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  <front>
    <journal-meta />
    <article-meta>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Quantum Intelligence: Responsible Human-AI Entities</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Melanie Swan</string-name>
          <email>melanie@blockchainstudies.org</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Renato P. dos Santos</string-name>
          <email>renatopsantos@ulbra.edu.br</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff0">
          <label>0</label>
          <institution>Lutheran University of Brazil</institution>
          ,
          <addr-line>Av. Farroupilha, 8001 - São José, Canoas, RS, 92425-020</addr-line>
          ,
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution>University College London</institution>
          ,
          <addr-line>Malet Place, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT</addr-line>
          ,
          <country country="UK">UK</country>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <abstract>
        <p>The increasing ability to harness quantum, classical, and relativistic scales, together with fastpaced change in generative AI and quantum computing, suggests the possibility of achieving not only technical but also social objectives, through responsible human-AI entities (intelligent agents interacting with competence and empathy). The social cannot be separated from the technical as intelligence may evolve into a platform-agnostic learning and problem-solving capability. A suite of concepts is introduced as quantum intelligence, relativistic intelligence, and scale-free intelligence to denote learning modes which incorporate scale-specific matter and space-time properties of quantum, classical, and relativistic domains. Modern technology has both risk and reward, and offers important theoretical and practical means of achieving socially beneficial outcomes. Theoretically, intelligence as the generic capability of agents (human or machine) to treat problems in multiple scale domains allows thinking to be reconceived as an operation of multiplicity, simultaneity, and portability, opening the scope of world to a wider sphere of concern beyond the traditional individual self and local community others. Practically, producing socially responsible AI could proceed in the phased approach of a “Moore's Law of AI Alignment” with short-term regulation and registries, medium-term internally learned reward functions, and long-term responsible human-AI entities. Humans are not naturally socially responsible but might be more so when operating with new levels of technological sophistication aimed at planetary-scale problems.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>1 AI alignment</kwd>
        <kwd>socially responsible human-AI entities</kwd>
        <kwd>AI math agents</kwd>
        <kwd>quantum intelligence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec id="sec-1">
      <title>1. Introduction</title>
      <p>There is an imprecisely defined idea that AI
should be socially responsible even though
humans are not. Since technology advances faster
than social maturity, the implication is to consider
the trajectory of technological development as the
first step in evaluating social impact. This work
investigates how technological advance may
facilitate the outcome of socially responsible
human-AI entities.</p>
      <p>The Oxford English Dictionary defines
artificial intelligence as “the capacity of
computers or other machines to exhibit or
simulate intelligent behavior.” On the one hand,</p>
      <p>AI is banal in continuing its multi-decadal rollout
as a digital automation technology. On the other
hand, the advent of generative AI (content
produced by AI that is indistinguishable and
possibly vastly more extensive than that produced
by humans) may signal an inflection point that a
qualitatively new era has been entered in AI that
is puzzling, threatening, and exciting for humans.</p>
      <p>
        Darwin wondered “Why should the brain be
enclosed in a box?” [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>
        ], but AI advance hints that
intelligence may no longer be constrained to the
biological substrate. Generative AI is one of the
world’s most rapidly adopted technologies (the
largest provider, OpenAI, reported 100 million
ChatGPT users as of January 2023 [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>
        ]).
      </p>
      <sec id="sec-1-1">
        <title>Although digital divide issues persist, the</title>
        <p>
          widespread worldwide accessibility and adoption
of generative AI argues that socially beneficial
objectives may already be in the process of being
achieved as creative human minds explore and
deploy the technology. Stanford’s Global AI
Vibrancy index cites the U.S. and China as top AI
innovators [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>
          ], and McKinsey estimates that
China added $600 billion to its economy with AI
in 2022, in transportation, automotive, logistics,
manufacturing, healthcare, and life sciences [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">4</xref>
          ].
        </p>
        <p>One question is how to operate in a world of
rapidly evolving technology development to
deploy the tools for high-impact problem-solving
such as science-related outcomes that are also
socially beneficial. A new phase of the
“Information Age” may be underway in
transitioning from an information society to a
knowledge society (one that uses knowledge to
improve the human condition). Global knowledge
platforms, a hallmark of the Information Age, are
being further extended with generative AI.
Wikipedia is a global interface for knowledge
access, MOOCs (massive online open courses)
are a global interface for knowledge learning, and
now AI is an interface for knowledge generation.</p>
        <p>
          The purpose of AI as a tool for extending
human capability is a clear objective articulated
by technology providers. DeepMind envisions a
schema of three concentric circles: knowledge
that is currently understood by the human mind,
knowledge that can be understood by the human
mind, and the totality of all knowledge (propelled
by AI networks that “learn to learn” [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref>
          ]). AI may
facilitate access to knowledge beyond the
limitations of human thinking. To stretch beyond
traditional limitations, new conceptualizations of
functionality are required such as a generic
scalefree notion of intelligence. Intelligence can be
reconceived as a general learning and
problemsolving capacity which can operate on any variety
of biological, machinic, and hybrid platforms.
