=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-3611/paper20
|storemode=property
|title=Using parliamentary corpora to study political agenda: Attention to human rights in Lithuanian Parliament in 2020-2021
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3611/paper20.pdf
|volume=Vol-3611
|authors=Vaidas Morkevičius,Vytautas Valentinavičius,Giedrius Žvaliauskas,Monika Briedienė
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ivus/MorkeviciusVZB22
}}
==Using parliamentary corpora to study political agenda: Attention to human rights in Lithuanian Parliament in 2020-2021==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3611/paper20.pdf
Using parliamentary corpora to study political agenda:
Attention to human rights in Lithuanian Parliament in
2020-2021
Vaidas Morkevicius1, Vytautas Valentinavicius 1, Giedrius Zvaliauskas1
and Monika Briediene2
1 Kaunas University of Technology, K. Donelaicio street 73, LT-44249 Kaunas, Lithuania
2 Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaicio street 58, LT-44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
Abstract
In this paper we demonstrate how co1pora of parliamentaiy debate transcripts can be used for
studying changes of political agenda. Employing dictionaiy-based computerized content
analysis we investigated changing attention to the topic of human rights in the Lithuanian
Parliament in the period of 2020-2021. Results of the analysis revealed that attention to the
topic of human rights during the analysed period increased considerably when two focusing
events - fraudulent elections in Belams in 2020 and the influx of lnigrants from Belarns to
Lithuania in 2021 - took place and became the focus of public debates. The study also showed
that changing public political prio1ities resulting in electoral success of pruties mobilising
support for those newly emerging pri01ities had effect on increasing advocacy of human 1ights
topic on the pru-Iiamenta1y agenda by representatives of the Freedom Pruty which entered the
Seimas with the explicit agenda of advocating for radical changes in public policy related to
human 1ights.
Keywords
Parliamentruy debates, human rights, political agenda, Lithuanian Parliament
1. Introduction originating in the political field, these methods
suffer from either the need for lru·ge human pre
coded resources (supervised) or interpretational
Pru-Iiamenta1y data have been used to study
difficulties (unsupervised): How many topics to
political attention in a multitude of contexts [I],
retain? How to inte1pret the substantive meaning
[2]. However, transc1ipts of parliamenta1y
of the topics that were retained?
debates have been used quite seldom for this
This paper demonstrates the usefulness of
purpose. More often employed alternatives ru·e
pru·liamentruy debates transciipts in analysing
analyses of parliamenta1y debate topics or
changes in the pru·liamenta1y political agenda.
agendas (minutes), legislative acts (debated or
Moreover, we approach the analysis of political
adopted), oral and wiitten questions to the
attention in the parliament via dictionaiy-based
government, and interpellations [3]. This is
coding methods of computerised content analysis
p1imru·ily the result of the still existing difficulty
[4]. Though it is lightly ai·gued that dictiona1y
of analysing lru·ge amounts of textual data.
based coding methods ai·e high on pre-analysis
Though machine learning methods and topic
costs compai·ed to topic modelling approaches [5],
modelling approaches have been shown to be
they have two distinctive merits. First, they allow
useful in analysing lru·ge textual datasets
1igorous analysis when one or several topics ai·e
IVUS 2022: 27th International Conference on Information Technology, May 12, 2022, Kaunas,
Lithuania
EMAlL: vaidas.morkevicius@ktu.lt (V. Morkevicius); vytautas.valentinavicius@ktu.lt (V.
Valentinavicius); giedrius.zvaliauskas@ktu.lt (G. Zvaliauskas); monik:a.briediene@vdu.lt (M.
Briediene)
ORCID: 0000-0002-2174-0396 0/. Morkevicius); 0000-0003-2110-3917 0/. Valentinavicius);
0000-0001-8970-0756 (G. Zvaliauskas); 0000-0001-6165-1702 (M. Briediene)
ta g>_.J
@ 2022 Copyright for this paper by its aulhon. Use permitted under Cre..alh:e
Common, Li,..,. Attnootion 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
[Ji�
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Workshop ISSN 1613-0073
Proceedings
i n v esti g at e d a n d t h eir v o c a b ul ari es c a n b e p arli a m e nt a r y a ge n da will be aff e ct e d
c o m p ar ati v el y e asil y c o nstr u ct e d (t h at is, t h e a c c or di n gl y.
