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    <journal-meta />
    <article-meta>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>C o m p ar ati v e p erf or m a n c e a n al y si s o n o ff-g ri d p o w er s y st e m s</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>C oll e g e of E n gi n e eri n g</string-name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>S o ut h er n U ni v ersit y</string-name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>B at o n R o u g e</string-name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>U S A</string-name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <abstract>
        <p>A b str a ct T his p a p er is str u ct ur e d t o ill ustr at e t h e m o d elli n g, d esi g n, a n al ysis, a n d si m ul ati o n of a n o ff- gri d p o w er s yst e m. A n e xt e nsi v e a n al ysis will b e c o n d u ct e d t o e v al u at e t h e p erf or m a n c e of t h e m a xi m u m P ert ur b &amp; O bs er v e ( P &amp; O) a n d I n cr e m e nt al C o n d u ct a n c e (I N C) m a xi m u m p o w er p oi nt tr a c ki n g ( M P P T) t e c hni q u es, f o c usi n g o n th e pr os a n d c o ns of e a c h. M a xi m u m P o w er P oi nt T r a c ki n g ( M P P T) al g orit h ms f or p h ot o v olt ai c s yst e ms h a v e b e e n r es e ar c h e d t o i n cr e as e t h e p erf or m a n c e a n d effi ci e n c y of t h e i n ci d e nt s u nli g ht's irr a di a n c e e nt eri n g a p h ot o v olt ai c arr a y. P ert ur b &amp; O bs er v e ( P &amp;O) a n d I n cr e m e nt al C o n d u ct a n c e (I N C) al g orit h ms ar e t h e m ost c o m m o n al g orit h ms w hi c h h a v e b e e n c o m p ar e d f or r o b ust n ess. Pr e vi o us p a p ers h a v e b e e n p u blis h e d st ati n g t h at t h e I N C al g orit h m o ut p erf or ms t h e P &amp; O al g orit h m. T his p a p er s h o ws b y fi n e t u ni n g t h e B o ost C o n v ert er a n d a dj usti n g t h e PI C o ntr oll er g ai ns t h e P V s yst e m wit h t h e P &amp; O al g orit h m c a n p erf or m j ust as w ell as t h e P V s yst e m wit h P &amp; O al g orit h m. Alt h o u g h t h e m ost c o m m o n c o nstr ai nt of t h e P &amp; O al g orit h m is t h at t h e tr a c ki n g c o nsist e n c y d e cr e as es d uri n g a br u pt irr a di a n c es w hil e t h e I N C al g orit h m tr a c ks w ell u n d er a br u pt irr a di a n c e c h a n g es. K e y w or d s 1 P ert ur b a n d o bs er v e ( P &amp; O) , in cr e m e nt al c o n d u ct a n c e (I N C) , b o ost c o n v ert or , irr a di a n c e ( G), m a xi m u m p o w er p oi nt tr a c ki n g 1. I ntr o d u cti o n</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec id="sec-1">
      <title>-</title>
      <p>P h ot o v olt ai c r e n e w a bl e e n er g y is a n eff e cti v e
alt er n ati v e f or b ot h pr o d u cti o n a n d c o ns u m pti o n.
R e n e w a bl es us e d i n p o w er s yst e ms c a n pr o vi d e
n u m er o us a d v a nt a g es : r e d u ci n g f ossil f u el e missi o ns,
h a vi n g a c o nti n u o us s u p pl y of p o w er, b a c k u p p o w er
w h e n t h e gri d l os es p o w er d u e t o bl a c k o ut or el e ctri c al
f a ults, a n d attri b uti n g t o r e d u ci n g t h e d e m a n d l o a d o n
t h e p o w er-gri d. C o m bi ni n g r e n e w a bl e e n er g y
g e n er ati o n wit h a st a n d -b y P V arr a y or e n er g y st or a g e
d e vi c e c a n r e n d er t h e r e n e w a bl e e n er g y s o ur c es m or e
r eli a bl e a n d aff or d a bl e. T his ki n d of el e ctri c p o w er
g e n er ati o n s yst e m wit h a m ai n p o w er s o ur c e fr o m
r e n e w a bl e e n er g y a n d b a c k u p p o w er g e n er ati o n or
e n er g y st or a g e is k n o w n as a “ Off -Gri d P V s yst e m ”.