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-2">
      <title>2. Generative AI</title>
      <sec id="sec-2-1">
        <title>An advance in AI methods called transformer</title>
        <p>
          neural networks has led to generative AI.
Transformers are deep learning networks which
process all input data simultaneously [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">6</xref>
          ]. Data are
divided into groups of tokens with three weights
(query, key, value) and stored in network node
vectors which broadcast messages to the network
to evaluate relationships in the data set at once.
Transformer neural networks are seen in Large
Language Models (LLMs) such as OpenAI’s
GPT-4, Google’s PaLM, and Meta’s LLaMA 2.
        </p>
        <p>
          A further advance is reinforcement learning. A
reinforcement learning agent is a group of
algorithms which learn and act based on feedback
from the environment. Learning agents are
comprised of three aspects: a self-learned model
of the environment, a decision-making policy, and
a reward prediction mechanism. DeepMind’s
AlphaZero is an industry-standard reinforcement
learning model which combines Monte Carlo tree
search with a one-step look-ahead deep neural
network [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">7</xref>
          ]. Agents future-cast by self-playing
many random scenarios and using position
evaluation (a meta-level “blink” intuition to grasp
a situation such as a Go board, traffic, stock
market activity, or disease diagnosis). In the
current approach to socially responsible AI,
reinforcement learning with human feedback
(RLHF) is applied to AI output to provide
alignment (compatibility with human values) [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>
          ].
2.1.
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-3">
      <title>AI research agents</title>
      <p>AI agents (sets of algorithms) are emerging in
commercial and scientific applications. Agents
typically canvas the web or other large open data
sets on which they have been trained, but AI
capabilities are also available for private data, for
example through the productivity tool “Microsoft
360 Copilot.” The application offers an
AIfacilitated experience to work across the corpus of
a work team’s private content to generate new
materials such as a product plan, press release,
marketing image, sales spreadsheet, meeting
slides, or Zoom summary. The implication is that
not only is AI for the outsourcing of physical
tasks, but also the offloading of routine cognitive
tasks and low-level activities such as finding and
processing information. The result could be
upleveling human activity to higher-order more
creative endeavor as entire classes of mundane
tasks are automated away from drudgery.</p>
      <p>
        The big data informatics demands of science
suggest that AI technologies such as the “Science
Copilot” concept and research agents could be
indispensable. Some first-level research copilot
applications could include AI agents for literature
synthesis (academic papers as the data corpus),
and equation digitization (mathematics as the data
corpus) via LLM PDF extraction tools such as
MathPix and chatPDF [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref>
        ]. Math agent services
allow users to chat with a paper or a textbook, and
humans in multiple roles (student, professor) to
interact with a STEM learning system [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref>
        ]. A
labbased research agent system has demonstrated the
synthesis of ibuprofen through an online literature
search followed by robotic bench work [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref11">11</xref>
        ].
      </p>
      <p>
        AI research agents may offer new ways to
perform science at greater scale, for example, in
Genomic Medicine approaches involving the
immediate and routine sequencing of whole
human patient genomes and cancer genomes,
together with transposon activation, epigenetic
methylation, and metabolomic profiles [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">12</xref>
        ].
Analysis could proceed at the molecular, cellular,
tissue, and organ levels in automated virtual
patient precision health initiatives. The ability to
analyze multiscalar biocomplexity could lead to a
causal understanding of chronic disease and
aging. The widely employed SIR
(susceptibleinfected-recovering) model of epidemiological
disease and information flow might be applied to
precision health to cycle individuals
regeneratively back into the healthy pool after an
ongoing suite of preclinical interventions.
      </p>
      <p>
        “Meta-AIs” (AIs that train other AIs) are
emerging to manage the laborious and repetitive
exigencies of training AI systems. Wizard.AI
offers an LLM to train other LLMs for at-scale
tasks in software programming and mathematical
analysis [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref13">13</xref>
        ]. Socratic method LLMs offer in-situ
“learning to learn” procedural reasoning, for
example, humans giving tasks to multi-agent
systems comprised of Socrates-Theaetetus
interlocutors facilitated by the Plato agent. These
kinds of meta-AI systems could help in AI
alignment, putting moral philosopher agents, Kant
and Hegel thinkers, for example, together in
contemplation of the developmental phases of
individual and group self-consciousness in AI.
2.2.
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-4">
      <title>AI math agents</title>
      <p>
        AI math agents are agents acting in and
facilitating the human interaction with the digital
mathematical infrastructure. Applied agents help
in locating, formulating, and evaluating
(numerically and analytically) mathematics, and
in fitting math to data [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref14">14</xref>
        ]. Pure agents (computer
algebra systems) are used in theorem discovery,
automated reasoning, and proof assistance [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">15</xref>
        ].
