Even though wikis helped start the web 2.0 phenomenon, they currently run the risk of becoming outdated. In order to find out what aspects of wikis will survive and how wikis might need to evolve, the author held a survey among wiki users. This paper argues that adding RDF integration to wikis helps meet the requirements implicitly contained in the answers of that survey. Technical details are given by looking at the semantic wiki Hyena.
The survey has intentionally been relatively simple. For example, it was probably not representative for all potential wiki users, because the participants (a total of 23) were chosen in an ad-hoc fashion by announcing the survey to the author’s colleagues1 and to a mailing list about semantic wikis. But the results are still interesting and point out several possible trends for wikis. 1 None of them are experts in the semantic web or wikis.
The survey participants answered in percentages indicating how important a given fact was to them or how often they performed a given activity. The reported percentages are averages of these answers. Note that the answers do not necessarily apply to a single wiki; many participants use several wikis. The following sections present groups of questions and observations that the author derived from the answers. 2.1
Coordination, planning, project management 56.75% Web site, light-weight content-managment system 54.5% Document creation (and later publishing) 48.75% Discussions, forum 42% Brainstorming, (possibly shared) whiteboard 39.75%
Weblog, relatively small journal-style entries 16% “What is the purpose of your wiki? What do you use it for?” The content of traditional wikis is just text. But what users care about is the data and knowledge contained in the text—as expressed by the 91% ranking of “collecting data or knowledge”.
Text 68.25% Data 55.75%
Knowledge 55.75% “What makes up the content of the wiki?” In the survey, “text” was explained as feeling more like a word document, possibly being a collection of notes. “Data” are lists, tables, forms, etc.—things one might keep in a spreadsheet or a database. “Knowledge” is similar to data, but the focus is on collecting facts (true statements) and on specifying these facts as precisely as possible. Thus, the numbers above confirm what all the tables and lists in traditional wikis already suggested: In addition to text (semi-structured data, if you will), structured data and knowledge play an important role when it comes to wiki content. Naturally, structured information could be more flexibly processed if it were explicitly stored and had dedicated editors. For example, spreadsheets handle tabular data well, so it would be nice if one could embed little spreadsheets inside a wiki page. Note that the survey results do not indicate that wikis should become pure databases.Rather, being able to mix text and data is what seems to make wikis attractive. 2.2
Personal use, a single person 50%
Few editors, many readers 46.5% At heart, wikis can be considered groupware. Still, having the wiki information available anywhere and the flexibility in structuring information, makes wikis good personal information managers: Survey participants attributed an average importance of 50% to this task.
Information roaming: the wiki information is available online.
Collaboration: share and jointly edit information.
Linking: relate and collate pieces of information.
Publishing: disseminate information.
“What core aspects of (traditional) wikis are you interested in?” 78.5% 77.25% 72.75% 67% Version control (editing history, who edited what, unlimited undo, 78.5% etc.) File upload and management 69.25% Wiki page meta-data (annotations and labels describing the content 58% of the page) WYSIWYG text editor 56.75% Generate a PDF file from a wiki page 52.25% Diagrams (UML, mind maps, organizational charts, etc.) 48.75% Finer-grained wiki pages 47.75% Outliners (edit indented lists such as tables of contents) 46.5% Live collaborative editing (all editors work on the same copy of the 46.5% document, changes show up immediately) Spreadsheets (with calculation) 46.5% Discussions (forums) 41% Offline editing, synchronization 37.5% Calendars 37.5% Form-based data entry (similar to MS Access) 37.5% Blogs 25% “What (actual or hypothetical) features are important to you?” The author thinks that while an offline mode has been ranked relatively low, it is still essential for next-generation wikis. Otherwise, information will not be truly available everywhere (1st table); especially for personal information management (Sect. 2.2), one will need to access it without online connectivity. 2.4
The following is a list of web applications that the survey participants use as
alternatives to wikis for some tasks: (
Interestingly, the majority (all except 1, 4, 11) of these web applications is very task-specific. Accordingly, Sect. 2.3 indicates that users would like to see more task-specific editing support (including WYSIWYG text editors) in wikis. The difficulty is to do so without significantly raising the learning curve.
Hyena is an RDF publishing and editing system that comes in two components: A desktop application (Eclipse plugin, Fig. 1) and a web application (Java Servlet, Fig. 2) for online editing. 1. Storing and editing data: RDF is used as universal data storage. Hyena supports a variety of data encoded in RDF resources and has specialized graphical editors for them. Working with RDF generates presentation data: Lists of resources returned by a query, bookmarked locations, etc. This data can be edited in a similar fashion to RDF resources and saved (manifested ) as RDF data. 2. Integrating pages and data: Wiki pages are also stored as RDF resources.
They an link to external data or embed it. Similar to data-specific editors, embedding is supported by data-specific embedders (translators from the data to the abstract wiki syntax). All of a page’s references (links, embeddings, etc.) to RDF resources are made explicit in RDF. This prevents stale links and allows one to track referers. 3. Meta-data for pages: Every page being an RDF resource, it can be annotated with RDF. This meta-data can be referenced in a query whose results can be manifested and embedded (as a table, as a sequence of embeddings, via templates). Thus, pages and data can be collated and presented in many ways. 4. Online and offline availability, collaborative editing: Both the desktop application and the web application manage web sites as projects, directory trees with files. This includes images, shared files and RDF data. One can synchronize projects between the desktop and the web. For RDF data, synchronization granularity is resources, otherwise it is files. Thus data can be published to a web server, but also edited offline. Furthermore, projects are easy to back up (which was one of the explicitly mentioned wishes in the survey).
The requirement of integrating text and data (Sect. 2.1) is fulfilled by items (