T h e m ai n o bj e cti v e of s u c h s yst e ms is t o pr o d u c e as
m u c h e n er g y as p ossi bl e fr o m t h e r e n e w a bl e s o ur c es
w hil e m ai nt ai ni n g a c c e pt a bl e p o w er q u alit y a n d
r eli a bilit y.</p>
      <p>S w ar n a v M aj u m d er [ 1] pr o p os e d a p a p er o n t h e
p erf or m a n c e att ri b ut es of a p ert ur b a n d o bs er v e ( P &amp; O)
️© 2 0 22 Co p yrig ht f or t his pa per b y its a uth ors. Use per mitted u n der Creati ve
C o m m o ns Lice nse Attri b uti o n 4.0 I nternati o nal ( C C B Y 4.0).</p>
      <p>C E U R W or ks h o p Pr o c e e di n gs ( C E U R -W S. or g)
a n d P S O M P P T m et h o ds usi n g M atl a b/ Si m uli n k
si m ul ati o n s oft w ar e. A c c or di n g t o t his a p pr o a c h, t h e
P S O m et h o d pr o d u c e d l ess os cill ati o ns t h a n t h e P &amp; O
M P P T al g orit h m at t h e m a xi m u m p o w er p oi nt. All
M P P T m et h o ds ar e c o nfi n e d t o hi g h tr a nsi e nt ti m e a n d
pr o d u c e d hi g h st e a d y st at e os cill ati o ns. Pr a s a d S a h u
a n d Di xit T e k es h w ar [ 4] pr es e nt e d a p a p er ill ustr ati n g
t h e c o m p ar ati v e a n al ysis b et w e e n c o nst a nt d ut y c y cl e
a n d P &amp; O al g orit h ms f or e xtr a cti n g p o w er f or m t h e
pr o p os e d P V arr a y. T his st u d y utili z e d t h e B u c k -B o ost
c o n v ert er wit h h as a bi -dir e cti o n al v olt a g e c o ntr ol
s wit c h. W h e n t h e v olt a g e e x c e e ds t h e r at e d v olt a g e t h e
B u c k c o n v ert er will t ur n o n r e d u ci n g t h e o v er v olt a g e
l e v el. T h e B o ost c o n v ert er will t ur n o n w h e n t h e
v olt a g e l e v el is b el o w t h e r at e d r ef er e n c e v olt a g e. It
w as c o n cl u d e d i n t his p a p er t h at t h e P V s yst e m o ut p ut
p o w er i n cr e as e d at l o w er t e m p er at ur es w hil e t h e
i n cr e as e i n irr a di a n c e als o i n cr e as e d t h e p o w er o ut p ut.
S ai k at B a n erj e e, S el v a n S ai k at, a n d J e e v a n a n at h a n N.
T h a mi z h [ 5] i ntr o d u c e d a st u d y c o m p ari n g t h e st a n d ar d
M P P T m et h o ds c o n cl u di n g t h at t h e P &amp; O al g orit h m is
effi ci e nt e x cl u di n g t h e n e e d f or p eri o di c t u ni n g b ut h as
a sli g ht os cill ati o n st a bilit y i s s u e at hi g h irr a di a n c es.
M ali k a Z a zi [ 6] pr es e nt e d a p a p er il l ustr ati n g si m ul at e d
d at a usi n g P SI M a n d M atl a b Si m uli n k si m ul ati o n f or
st a g n a nt a n d v ari a bl e irr a di a n c es f or P &amp; O a n d I N C.