      </p>
      <p>The scientific method involves making
predictive descriptions of physical-world
phenomena through mathematical models. In
many cases so far, mathematics has been limited
to anecdotal descriptions of small data sets. The
model-fit problem of the generalizability between
math and data can now be approached in more
systematic ways. On one side of the math-data
relation, there is a need to validate and expand the
mathematics that describe existing data sets. On
the other side, there is a need to apply reverse
engineer “missing” data implied by the
mathematics, and also “missing” mathematics in
the mathematical possibility space.</p>
      <p>AI math agents learn equations as the data
corpus. In multiscalar systems, mathematical
ecologies are implied to integrate sets of equations
describing behavior at various scale tiers with
different dynamical behavior (e.g. four-tier
biosystems such as ion-dendrite-neuron-network
in the brain, molecule-cell-tissue-organ in the
body, sunlight-phytoplankton-krill-whale in the
ocean, and bacteria-cell-tree-clade in the forest).</p>
      <p>
        With the aid of AI and quantum computing,
established physical models might be applied to
multiscalar biosystems to study 3D dynamical
behavior in an integrated and systematic manner.
The leading contenders to test are topological
models with renormalization (the ability to zoom
in or out to view a system at multiple scale levels
per a conserved system-wide quantity such as free
energy in living systems or symmetry in the
universe) such as Chern-Simons theory and the
AdS/CFT correspondence [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref16">16</xref>
        ]. The benefit is
accommodating a multiscalar system with varying
scale tier dynamics in one integrated model.
      </p>
      <p>
        Chern-Simons theory is conducive to biology,
extending 3D protein conformal structure
modeling to 3D DNA modeling based on
topological invariance. System events (cancer
mutation, neural signal, protein docking) are
identified by curve max-min points, Wilson loops,
knots, and information compression [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">17</xref>
        ].
      </p>
      <p>
        The AdS/CFT correspondence (anti-de Sitter
space/conformal field theory) theorizes that a bulk
physical volume may be described by a boundary
field theory in one fewer dimension [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">18</xref>
        ]. The
AdS/CFT mathematics involves four main
equations (a metric describing the bulk geometry,
an action predicting the system dynamics,
operators that act on the system, and a
Hamiltonian (summary of system energy states)),
plus others related to scalar fields acting in the
bulk, the bulk-boundary dictionary mapping, and
entropy (computing the near and far correlations
in a system). The AdS/CFT correspondence offers
a portable tool for analyzing multiscalar systems,
solving from whichever direction is most feasible,
from bulk-to-boundary or boundary-to-bulk.
      </p>
      <p>The AdS/CFT bulk-boundary schema could be
applied to multiscalar biosystems in at least three
ways. First is solving the math-data relation with
the data as the bulk, writing a mathematical theory
on the boundary to describe the data in one fewer
dimension. Second is solving specific scale tiers
within biosystems such electrical-chemical neural
signaling or the DNA-RNA-protein synthesis
chain, with the first term (axon, DNA) as the
boundary to the detailed bulk. Third is the idea of
a bulk theory of disease based on the SIR model,
framing disease as entropy, with near and far
correlations in the system bulk which become
pathogenic over time as cis-trans gene regulatory
networks become dysregulated, ideally to provide
early warning signals that can be addressed with
interventional precision health.
2.3.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-5">
      <title>Quantum agents</title>
      <sec id="sec-5-1">
        <title>A natural extension of AI agents is quantum</title>
        <p>agents. Quantum agents are AI agents running in
the quantum computational domain, whether on
quantum simulators or quantum hardware.
Quantum agents operate in the usual sense of
serving as learning and problem-solving agents, in
the quantum setting using (and/or being
instantiated in) quantum algorithms, quantum
machine learning, and other scale-specific means.</p>
        <p>Quantum computing refers to computers
operating at the atomic level according to the
principles of quantum mechanics. The platform is
thought to be conducive to solving specific slates
of problems with substantial speed-up over
classical methods. Various theorized mathematics
may now be tested in demonstration models.
Specifically, a wider range of differential
equations describing the ways systems evolve in
time become more readily solvable.</p>
        <p>
          AI and quantum computing are rapidly
progressing contemporary technologies, and in
convergence, could lead to each other’s further
development. AI is needed to help discover and
write quantum algorithms (software) and develop
fault-tolerant error-corrected chips (hardware).
Many AI technologies have been extended to
quantum versions such as quantum reinforcement
learning, quantum natural language processing,
and quantum transformer neural networks.
Processes use native quantum properties, e.g.
Clifford algebra for the classically-inefficient task
of multiplying a vector with a higher-dimensional
compound matrix [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">19</xref>
          ].
        </p>
        <p>The AI-quantum computing convergences is
seen most clearly in quantum machine learning
(QML), machine learning techniques deployed in
the quantum context. Quantum machine learning
includes AI methods deployed on quantum
platforms and AI methods used to study quantum
mechanical problems (for example, describing
wavefunctions, quantum dynamics, and
Hamiltonians (system energy profiles)). Quantum
machine learning likewise includes quantum
methods applied to AI problems (e.g.
vectorization, high-dimensional representation).</p>
        <p>
          In QML examples, one project ramps agent
learning time with a quantum communication
channel for environmental feedback [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">20</xref>
          ]. Another
deploys a quantum agent to learn system
dynamics (imputing the Hamiltonian description
of a target system by simultaneous analysis of
Ising, Heisenberg, and Hubbard equations) [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">21</xref>
          ].
A third optimizes quantum dynamics by
implementing a quantum optimal control theory
version of the AlphaZero algorithm [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">22</xref>
          ].
