. It is the four-phase model of the PRISMA statement
characterized as a derived demand because by Liberati et al. The model proposes structuring
transport is necessary to fullfill demands at the information flow within an identification,
destination e.g., work, study, or leisure activity. screening, eligibility, and inclusion phase, to
For the effective application of gamification in the improve the reporting of the systematic review
mobility field transport must be incorpoated as a [1]. This approach was used as it is a well-
established approach for systematic reviews. For
derived demand [8]. When behavioural change in
38
the literature review, the database Scopus and the as a service and other services related to mobility.
search engine Primo of the University of Applied The search term mobility and commut* was used
Sciences Upper Austria were used. Primo covers to include studies in relation to commuting,
the following databases: ACM, Belz Juventa, commute and commuters and to narrow the results
EBSCO Business Source Elite, Emerald that mobility retrieves stand-alone. The keywords
Collections, Hanser E-books, IEEE/IEL, Nomos chang* or behave* are included to include the
eLibrary, OECD, Sage Humanities and Social topic of behavioral change and generally changes
Science Package, ScienceDirect College Edition, induced by gamification.
SpringerLink Portal, Taylor and Francis, UTB- Having the search string defined we retrieved
Studi-E-Book, publishing house Austria E- 260 studies. Table 2 shows the results of the
Library, and Wiley-Online Library. The titles of literature search in each database. After the
the search were downloaded on the 24th of January duplicates were removed 223 studies remained.
and the review was conducted between January Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined to
and February 2023. Table 1 shows the metadata find relevant studies for our future research. The
and the search strings used in Primo and Scopus. inclusion and exclusion criteria are shown in
Scopus covers peer-reviewed studies and in Primo Table 3.
peer reviewed studies were included in the search
results. Table 3
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Table 1 Inclusion Criteria Rationale
Databases and search string used Practitioner documents
Searched Publication in that reflect current
Database Search string
Metadata peer-reviewed scientific status about the
TITLE ( gamif*) journal use of gamification to
AND (mobility AND change mobility behavior
(service OR Paper discusses
SCOPUS Title, All The focus of this research
commut*) AND and describes the
(chang* OR is to identify effects
effects of
behav*)) gamification has on
gamification on
TITLE ( gamif*) changing mobility
changing mobility
AND (mobility AND behaviors
behaviors
(service OR Exclusion criteria Rationale
PRIMO Title, All
commut*) AND English is the language
(chang* OR Paper was not
that the author can read
behav*)) written in English
and comprehend
Only if the full paper can
Table 2 No access to full be processed, the
Number of studies per database paper available relevance of a paper can
Number be determined
Search Exclusion
Database of Access to
date criteria Only if the full paper can
studies requested paper
be processed, the
SCOPUS 24.01.23 160 not granted/not
relevance of a paper can
non peer- granted in time
PRIMO 24.01.23 100 be determined
reviewed for deadline
The search string includes the keyword gamif* in After revising the title and abstract and
the title search to include the keywords applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria on
gamification and gamify. The remaining the 223 studies, 29 studies remained. These 29
keywords used are searched for in all the text studies were full text analyzed. 6 studies were
passages of the publications. The combination of excluded because they were missing contextual
the keywords mobility and service was used to connections to the research topic. 23 studies were
include publications related to the topic mobility
39
identified as relevant for further thematic analysis. thereof whereas deployment projects are projects
The review procedure is shown in Figure 1. realized and tested in real-life conditions.
In the thematic analysis, we investigate the The following paragraphs explain the
distribution of the 23 relevant studies on the four categories used in Table 5, which compares the
modes defined in the results section: motorized literature findings. Private motorized individual
individual transport, public transport, active transport, public transport, active mobility, and
mobility, and mobility sharing. The gamification mobility sharing are the four major types of
elements that were evaluated within the relevant transportation modes which were identified after
studies are categorized as well as the benefit, screening the 23 studies.
incentive or reward that was offered to users is Motorized (private) individual transport
characterized. The transport modes, gamification contains all individual transportation systems
elements and benefits, incentives and rewards are which are run by an internal engine e.g., car
presented in the results section. (including e-car) or motorcycle. E-bikes and E-
scooters are excluded and are part of the active
Records identifies mobility transportation type.
Duplicates removed All sorts of transportation with which people
through database
(n=37) travel together on designated routes (e.g. buses,
searching (n=260)
trams, tubes) were clustered under the term public
transport.
Records excluded: Active mobility refers to all kind of mobility
not peer reviewed which requires an active physical input activity.
(n=0) Though some e-bikes can drive without active
not in English (n=1) pedal they are still clustered under active mobility
not related to due to the strong similarity with normal bikes.
Mobility sharing covers all transportation
Records screened effects of
services and devices (e.g. cars or bikes) which are
(n=223) gamification on
shared among each other. It includes car sharing
changing mobility schemes as well as ride sharing.
behavior (n=193) Points & Leaderboards, Badges and
not available as full quests/challenges are the main gamification
paper (n=0) elements which are identified after screening the
23 papers. These elements refer to a gameplay
mechanism through which users should be
motivated to engage more with the system.