T h e v olt a g e a n d p o w er l e v els w er e a p pr o xi m at el y t h e
s a m e b ut t h e r es p o ns e ti m e f or t h e I N C dis pl a y e d
s ettl e d m or e r a pi dl y. Dr. S h ar m a B h us h a n, F a ni,
M a k hij a. Pr a c hi [ 7] c o n d u ct e d a n a n al ysis f or P S O,
P &amp; O, a n d I N C si m ul ati n g t h e p e a k p o w er, r e a cti o n
ti m e, a n d st a bilit y. T h e P S O al g orit h m pr o d u c e d
6 2 5 W, w hil e t h e I N C a n d P &amp; O h a d p o w er v al u es of
4 1 5 W a n d 3 5 0 W, r es p e cti v el y. R e a cti o n ti m e a n d
st a bilit y ti m e w a s al s o l o w er f or t h e P S O M P P T
m et h o d i m pl e m e nt e d.</p>
      <p>R. R a m es h a n d W . C hrist o p h er [ 2] i ntr o d u c e a
p a p er o n t h e c o m p aris o n of P &amp; O vs I n cr e m e nt al
C o n d u ct a n c e (I N C) M P P T m et h o ds c o n cl u di n g t h at
t h e I n cr e m e nt al C o n d u ct a n c e m et h o d pr o d u c e d b etter
st a bilit y a n d p o w er o ut p ut v al u es t h a n t h e P &amp; O
m et h o d. T h e si m ul ati o n r es ults ill ustr at e d r e d u c e d
tr a c ki n g r es p o ns e ti m e wit h l ess o v ers h o ot f or t h e
I n cr e m e nt al C o n d u ct a n c e M P P T m et h o d.
M o z n u z z a m a n, M d [ 3] als o pr es e nt e d a p a p er
c o m p ari n g P &amp; O vs I N C M P P T t e c h ni q u es a n al y zi n g
t h e w a v ef or m c h ar a ct eristi cs f or c h a n gi n g at m os p h eri c
c o n diti o ns. T h e I N C m et h o d a d a pt e d b ett er t o t h e
c h a n g es i n irr a di a n c e a n d t e m p er at ur e o p p os e d t o t h e
P &amp; O m et h o d. T h e i n cr e m e nt al c o n d u ct a n c e (I C)
al g orit h m s e e ks t o o v er c o m e t h e li mit ati o ns of t h e
p ert ur b ati o n a n d o bs er v ati o n al g orit h m b y usi n g t h e
i n cr e m e nt al c o n d u ct a n c e of t h e p h ot o v olt ai c. T h e
m aj or f u n cti o n of t h e I N C al g orit h m is t o tr a c k t h e
v olt a g e o p er ati n g p oi nt w h er e t h e c o n d u ct a n c e is t h e
s a m e as t h e i n cr e m e nt al c o n d u ct a n c e. T h e a d v a nt a g e
of t his al g orit h m is t h at it tr a c ks t h e dist a n c e fr o m t h e
m a xi m u m p o w er p oi nt w hi c h e n a bl es it t o fi n d t h e
M P P. I N C als o p erf or ms b ett er u n d er c h a n gi n g
irr a di ati o n c o n diti o ns. M a n y M P P T m et h o ds h a v e b e e n
d e v el o p e d o n t h e s ol e p ur p os e of m a xi mi zi n g t h e
s u nli g ht (irr a di a n c e) t o pr o d u c e m a xi m u m p o w er
u n d er c h a n gi n g c o n diti o ns.</p>
      <p>H o w e v er, p o p ul ar p h ot o v olt ai c s yst e ms h a v e
n u m er o us c h all e n g es t h at m ust b e a c c o u nt e d f or. T h e
di ur n al a n d s e as o n al m o v e m e nt of t h e E art h aff e cts t h e
r a di ati o n i nt e nsit y o n s ol ar e n er g y s yst e ms, t h us t h e
o ut p ut s yst e m e n er g y. I n or d er t o h ar v est m a xi m u m
p o w er, s ol ar p a n els h a v e t o o p er at e at m a xi m u m p o w er
p oi nt d es pit e t h e i n e vit a bl e c h a n g es i n t h e
e n vir o n m e nt. A c o m pr e h e nsi v e o v er vi e w o n t h e s u n
tr a c ki n g a n d m a xi m u m po w er tr a c ki n g al g orit h ms h as