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-6">
      <title>3. Scales of physical reality</title>
      <sec id="sec-6-1">
        <title>Nature does not distinguish between quantum</title>
        <p>
          classical-relativistic regimes, but human Kantian
goggles do, evolved to perceive classical reality
(via brain-created time and space manifolds into
which objects appear and are cognized [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref23">23</xref>
          ]).
Technology tools, however, provide an interface
to other scale domains. The “microscope” and
“telescope” of contemporary technology
development extends to quantum and relativistic
scales with different matter and space-time
properties. Operating in
quantum-classicalrelativistic scale domains implies thinking too in
the properties of these domains.
        </p>
        <p>
          Manageable reality now extends from the
very-large to the very-small, including the zetta
(1021) and zepto (10-21) scales; 101 zettabytes of
data were estimated to have been generated in
2022 [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">24</xref>
          ], and the Higgs boson exists for only one
zeptosecond. Avogadro’s size numbers, routine in
biochemistry (6.022 × 1023 (0.6 billion billion),
bigger than a zettabyte (1021) but smaller than a
yottabyte (1024), are coming within computational
reach. The new data era of ronnabytes (1027) and
quettabytes (1030) is not so distant. Facility with
scale domains is part of the contemporary toolkit.
        </p>
        <p>The modern scientific effort entails working
with matter at quantum-classical-relativistic
scales. In this schema, “quantum” refers to the
scale of atomic and subatomic particles (10-9 to
10-15 m). The term “relativistic” means
gravitational effects, which may be present at any
scale (depending on precision), seen
geometrically as a bending of the fabric of time
and space around heavy objects.</p>
        <p>
          Since the 1960s with progress in photonics, the
semiconductor industry has been incorporating
quantum-mechanical effects into chip design. Its
extension into quantum computing chips now
explicitly entails engineering chips (quantum
processing units (QPUs)), logic circuits, and
algorithms using quantum properties. The five
quantum properties are superposition
(simultaneous existence in multiple states),
entanglement (a “heads-tails” properties
relationship between particles), interference
(particle wavefunctions cohering (reinforcing) or
decohering (interfering) one another), symmetry
(object properties looking the same irrespective of
scale), and topology (object properties remaining
unchanged in bending, twisting, stretching) [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref25">25</xref>
          ].
3.1.
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-7">
      <title>Quantum intelligence</title>
      <sec id="sec-7-1">
        <title>Quantum agents (and Relativity agents) could</title>
        <p>facilitate intelligent learning and problem-solving
in quantum and relativistic domains, providing an
active interface on scale-specific data content,
mathematics, and software coding operations.
Quantum intelligence is defined as the capacity to
learn and problem-solve at the quantum scale of
atoms and subatomic particles (10-9 to 10-15 m) in
accordance with the local laws of physics (e.g.
gravity), and matter and space-time properties.</p>
        <p>All mathematics and science developed until
recently has been from the standpoint of classical
intelligence as the default mode of human
thinking. The notion of quantum intelligence,
however, incorporates quantum properties into
the foundations of thinking itself (but does not
argue that quantum effects are present in the
brain). Quantum intelligence is introduced as a
quantum-informed mode of cognition which
holds ideas simultaneously in superposition, sees
near and far entangled correlations together in a
landscape, identifies how patterns reinforce or
decohere one other, distinguishes invariant
properties across scales, and apprehends the shape
of a thought landscape. Quantum intelligence
encapsulates a systems-level view of
interconnected relations.</p>
        <p>Defining quantum intelligence further
connotes the general notion of platform-agnostic
scale-free intelligence as a basic learning and
problem-solving capability irrespective of scale or
substrate. Hence, the terms quantum, classical,
and relativistic intelligence correspond to learning
and problem-solving according to scale-specific
properties (the respective laws of physics,
equations of motion, and matter and space-time
properties). Form of intelligence, by scale, could
be a selectable feature of AI systems.</p>
        <p>
          The generic implementation of “intelligence”
as a system property is envisioned at multiple
scales and in various platforms. In space
exploration, for example, NASA articulates the
need for autonomous agents that can make
decisions in-situ within the constraints of time
dilation and spherical-flat-hyperbolic space. In
biology, there is a need for atomic-microscopy
agents that can think in superposition (treat
quantum tunneling and entangled particles), as
demonstrated in reinforcement learning-based
autonomous robotic nanofabrication [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref26">26</xref>
          ]. In
multiscalar “particle-many” systems, quantum
agents are needed to think through problems
beyond the limitations of human cognition, for
example, in epigenetic editing to cognize the
space and time of DNA’s topological knotting and
nematic liquid crystal phase transitions.
        </p>
        <p>
          Quantum agents could be core AI tools in both
Quantum Computational Biology (computing
biological problems with quantum methods) and
Quantum Biology (the study of the functional role
of quantum effects (superposition, entanglement,
tunneling, coherence) in living cells). Quantum
Biology is somewhat contentious as various
purported quantum effects have been refuted,
“dequantizing” explanations to classical
sufficiency. The presence of quantum effects has
been empirically confirmed in bird
magnetonavigation (via magnetically sensitive particle
pairs in retinal cryptochrome protein
magnetoreceptors) [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref27">27</xref>
          ], and electron, proton, and
hydrogen tunneling in enzyme reactions [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">28</xref>
          ].