Full-text articles
Full text articles Points indicate how successful a task, or a
excluded with
assessed for eligibility prior defined quest has been completed. Users can
reasons compare their score with the other users score on
(n=29)
(n= 6) leaderboards, which leads to competition
amongst users [14].
Badges that are provided are mostly known in
Studies included in advance to encourage the user to complete
thematic analysis personal goals without direct competition [15].
(n=23) They have the same principle as medals and show
achievements which are usually received after a
Figure 1: Review procedure
series of tasks has been completed [3]. Badges are
used to further reward a player´s performance in
3 Results terms of achievements by providing a collective
visual representation [16].
In this section the results of the 23 studies Quests/challenges: With a given challenge
related to gamification in the mobility sector are users desired behavior can be accomplished plus
discussed to answer the research question. The interest and participation is maintained over time.
title, authors, research or deployment project, [3]. To make challenges more effective in terms
publication year and reference numbers given are of behavior change, quests and challenges tailored
shown in Table 4. Research project refers to to the participant turned out to be most engaging
projects based on literature and comparison and increased the user experience [16].
40
Benefit/rewards/incentives: To achieve interaction with the mobility service used [27].
changes in certain behavior, rewards through The effects of gamification were never stated as
incentive measures must be individual having a negative influence, yet measurable data
performance related. Rewarding well performing are scarce.
participants can increase the motivation to change Through our review process we discovered
direction in a desired way. [8] Travel demand that within the peer-reviewed articles only few
management often adopts incentives as an studies present measurable results on the impact
instrument for change in travel behavior e.g. of gamification on commuter mobility behavior
discount for public transport fares during off-peak e.g. decreased CO2 emissions or quantifying the
times [8]. impact of direct tangible rewards on application
After screening the elected literature benefits usage. For instance, Kracheel et al. identified and
in the context with gamification can be classified quantified which gamification elements users
into direct tangible or indirect tangible benefits. respond by testing through mock-up games [19].
Direct tangible benefits are financial rewards, Minnich measured the impact of gamification on
discounts on products or points which can be new customer numbers [32] or Ebermann et al.
redeemed further for rewards. measures the influence of specific functions
Indirect tangible benefits lead to money and within a persuasive system [21]. Yet, a research
time savings through inclusion of information and gap exists, further research could investigate and
feedback from the application [17]. define indicators for making the effects of
Having defined the categories used in this gamification on mobility behavior tangible or
paper, Table 5 shows the results of our research focus on making impacts measurable.
about gamification in the field of the different Another limitation of this review is that non-
transport modes and which different gamification peer-reviewed literature was excluded in the
elements have been mentioned in the publications. search. Projects, experiments, and applications
Active mobility was the most examined that were not scientifically published are therefore
transportation mode with a total of 15 paper not covered. Further research could include
covering the topic. 11 articles had references to project data bases e.g. of EU-Projects and thus
public transportation. With 10 references mobility contribute to real-life experiences and as well as
sharing and 9 references motorized individual found data.
transport are the least mentioned transportation Rewards for sustainable mobility behavior
modes. makes travel more interesting [3].
The three main gamification elements points & For further research the search string should
leaderboards, badges and quests were identified in also include GAME* as in this review the search
the literature. From 23 screened papers 9 covered was limited to GAMIF* and thus important
a topic including badges and 12 referred to a publications might have been missed. In this
point-based gamification system, some having review it was not included due to capacity reasons
both. Only 3 covered a quest-based gamification as the retrieved studies are significantly higher
element. Direct tangible benefits have been including game in the search string. The review
addressed by 15 publications, indirect tangible shows that benefits/rewards/ incentives, no matter
benefits by 17. if direct tangible, indirect tangible, or their
combination are vital elements when gamifying
4 Discussion and conclusion commutes or other travels.
The goal of this literature review was to
identify what gamification elements and transport
modes are employed in studies on commuter
behavior. We investigated how gamification
influences mobility behavior and choices made by
the users. Overall, it can be concluded that using
gamification elements had a positive effect e.g.
increased bike sharing users [30], behavioral
change towards more eco-friendly transport
choices [3, 8, 16, 17], a more eco-friendly driving
behavior [15] or an improved quality of
41
Table 4
Relevant literature used within the review including designated study ID, author, title, journal, research or deployment project and year
Research (R) or
Study
Authors Title Journal Deployment Year Reference
ID
Project (D)
Using gamification and metaphor to design a mobility
S01 McCall R,Koenig V,Kracheel M JMHCI R 2013 [18]
platform for commuters
Kazhamiakin R,Marconi
Using gamification to incentivize sustainable urban
S02 A,Perillo M,Pistore M,Valetto ISC2 D 2015 [7]
mobility
G,Piras L,Avesani F,Perri N
Playing with traffic: An emerging methodology for
S03 Kracheel M,McCall R,Koenig V IGI Gobal R 2015 [19]
developing gamified mobility applications
Kazhamiakin R,Marconi
A gamification framework for the long-term engagement
S04 A,Perillo M,Pistore M,Valetto ISC2 D 2016 [20]
of smart citizens
G,Piras L,Avesani F,Perri N
The role of goal frames regarding the impact of gamified
S05 Ebermann C,Brauer B ECIS 2016 R 2016 [21]
persuasive systems on sustainable mobility behavior.