b e e n pr o vi d e d [ 1 0]. T h e c o m p o n e nt r ati n g c a p a cit y f or
t h e s yst e m h as b e e n c o m p ut e d i n t his r es e ar c h. T h e
si m pl e PI D c o ntr oll er h as als o b e e n a p pli e d f or fi n e
t u ni n g t o m a xi mi z e t h e s yst e m’s p erf or m a n c e. It als o
h as t h e p ot e nti a l t o b e f urt h er e n h a n c e d vi a Fr a cti o n al
Or d er PI D c o ntr ol, w hi c h c o ul d o ut p erf or m PI D
c o ntr oll er wit h r es p e ct t o s wift n ess, s m o ot h n ess, a n d
fl e xi bilit y vi a p erf or m a n c e a n al ysis usi n g o v ers h o ot,
p e a k ti m e a n d s ettli n g ti m e, f oll o wi n g e xisti n g
a p pli c ati o ns o n D C m ot or c o ntr ol [ 1 1]. I n t his arti cl e:
S e cti o n 1 pr es e nts t h e i ntr o d u cti o n t o t h e a d v a nt a g es of
p h ot o v olt ai cs. S e cti o n 2 bri efl y s h o ws t h e ar c hit e ct ur e,
I- V, a n d P- V c h ar a ct eristi cs of a p h ot o v olt ai c c ell,
m o d ul e, a n d ar r a y b ei n g c o nstr u ct e d. S e cti o n 3
c o m pris es t h e M P P T al g orit h ms a n d P V s yst e ms
d esi g n a n d w a v ef or m si g n al b e h a vi or of t h e P &amp; O
al g orit h m vs t h e I N C al g orit h m wit h s p e cifi e d g ai n
v al u es. S e cti o n 4 d e pi cts t h e p erf or m a n c e a n al ysis
b et w e e n t h e P &amp; O al g orit h m vs I N C al g orit h m. Fi n all y,
s e cti o n 5 pr o vi d es t h e c o n cl usi o ns.
2. P h ot o v olt ai c c h ar a ct eri sti c s
2. 1.</p>
      <p>P h ot o v olt ai c c ell a r c hit e ct ur e</p>
      <p>T h e c ell is c o m p os e d o f mi cr o cr yst alli n e Sili c o n
Di o xi d e. T h e u nit of c h ar g e f or e a c h c ell is fr o m 0.
40. 5 v olts. T h e m o d ul es ar e c o m p os e d of i nt er c o n n e ct e d
c ells i n s er i es a n d p ar all el c o nfi g ur ati o n. T h e arr a y
(s ol ar p a n el) is c o m p os e d o f m o d ul es i n seri es a n d
p ar all el stri n gs pr o d u ci n g a V o c &amp; Is c o ut p ut for t h e
r at e d P V p a n el. P h ot o v olt ai c m o d ul es ar e c o m p os e d of
i nt er c o n n e ct e d s ol ar c ells w hi c h ar e c o nfi g ur e d i n
s eri es a n d / or p ar all el t op ol o g y t o m a k e u p a n arr a y.
M o d ul es ar e i nt er c o n n e ct e d t o for m p h ot o v olt ai c
arr a ys b ett er k n o w n as s ol ar p a n els. T h e f u n d a m e nt al
p ar a m et ers t h at ar e ass o ci at e d wit h s ol ar c ells ar e s h ort
cir c uit c urr e nt (Is c), o p e n cir c uit v olt a g e ( V o c), a n d
m a xi m u m p o w er p oi nt ( M P P) w hi c h ar e us e d f or
d esi g n ( Fi g ur e 1).</p>
      <p>Fi g ur e 1 : P h ot o v olt ai c str u ct ur e</p>
      <p>
        S u nli g ht d eli v ers p h ot o n e n er g y i nt o t h e
p h ot o di o d e cr e ati n g a c urr e nt t hr o u g h a s h u nt r esist or
p ar all el t o t h e l o a d a n d s eri es r esist or i nt erf a c e d wit h t o
t h e l o a d pr o d u ci n g o ut p ut v olt a g e. Irr a di a n c e ( G) is
r at e d i n u nits o f 1 0 0 0 W/ m 2 . M o n o cr yst alli n e a n d
p ol y cr yst alli n e t e c h n ol o gi es ar e b as e d o n t h e
mi cr o el e ctr o ni c m a n uf a ct uri n g t e c h n ol o g y ( Fi g ur e 2).