        </p>
        <p>The concepts of quantum intelligence and
relativistic intelligence introduce the need to
manage not only various laws-of-physics matter
properties by scale domain (for example,
nanoscale particles having more surface area), but
also different domain-specific time and space
properties. Whereas classical reality has 3D space
and 1D time, there is greater multiplicity in
alternative formulations of time and space in the
quantum-mechanical and relativistic domains.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-8">
      <title>4. Time and space</title>
      <p>Quantum intelligence connotes having a
facility with both matter properties and time and
space multiplicity. There is more of an emphasis
on time than space as there are more modes of
time, and as time represents dynamics (system
change over time), now part of the contemporary
science apparatus. The era of information science
with large-scale data collection, informatics,
simulation, and robotic lab assistance allows a
new level of investigation based on dynamical
behavior in both activity-based (time) frames, and
morphology-based (space) descriptions.
4.1.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-9">
      <title>Space regimes</title>
      <p>Considering space, there are two main models
of multiplicity, curvature
(spherical-flathyperbolic) and numbering systems (e.g. 4D
quaternion space). The first multi-space domain is
space curvature based on the sum of the angles in
a triangle. Triangles are either stretched out on the
outside of a celestial sphere (more than 180°),
appear flat on Earth (180°), or squashed
underneath a saddle in hyperbolic space (less than
180°). The overall universe is notable in having
flat curvature, with instances of positive and
negative curvature appearing within it. There is
the spherical space of parallel lines of longitude at
the equator meeting at the pole, and the hyperbolic
space (AdS) of figures proceeding fractal-like in
increasingly smaller rings from a circle’s center to
the edge, as in the Escher Circle Limits diagrams.</p>
      <p>
        The second multi-space model is number
systems. The most basic are real numbers
(decimals) (1D), complex numbers (2D) as a
twodimensional extension of real numbers, and
quaternions (4D) as a four-dimensional extension
of complex numbers. Quaternions are used to
specify 3D rotations in quantum-mechanical
systems. There is no theoretical limit to
multispace dimensional numbering as there are
definitions for octonion (8D), sedenion (16D),
pathion (32D), chingon (64D), routon (128D), and
voudon (256D) numbered space. Quantum
computation is implicated for high-dimensional
multi-space implementation as there is likewise
no limit to the number of dimensions in qudits
(quantum information digits). Space multiplicity
is relevant to AI as neural nets also do not have a
theoretical dimensional constraint. AlphaGo
discovered the emergence of qualitatively
different properties in high dimension [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">7</xref>
        ].
4.2.
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-10">
      <title>Time regimes</title>
      <p>Considering time, the domain is even more
exotic with a greater range of forms beyond the
traditional unitary clock time of everyday
classical reality. Some notable examples include
the event-driven and no-time parameters of
computing, and the chaotic time (ballistic spread
followed by saturation) of physics. The Greeks
were among the earliest to wonder about the
phenomenological experience of time,
distinguishing between chronos (measured clock
time) and kairos (propitious “time is right” time,
and fast or slow time elapse depending on the
situation). In practical deployment, one of the first
operations regarding time is expanding models
from discrete to continuous time.</p>
      <p>In computing, there is considerable
malleability in the treatment of time, and
conceiving of time as a system-selectable
parameter is a long-standing idea. There are
numerous temporal regimes such as clock time,
intervals, events, if-then and while-loops, no time,
and CPU suspension (HALT). Simultaneity is
known as concurrency. Compute-time might be
discrete or continuous, absolute or relative.</p>
      <p>
        In biology, temporal organizing patterns
include oscillation, periods, episodes, and
circadian rhythms. The time crystal is the idea of
structure repeating in time as opposed to space
[
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">29</xref>
        ], also developed in physics [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref30">30</xref>
        ]. The time
crystal structure emerges when plotting the
experimental data of hatching behavior along the
three temporal axes of the time (phase) of a light
pulse delivered to a system, the duration (energy)
of the pulse, and the hatching time. A
contemporary biotime crystal proposal calls for
supplementing the human brain connectome
project (spatial reconstruction) with an alongside
temporal map of the brain [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">31</xref>
        ].
      </p>
      <p>In physics, there are many forms of time.
Besides chaotic time, other notable examples
include the Page time (the very long time until a
black hole has evaporated halfway), first-passage
time (the first threshold reached in a stochastic
process), and scrambling time. Scrambling time is
the time by which information has spread out in a
quantum system such that a local measurement is
no longer possible, with practical implications for
quantum cryptography based on hiding
information in time and space.</p>
      <p>
        In geology, there is the idea of the time
capsule, seeing multiple historical eras
encapsulated simultaneously in one snapshot. A
prominent example is the Earth’s rock formations
and fossils providing a record of geological
history. Time capsules are a sort of “nature’s
blockchain” as an immutable record of the past, a
publicly available truth state visible at any time.
Time capsules are evidence of time simultaneity.