Wunsch M,Stibe A,Millonig Gamification and social dynamics: Insights from a
S06 LNCS D 2016 [22]
A,Seer S,Chin RC,Schechtner K corporate cycling campaign
Vlahogianni EI,Barmpounakis Gamification and sustainable mobility: Challenges and
S07 IET R 2017 [23]
EN opportunities in a changing transportation landscape
Selective psychological effects of nudging, gamification
Lieberoth A,Holm Jensen
S08 and rational information in converting commuters from TRF D 2018 [24]
N,Bredahl T
cars to buses: A controlled field experiment
Drakoulis R,Bellotti F,Bakas
I,Berta R,Paranthaman A Gamified Flexible Transportation Service for On-
S09 ITS R 2018 [25]
PK,Dange GR,Lytrivis P,Pagle Demand Public Transport
K,De Gloria A,Amditis A
Solving “smart city” transport problems by designing
S10 Olszewski R,Pałka P,Turek A carpooling gamification schemes with multi-agent Sensors D 2018 [26]
systems: The case of the so-called “mordor of Warsaw”
Volpi V,Parente GA,Pifferi Improving quality of interaction with the mobility
S11 LNCS R 2018 [27]
G,Opromolla A,Medaglia CM services through the gamification approach
42
Research (R) or
Study
Authors Title Journal Deployment Year Reference
ID
Project (D)
Cardoso B,Ribeiro M,Prandi When gamification meets sustainability: A pervasive
S12 ACM D 2019 [14]
C,Nunes N approach to foster sustainable mobility in Madeira
Gamification in transport interventions: Another way to
S13 Yen BT,Mulley C,Burke M Cities R 2019 [8]
improve travel behavioural change
Biregional cooperation for advancing Gamification in
S14 Dodi IA Transport Policies and Infrastructure in the European Europolity R 2020 [28]
Union and Latin America and the Caribbean
Simulation of Gamification Elements to Promote
S15 Pinto BM,Rossetti RJ ISC2 R 2020 [29]
Carpooling in a Closed Community
Gamification to prevent climate change: a review of Current
S16 Douglas BD,Brauer M R 2021 [12]
games and apps for sustainability opinion in
Pasca MG,Guglielmetti Mugion Gamification and service quality in bike sharing: an
S17 TQM R 2021 [30]
R,Toni M,Di Pietro L,Renzi MF empirical study in Italy
Kazhamiakin R,Loria E,Marconi A Gamification Platform to Analyze and Influence
S18 ITS D 2021 [16]
A,Scanagatta M Citizens' Daily Transportation Choices
Innovation for Sustainable Cities: The Effects of Nudging
Luger-Bazinger C,Hornung-
S19 and Gamification Methods on Urban Mobility and AGIF D 2021 [31]
Prähauser V
Sustainability Behaviour
El Hafidy A,Rachad T,Idri Gamified mobile applications for improving driving
S20 MIS R 2021 [15]
A,Zellou A behavior: A systematic mapping study
Wang W,Gan H,Wang X,Lu Initiatives and challenges in using gamification in
S21 ETRR R 2022 [3]
H,Huang Y transportation: a systematic mapping
Impacts of Pokémon GO on route and mode choice
decisions: exploring the potential for integrating
Guo Y,Peeta S,Agrawal
S22 augmented reality, gamification, and social components Transportation R 2022 [17]
S,Benedyk I
in mobile apps to influence travel decisions.
Transportation
Gamification in the transport sector: Quasi-experimental Transportation
S23 Minnich A D 2023 [32]
evidence from a bicycle navigation app research
43
Table 5
Output table comparing the applied transport modes and gamification elements per study
Transport mode Gamification elements
Points & leaderboards
Motorized individual
Quest / challenges
Indirect tangible
Mobility sharing
Public transport
Active mobility
Direct tangible
transport
benefit
benefit
Badge
S01 x x
S02 x x x x x
S03 x x x x x x
S04 x x x x x x
S05 x
S06 x x x
S07 x x x x x x x x
S08 x x x x x
S09 x x x
S10 x x x x
S11 x x x x
S12 x x
S13 x x x x
S14 x x x x x x x
S15 x x x
S16 x x
S17 x x x x x
S18 x x x x x x x x x
S19 x x x
S20 x x x
S21 x x x x
S22 x x x x x x x x x
S23 x x x x
Sum 9 11 15 10 12 9 4 17 15
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