Fi g ur e 2 : E q ui v al e nt P V m o d el
(
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1 ref10 ref11">1</xref>
        )
(
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>
        )
(
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>
        )
      </p>
      <p>
        I n e q u ati o ns (
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1 ref10 ref11 ref2 ref3 ref4">1- 4</xref>
        ), Is c is t h e m a xi m u m c urr e nt in
t h e p o w er q u a dr a nt. W h e n t h e v olt a g e is e q u al t o z er o
t h e s h ort cir c uit c u rr e nt (Is c) c o n diti o n is r e a c h e d
d e p e n d e nt o n l o w i m p e d a n c e. V o c is t he m a xi m u m
v o lt a g e i n t h e p o w er q u a dr a nt. W h e n t he c urr e nt is
e q u al t o z er o t h e o p e n cir c uit v olt a g e ( V o c) c o n diti o n
is r e a c h e d. P m p is t h e m a xi m u m o p er ati n g p oi nt a cr oss
t h e l o a d. V m p is d efi n e d as m a xi m u m v olt a g e a n d I m p
is t h e m a xi m u m c urr e nt. Fill F a ct or is t h e r ati o of t h e
m a xi m u m p o w er fr o m t h e s ol ar c ell t o t h e pr o d u ct of
V o c a n d Is c. Effi ci e n c y ( η) is b asi c all y t h e p o w er
o ut p ut di vi d e d b y t h e p o w er i n p ut.
2. 2 . P h ot o v olt ai c c h ar a ct eri sti c s
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-2">
      <title>Fi g ur e 3 : P- V P &amp; O M P P T c h ar a ct eristi cs</title>
      <p>Fi g ur e 5 : Si m uli n k I- V &amp; P- V c h ar a ct eristi cs p l ots</p>
      <p>T h e P- V P &amp; O M P P T C h ar a ct eristi cs, P - V I N C
M P P T C h ar a ct eristi cs a n d Si m u li n k I- V &amp; P -V
C h ar a ct eristi cs ar e pl ott e d b el o w i n Fi g ur es 3- 5. T h e
IV c h ar a ct eristi c gr a p h b el o w ill ustr at es t he c urr e nt v s
v olt a g e l e v el at irr a di a n c es fr o m 0 t o 1 0 0 0 W / m2 i n
i n cr e m e nts of 2 0 0 W/ m2 . T h e t e m p er at ur e is fi x e d at a
v al u e of 2 5 0 ℃. t h e irr a di a n c e i n cr e as es t h e c urr e nt
r e m ai ns c o nst a nt w hil e t h e v olt a g e i n cr e as es. T h e
m a xi m u m p o w er p oi nt is l o c at e d at t h e k n e e of t h e pl ot.
T h e P- V c h ar a ct eristi c pl ot ill ustr at es t h e p o w er vs t h e
v olt a g e ill ustr ati n g dir e ct pr o p orti o n alit y o f t h e
irr a di a n c e, p o w er, a n d v olt a g e. T h e p o w er r e m ai ns
c o nst a nt f or v ar yi n g irr a di a n c es.
3. Si m uli n k m o d el s a n d fl o wc h art s
of tw o ty pi c al M P P T a l g orit h m s
3. 1. P ert ur b a n d o b s er v e ( P &amp; O)
M P P T a l g orit h m</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-3">
      <title>Fi g ur e 4 : P- V I N C M P P T c h ar a ct eristi cs Fi g ur e 6 : P V wit h ( P &amp; O) M P P T Si m uli n k m o d el</title>
      <p>Fi g ur e 7 : P ert ur b &amp; o bs er v e ( P &amp; O) M P P T al g orit h m</p>
      <p>T his al g orit h m is us e d t o d e v el o p t h e s o ur c e
M atl a b / Si m uli n k/ Si ms c a p e c o d e f or t h e c o ntr ol s yst e m
b y a dj usti n g t he d ut y c y cl e of t he s wit c hi n g d e vi c e.