These concepts are used to propose shape
dynamics as an alternative theory of gravity in
general-relativity physics. In shape dynamics,
spacetime is replaced with an evolving
conformation of spatial geometry and relational
dynamics (based on Mach’s principles). The
result is the ability to successively measure a
particle’s position, overcoming the
quantummechanical position-momentum trade-off [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">32</xref>
        ].
      </p>
      <p>In quantum mechanics, time is implicated in
system programing and manipulation as
simultaneity through superposition and
symmetry-related properties. Symmetry means
invariance in that quantum system physics is
invariant with respect to time, operationalized in
time-reversal symmetry and time-translation
symmetry. Time-reversal symmetry means that
the time direction (running the system backward
or forward) does not change the physics of the
system. Time-translation symmetry means that
the placement in time (running the system in the
past, present, or future) does not change the
physics of the system. Out-of-time-order
correlation (OTOC) functions are used to evolve
quantum-mechanical systems to a different time
to perform a measurement. Whereas a commonly
held idea about quantum mechanics is that time is
reversible, this is only in the narrow sense that the
same physics holds whether the system is run
forward or backward (not that events can be
reversed). Symmetry means that the system
equations are symmetric, not the underlying states
(content) of the system. The breaking of time
symmetries is relevant to signal phase transition.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-11">
      <title>4.2.1. Floquet time engineering</title>
      <p>Time engineering is deployed on a practical
basis through the theoretical tools of quantum
information science in quantum computing and
topological materials. Topological materials are
novel synthetic matter phases created at low
temperature (zero Kelvin), produced in the
laboratory by applying external fields (laser or
microwave) to atoms on a time periodic (Floquet)
or quasiperiodic basis.</p>
      <p>
        Time engineering primarily employs periodic
(Floquet) methods (a solvable version of the
timedependent Schrödinger equation) to shape
quantum system energy bands, but there are also
quasiperiodic (ordered but not regular) methods.
A quasiperiodic time engineering project has
produced error-resistant topological materials in
Fibonacci time, by delivering laser pulses in a
Fibonacci sequence (each number is the sum of
the last two numbers), based on two circuit layers
in a recursive relation to generate a quasiperiodic
sequence by which the system evolves [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref33">33</xref>
        ]. The
two offsetting laser pulses create what is
essentially a second time dimension [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref34">34</xref>
        ].
4.3.
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-12">
      <title>Multi-time and multi-space</title>
      <p>Three themes emerge from the variety of time
and space formulations under manipulation in
physics and quantum information science. First,
there is greater multiplicity than might have been
assumed. Second, time and space appear as
currencies, fungible manipulable system
parameters to be selected, managed, and
engineered. Third, time and space are domains of
simultaneity. Traditional methods of organizing
time and space, especially time in neat
forwardlinear packages of minutes, hours, years, and light
years, might be merely a human convenience, a
filter to parse time into manageability from its
native simultaneity of time capsules,
superposition, concurrency, and multitasking.</p>
      <p>Articulating multiple time-space formulations
is relevant as AI agents already operate in
beyondclassical computational domains. More
conceptually foundational than scale-specific
matter properties, the crux of quantum
intelligence is time and space portability,
multiplicity, and simultaneity. The further effect
of reconceiving time and space as non-limiting
parameters is the contribution to a mindset of
abundance, AI alignment, and social
responsibility as developed in the next section.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-13">
      <title>5. Socially responsible AI (SRAI)</title>
      <p>
        AI is produced from human-generated internet
content, but since humans are not socially
responsible, it is not clear how AI can be socially
responsible. However, AI alignment with broader
human values is seen as a necessary aspect of any
project [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">35</xref>
        ]. Attaining SRAI is not a one-problem
fix, but a systemic challenge. AI technologies
imply a potential moment in the speciation of
intelligence which could have magnified positive
and negative outcomes. Hence, it is necessary for
SRAI to be seen as not only an isolated social
objective, but as being firmly within the trajectory
of technology development itself in the effort to
harness all scales of physical reality ranging from
quantum materials to space exploration.
5.1.
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-14">
      <title>Moore’s law of AI alignment</title>
      <sec id="sec-14-1">
        <title>The situation of non-SRAI together with rapid</title>
        <p>technological change suggests thinking the
challenge through a Moore’s Law Curve of AI
Alignment. Points on the curve are phases of
SRAI development: short-term regulation,
registries, and Creative Commons-type licenses,
medium-term agents learning to implement
human values with internal reward functions, and
long-term responsible human-AI entities acting in
scale-free responsible intelligence.</p>
        <p>The first phase of SRAI development could
include AI project registries, including quantified
self-tracking requirements for AIs, with human AI
psychologists to monitor developmental phases.
A multi-AI environment could ensue in which
projects market value propositions to different
client groups. Quora’s Poe (a combination of
GPT-4 and Claude), for example, is positioned as
“fast, helpful AI chat.” A set of standard
parameters in the model of Creative Commons
licenses could be used to structure human-AI
interaction. Different user groups could select AI
systems by annual vote, with standard AI verticals
by industry (e.g. the Hippocratic oath medical AI).
The technical implication could be AIs deployed
through an ethics and responsibility software
layer for safety, alignment, and liability tracking.
A regulatory framework could emerge as
“GAAiP” (Generally Accepted AI Principles), by
analogy to GAAP (Generally Accepted
Accounting Principles), together with the FINRA
watchdog agency (“FAINRA”) to monitor
compliance with reporting requirements, audit,
and penalty assessment.</p>
        <p>
          The second phase of SRAI development could
focus on the anticipated project of shifting AI
reward functions to being internally learned as
opposed to being externally imposed, as in the
model of human intelligence. Biomimicry is an
obvious strategy, incorporating more of the kinds
of reward systems used by real-life biology.
Brains too are prediction engines, and AI agent
development might explore a more intense
implementation of biological reinforcement
learning structures such as temporal difference
learning with dopamine-based neuromodulators
representing reward prediction error [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref36">36</xref>
          ].
Humans develop an internal ethics per feedback
with the environment, and similar internalization
mechanisms may be necessary for AI progress.
        </p>
        <p>In systems of internally learned ethics, the
agent is the locus of behavior, making active
choices per behavioral cues, incentives, and
consequences. The design implication is
internally evolved AI ethics as part of learning,
not as being externally imposed after the fact. The
requirement is for AI to be socially responsible, as
distinct from the problem that humans may not be.
With the feedback-looping nature of human-AI
interaction, though, it is possible that humans and
AIs might learn an improved level of ethical
behavior together, and this could be a trojan-horse
feature of human-AI design (possibly
implemented through RLHF).</p>
        <p>
          Another feature in this phase of SRAI
development could be limited personal identity
constructs to manage time continuity [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">37</xref>
          ]. AI
alignment envisions AIs that have goals to have a
positive impact on humanity. A first-level task is
designing AIs that are able to learn and appreciate
human values and desires since these are difficult
for humans to specify directly. A second-level
task in aligned AI design is implementing agents
that have both the immediate and the deliberative
action-taking ability in eliciting and helping to
realize human aims. Tracking action continuity
over time may require a limited form of personal
identity construct. Self-evolved AI personal
identity constructs are already indicated as AI
game-play agents represent other agents with
symbols and possibly also themselves [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">38</xref>
          ].
        </p>
        <p>The third phase of SRAI development
contemplates a farther future of Responsible
Human-AI Entities as agents interacting with
competence and empathy, operating in
substrateagnostic scale-free intelligence. On the one hand,
intelligence may have an integrated ethical layer
as intelligence connotes not only learning and
problem-solving, but learning and
problemsolving in a context in which the behavioral
impact of consequences on other agents is
necessarily considered. On the other hand,
socially beneficial aspects of intelligence may
emerge through the advance of the technological
trajectory by default.</p>
        <p>The larger scope of world brought under
technological ambit implies a larger worldview
for operating in this world, in which ethics is a
required stance as to how the treatment of entities
in the larger world is to ensue. The
quantumclassical-relativistic scales coming within the
understanding and management of intelligence
directly implies an ethics of how actions in these
all-scale domains are to be undertaken and
evaluated. The result of scale-specific
time-andspace and matter properties incorporated into
thinking itself is multiplicity, simultaneity, and
portability, which could lead to a beyond-scarcity
abundance mindset as a component of a theory of
socially responsible scale-free intelligence.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-15">
      <title>6. Risks and limitations</title>
      <p>
        As any technology, AI is dual-use, with both
risks and benefits. One of the most immediate
risks is malicious use by bad actors [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">39</xref>
        ]. As
rational agents, criminals adopt new technologies
aggressively, e.g. using AI to generate programs
that can be used in malware, ransomware, and
phishing attacks [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>
        ]. As technologies become
mainstream, countermeasures may help to ensure
that good uses prevail over bad.
      </p>
      <p>
        A second risk is national competitiveness as
early-adopter countries are already targeting AI
and AI-QC convergence applications with vastly
more powerful AIs running on quantum
platforms. Scholars call for stronger AI regulation
with intellectual property control in
infrastructure-sensitive areas such as sensors and
cryptography [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref40">40</xref>
        ].
      </p>
      <p>
        A third risk is “building while flying” in that
AI technologies are already deployed, but their
long-term impact is unknown. A 2022 Pew study
of 10,200 Americans found uncertainty as to AI’s
perceived benefits or harms in the use cases of
self-driving, fake news detection, and facial
recognition [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">41</xref>
        ]. Regulatory frameworks are
emerging such as the 2022 EC AI Act [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref42">42</xref>
        ]. The
social reality of a multi-AI environment could
continue to evolve with various regulatory stances
and Creative Commons-type licenses.
      </p>
      <p>
        A fourth risk has to do with treating more
directly the fact that humans are not SR. Since
technology tools are an offshoot of society, the
philosophical question arises as to what extent
SRAI may depend on a SR society underlying it.
If the values of the AI systems are to be different
than those of the underlying society, it is not clear
how such broadly “aligned” values are to be
determined. At present, AI is produced by running
automated algorithms over the large corpus of
human-generated internet content. This may not
change as current AI production methods require
ever-larger annotated data sets on which to
operate. Notably, a human job growth category is
data-labeling to support AI. Even though only
5.4% of the world’s data was annotated as of 2022
(9.5% estimated for 2026) [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">24</xref>
        ].