T h e s oft w ar e h as a f u n cti o n bl o c k w h er e t he c o d e is
st or e d a n d c o m pil e d t o t h e c o ntr ol s yst e m. T h e M atl a b
c o d e h as b e e n sli g htl y a dj ust e d t o a c hi e v e t h e
a p p r o pri at e r es p o ns e f or st e p v olt a g e a p pli c ati o n. T h e
d ut y c y cl e h as a pr es el e ct e d p ar a m et er f or t h e i niti al
i n p ut, mi ni m u m, a n d m a xi m u m v al u e, w h i c h ar e
c o m p ar e d e n a bli n g t h e s wit c hi n g r es p o ns e of t h e
i n v ert er.
3. 2. I n cr e m e nt al c o n d u ct a n c e (I N C)
M P P T a l g orit h m</p>
      <p>T h e I n cr e m e nt al C o n d u ct a n c e B o ost C o n v ert er
Si m uli n k m o d el is i nt erf a c e d wit h a B o ost C o n v ert er.
T h e B o ost C o n v ert er t o p ol o g y dis pl a ys a n i np ut a n d
o ut p ut c a p a cit or t o r e g ul at e t h e i n p ut c urr e nt fr o m t h e
P V arr a y. A n i n d u ct or is c o u pl e d i n s eri es t o r e g ul at e
t h e v olt a g e a n d a di o d e is for w ar d b i as i n s eri es wit h
t h e l o a d r esist or. T h e B o ost c o n v ert er will st e p u p t h e
i n p ut v olt a g e fr o m t h e P V arr a y. T h e c o ntr ol s c h e m e is
c o m p os e d of a PI D c o ntr oll er t o r e g ul at e t h e pr o p orti o n
a n d i nt e gr al g ai n w hil e t h e P W M will distri b ut e t he
d ut y c y cl e to t h e I G B T M O S F E T for a p pr o pri at e
o n/ off s wit c hi n g r es p o ns e. T h e err or f u n cti o n bl o c k is
c o u pl e d t o t h e M atl a b f u n cti o n bl o c k t o tr a c k t h e cl os e d
l o o p li n e si g n al t o r ef er e n c e si g n al. M atl a b I N C s o ur c e
wit h pr o d u c e t he l o gi c f or t he o n/ off d ut y c y cl e
r es p o ns e. I n cr e m e nt al C o n d u ct a n c e m et h o d i n v ol v es
tr a c ki n g v olt a g e a n d c urr e nt.</p>
      <p>Fi g ur e 8 : P V b o ost c o n v ert er s c h e m ati c (I N C) M P P T
Fi g ur e 9 : I n cr e m e nt al c o n d u ct a n c e M P P T al g orit h m
3. 3.</p>
      <p>P h ot o v olt ai c s p e cifi c ati o n s
T a bl e 1
P h ot o v olt ai c s p e cifi c ati o ns</p>
      <p>M o d ul e D at a</p>
      <p>M a xi m u m P o w er ( W)</p>
      <p>C ells P er M o d ul e ( N -c ell)
O p e n Cir c uit V olt a g e ( V o c) V
S h ort Cir c uit C urr e nt (Is c) A
V m p ( V) @ M a x P o w er P oi nt</p>
      <p>I m p ( A) @ M a x P o w er P oi nt
T e m p er at ur e C o effi ci e nt of V o c ( 0 C)
T e m p er at ur e C o effi ci e nt of Is c ( 0 C)
S u n P o w er
S P R -2 3 5 N E</p>
      <p>W H T -D
2 3 4. 9
7 2
4 8. 4
6. 1 8
4 0. 5
5. 8
-0. 2 5 4
0. 0 3 8 9 9 7</p>
      <p>M o d ul e P ar a m et er s
Li g ht G e n er at e d C urr e nt I L ( A)
Di o d e S at ur ati o n C urr e nt I o ( A)</p>
      <p>Di o d e I d e alit y F a ct or
S h u nt R esi st a n c e R s h ( Ω)
S eri e s R e si st a n c e R s( Ω)</p>
      <p>P V Arr a y D at a
S eri e s C o n n e cti o n
P ar all el C o n n e cti o n
C o n n e cti o n</p>
      <p>C o nfi g ur ati o n
1 m o d ul e p er stri n g
5 p ar all el stri n g s</p>
      <p>P h ot o v o lt ai c s p e cifi c ati o n s ( P V Arr a y D at a,
M o d ul e D at a, M o d ul e P ar a m et er) ar e li st e d i n T a bl e 1 .