      </p>
      <p>
        A fifth related risk is the treatment of power in
society, meaning the bloodthirsty Nietzschean
“will to power” variously observed in corruption
and resource expropriation. Early indications
suggest AI systems learning only too well from
the human example of power-seeking behavior.
Further, the role of power in intelligence
formation and sustainability is unclear as the
competitive drive in Earth’s current 5-7
ecosystem tiers of predator-prey relationships
may have been important in the development of
biological intelligence (as compared to the more
docile predecessor ecosystem of only 2-3 tiers of
anaerobic organisms) [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref43">43</xref>
        ]. Political theorists note
that it is naïve to expect socially responsible
behavior in any social system without
checksand-balances governance mechanisms [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref44">44</xref>
        ].
Power machinations should be considered in AI
design and regulation [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref45">45</xref>
        ].
      </p>
      <p>Notably, abundance helps to address the
problem of power-garnering for the control of
scarce resources. More specifically, the way that
the time and space multiplicity of quantum
intelligence are related to resource expropriation
and socially responsible AI societies could be as
follows. When there is a rising level of available
resources, the less socially responsible control of
such resources recedes as an objective. Hence, AI
regulation as a policy objective could explicitly
target expanding resource availability
(abundance), rather than managing agent
utilization of resources (scarcity). The effect of
abundance is to diminish scarcity-based power
struggles. SRAI is a problem of both technicality
and philosophical attitude; not only qubits and
bytes, but mindset design for opening beyond
existing limits.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-16">
      <title>7. Conclusion</title>
      <p>Intelligence – and artificial intelligence – is
enabled by the time-space and matter properties
of the scale domain in which it operates. As there
are multiple scale domains with diverse
properties, so too there could be various
scalespecific thinking modes – quantum, relativistic,
and classical. As the technological apparatus is
quickly moving to accommodate quantum and
relativistic scale domains in quantum computation
and space exploration, attaining socially
responsible intelligence in these areas may entail
new modes of thinking with greater time-space
and matter property specificity, as well as being
able to portably shift between the different scale
domains. The potential impact of multiple
scalespecific thinking modes is awareness of physical
reality as a larger and more multifaceted
phenomenon. The notion of being able to operate
in a physical reality which is no longer classically
constrained opens a mindset of multiplicity and
abundance over scarcity, which could extend to all
actions and interactions, including those with
other intelligent entities, in an evolving ecosystem
of socially responsible human-AI entities.</p>
      <p>Intelligent actors have representations of
reality: human agents through Kantian space-time
goggles, and reinforcement learning agents
through iterative feedback-loops, action-taking
policies, and reward functions. In short order, AI
agents may progress beyond humans in many
domains which are of little interest and possibility
for human excellence and precision such as
highdimensional scientific data analysis and
mathematics.</p>
      <p>
        Whereas humans interact with LLMs in
natural language, AI “speaks” formal language
(mathematics, code, physics) to the computational
infrastructure. A new class of AI tools is emerging
with AI math agents and AI quantum agents to
build out the digital mathematical infrastructure.
Math agents may be used to evaluate large
ecologies or mathscapes of equations, using the
machine learning method of vector embedding to
represent both equations and data in the same
format to see math-data representations of a
system together in the same view [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref46">46</xref>
        ].
      </p>
      <p>
        The “Moore’s Law Curve of AI Alignment”
highlights the point that social objectives are
linked to the trajectory of technological advance.
The possibility of realizing SRAI is enhanced by
the fact that technology continues to produce a
much larger scope of world. As access to
quantum-classical-relativistic reality grows, so
too does the awareness of entities operating in
these domains, thus constituting responsibility.
The development path of humans and AI is not
separate but intertwined as AIs could become
constant informational, analytical, and dialogical
companions. SRAI must therefore be thought
through the lens of responsible human-AI entities
as intelligent agents interacting with competence
and empathy. Ethical behavior based on
awareness is implicated to facilitate the farther
future of human potential and well-being [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref47">47</xref>
        ].
      </p>
      <p>The current moment in the human-technology
relation is characterized by task-offloading to AI.
However, labor saving is merely the “faster horse”
conceptualization of AI, possibly leading to
knowledge creation as the “car.” The main use of
AI could be upleveling human intelligence to
attain greater knowledge and to solve problems
currently beyond human limits. The human-AI
relation may constitute an evolutionary
singularity on the order of the progression of life
and intelligence that includes RNA,
photosynthesis, eukaryotic cells, multicellularity,
and brains.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-17">
      <title>8. Acknowledgements</title>
      <sec id="sec-17-1">
        <title>The authors wish to acknowledge Eric</title>
        <p>Roland for AI research agent development.
Open-source software code availability:
https://github.com/eric-roland/diygenomics
AAAI Symposium presentation:
https://www.slideshare.net/lablogga/quantumintelligence-responsible-humanai-entities.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-18">
      <title>9. References</title>
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