4. P erf or m a n c e s i m ul ati o n re s ult s</p>
      <p>A st a n d ar d b o o st c o n v ert er m o d el i s i mpl e m e nt e d
a n d si m ul at e d t o g at h er a b a s e m o d el t o c o m p ar e wit h
t h e ot h er P V s y st e m s. T h e n u m eri c al m e a s ur e m e nt s
w er e c o n d u ct e d t o ill ustr at e t h e o p er ati o n
c h ar a ct eri sti c s of t h e P V s y st e m u n d er v ari o u s
irr a di ati o n l e v el s. T h e p o w er a n d v olt a g e g ai n s w er e
e v al u at e d t o d et er mi n e if th e s y st e m o p er at e s a s
e x p e ct e d. T h e d at a r e c or d e d fr o m t h e si m ul ati o n s g a v e
a b a s e t o c o m p ar e wit h M P P T m et h o d s. T h er e w er e si x
si m ul ati o n s c o n d u ct e d wit h irr a di a n c e s of 0, 2 0 0, 4 0 0,
6 0 0, 8 0 0, a n d 1 0 0 0 W/ m 2 . T h e v olt a g e, c u rr e nt, a n d
p o w er l e v el s at t h e P V p a n el w er e m e a s ur e d a n d
r e c or d e d, w hil e t h e b o o st v olt a g e, c urr e nt, a n d p o w er
w er e m e a s ur e d t o e v al u at e th e r o b u st n e s s of t h e b a s e
m o d el f or t h e i m pl e m e nt e d M P P T m et h o d. T h e
m a xi m u m p o w er p oi nt tr a c ki n g re s p o n s e will b e
a n al y z e d f or i n cr e a s e d a n d r e d u cti o n i n irr a di a n c e
l e v el s. V olt a g e, c urr e nt, a n d p o w er will b e e v al u at e d t o
d et er mi n e p ot e nti al g ai n s a n d l oss e s d uri n g t he
si m ul ati o n s. T h e p o w er g ai n a n d p erf or m a n c e will b e
c o m p ar e d b et w e e n t h e P &amp; O M P P T v s I N C M P P T
tr a c ki n g c a p a biliti e s.
4. 1. Si m uli n k P &amp; O s i m ul ati o n s
Fi g ur e 1 0 : P V s y st e m wit h P &amp; O M P P T ri s e/ s u n s et
c y cl e irr a di a n c e s W/ m2
T a bl e 2
P V wit h p ert ur b &amp; o b s er v e M P P T m o d el d at a</p>
      <p>Irr
W / m 2
0</p>
      <p>P erf or m a n c e c o m p ari s o n s
T a bl e 4
P V wit h P &amp; O p erf or m a n c e s u nri s e/ s u n s et c y cl e
irr a di a n c e</p>
      <p>R e s p o n s e</p>
      <p>V l o a d ( V)
3 6. 8 9
2 1. 1</p>
      <p>T h e P V s yst e m wit h t h e P &amp; O al g orit h m h a d a f ast er
ris e ti m e, l ess o v ers h o ot, l ess u n d ers h o ot, a n d m or e
a v er a g e v olt a g e a n d p o w er g ai n t h a n t h e P V s yst e m
wit h t h e I N C al g orit h m.
5. C o n cl u si o n s</p>
      <p>T h e o bj e cti v e of t his r es e ar c h is t o d esi g n, a n al y z e
a n d i m pr o v e o n t h e p erf or m a n c e of a D C p h ot o v olt ai c
s yst e m. P ert ur b &amp; O bs er v e a n d I n cr e m e nt al
C o n d u ct a n c e M P P T al g orit h ms w er e c o m p ar e d usi n g
t h e M atl a b/ Si m uli n k/ Si ms c a p e si m ul ati o n s oft w ar e. I n
e a c h s yst e m , a B o ost c o n v ert er w as c o u pl e d t o t h e P V
arr a y t o st e p u p t h e v olt a g e a n d p o w er t o t h e l o a d
r esist or. P o w er at t h e o ut p ut t er mi n al w as hi g h est f or
t h e P V wit h P &amp; O M P P T al g orit h m. T h e tr a c ki n g
s yst e m f or P V s yst e m wit h I N C M P P T p erf or m e d t h e
b est , dis pl a yi n g l ess att e n u ati o n i n t h e si g n al t h a n t h e
ot h ers. E a c h s yst e m m ai nt ai n e d c o nst a nt v olt a g e
r e g ul ati o n t hr o u g h o ut t h e irr a di a n c e c h a n g e c y cl e. T h e
m aj or c o m p o n e nts t o d esi g n t h e P V s yst e m n e e d e d t o
b e si z e d f or t h e B o ost c o n v ert ers t o o p er at e pr o p erl y.
St a n d ar d c o n v ert er e q u ati o ns ar e d esi g n f or i d e al
c o n diti o ns w h er e as s ol ar g e n er ati o n is d e p e n d e nt o n
v ari a bl e irr a di a n c e l e v els w hi c h cr e at es a n o nli n e ar
si g n al r es p o ns e. T h e r ati n g f or t h e c a p a cit ors, i n d u ct or,
a n d r esist or is k e y t o d esi g n r o b ust B o ost c o n v ert er.
C o m p aris o n s b et w e e n t h e P ert ur b &amp; O bs er v e a n d
I n cr e m e nt al C o n d u ct a n c e al g orit h ms w er e m a d e t o
r e v e al t h e pr os a n d c o ns of e a c h. T h e P ert ur b &amp;
O bs er v e m et h o d f or p o w er p oi nt tr a c ki n g d o es n’t
p erf or m w ell u n d er r a pi d c h a n gi n g irr a di a n c e l e v els
w hil e t h e I n cr e m e nt al C o n d u ct a n c e m et h o d d o es.
W h e n v ari o us l e v el of irr a di ati o n w as i nj e ct e d i nt o t h e
P V arr a y i n i n cr e m e nts 2 0 0 W/ m 2 , b ot h al g orit h ms
w or k e d. T h e P &amp; O al g orit h m pr o d u c e d si g n al dist orti o n
w hil e t h e I N C P V s yst e m pr o d u c e d l ess si g n al
dist orti o n. T h us t h e s yst e m n e e de d a d diti o n al t u ni n g b y
i n cr e asi n g t h e i n p ut c a p a cit or r ati n g t o s m o ot h o ut t h e
c urr e nt ri p pl es. C h a n gi n g t h e pr o p orti o n al g ai n t o 0. 4 5
a n d t h e i nt e gr al g ai n t o 5 h el p e d t o r e d u c e t h e ris e ti m e
r es p o ns e of t h e o ut p ut si g n al. T h e P V s yst e m wit h
P &amp; O al g orit h m o ut p erf or m e d t h e P V s yst e m wit h t h e
I N C al g orit h m b y a c hi e vi n g a f ast er ris e ti m e, l ess
o v ers h o ot, a n d m or e p o w er g ai n , b ut t h e P V s yst e m
wit h t h e I N C al g orit h m h a d l ess si g n al att e n u ati o n.</p>
    </sec>
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