v o c a b ul ari es of s p e a ki n g a b o ut t h es e t o pi cs ar e O n t h e ot h er h a n d, r es e ar c h ers als o c o nt e n d
q uit e disti n cti v e i n t er ms of t h e c o n c e pts a n d t h at c h a n g es i n p oliti c al l e a d ers hi p ( d uri n g
w or ds us e d). S e c o n d, t h e y all o w c a pt uri n g m or e el e cti o ns or d u e t o c h a n g es i n g o v er n m e nt
e asil y w h at l e gisl at ors d o n ot s a y [ 6] a n d, i n t ur n, c o m p ositi o n) m a y h a v e a si g nifi c a nt sti m ul us f or
i n di c at e w hi c h t o pi cs ar e e x cl u d e d fr o m t h e a g e n d a c h a n g e. C ar mi n es a n d Sti ms o n [ 9]
p oliti c al a g e n d a. I n c o ntr ast, u ns u p er vis e d t o pi c i ntr o d u c e d t h e c o n c e pt of “iss u e c o m p etiti o n ” t h at
m o d elli n g c a n o nl y c a pt ur e t o pi cs t h at ar e b ei n g r efl e cts t h e i d e a t h at p arti es c o m p et e o n w hi c h
t al k e d a b o ut i n t h e d e b at es ( at l e ast f or s o m e iss u es s h o ul d d o mi n at e t h e p art y p oliti c al a g e n d a.
p eri o ds). As W al k er a n d W at er m a n [ 1 0] ass ert, el e cti o ns
I n t er ms of s u bst a nti v e g o als, w e st u d y aff e ct p e o pl e’s attit u d es t o w ar ds s o ci al iss u es
dis c ursi v e r ef er e n c es t o t h e t o pi c of “ H u m a n si n c e p oliti c al c a m p ai g ns fr a m e s o ci al iss u es or
ri g hts ” i n t h e Lit h u a ni a n P arli a m e nt (t h e S ei m as) p ut m or e e m p h asis o n s o m e iss u es r at h er t h a n
i n t h e p eri o d 2 0 2 0-2 0 2 1. T h e c h oi c e of t h e st u d y ot h ers. P art y p oliti c al a g e n d a is m ost i m p ort a nt
t o pi c w as pri m aril y b as e d o n t h e r el ati v e e asi n ess d uri n g t h e el e cti o n ti m e, as p arti es t h at d o mi n at e
of c o nstr u cti n g a di cti o n ar y of a p p e als t o “ H u m a n t his a g e n d a ar e b o u n d t o wi n el e cti o ns. I n
ri g hts ” i n p arli a m e nt ar y d e b at es. T h e p oliti c al Lit h u a ni a, t h e c a m p ai g n of t h e p arli a m e nt ar y
dis c o urs e o n h u m a n ri g hts h as a disti n cti v e el e cti o ns of 2 0 2 0 c o ul d b e disti n g uis h e d b y t h e
v o c a b ul ar y as s p e cifi c ati o ns a n d d efi niti o ns of e m er g e n c e of t h e Fr e e d o m P art y, w hi c h pr o d u c e d
diff er e nt h u m a n ri g hts ar e i n cl u d e d i nt o v ari o us c o m pr e h e nsi v e h u m a n ri g hts dis c o urs e a p p e ali n g
n ati o n al ( c o nstit uti o n al t e xts) a n d i nt er n ati o n al t o L G B T + ri g hts, a d v o c ati n g f or t h e l e g ali z ati o n
d o c u m e nts (i nt er n ati o n al d o c u m e nts). of s a m e -s e x p art n ers hi ps a n d li b er al r e g ul ati o n of
H o w e v er, t h e c h oi c e of t h e t o pi c w as als o t h e s p elli n g of n o n-Lit h u a ni a n n a m es o n p ass p orts
b as e d o n t h e gr o u n ds of us ef ul n ess f or t h e a n al ysis a n d si mil ar. Si n c e t h e Fr e e d o m P art y h as als o
of p oliti c al a g e n d a c h a n g es. Diff er e nt t h e ori es tr y b e c o m e a m e m b er of t h e g o v er n m e nt al c o aliti o n,
t o e x pl ai n w h y s p e cifi c t o pi cs a p p e ar o n a n d w e e x p e ct t h at r e pr es e nt ati v es of t his p art y will
dis a p p e ar fr o m t h e p oliti c a l a g e n d a. T his p a p er e n g a g e i n h u m a n ri g hts r el at e d dis c o urs e i n t h e
d e m o nstr at es h o w f o c usi n g e v e nts a n d c h a n g es i n S ei m as fl o or pr o c e e di n gs m or e fr e q u e ntl y t h a n
p u bli c p oliti c al pri oriti es aff e ct t h e p arli a m e nt ar y r e pr es e nt ati v es of ot h er p arti es.
a g e n d a. S o m e s c h ol ars ar g u e t h at f o c usi n g e v e nts T o s u m u p, t h e p a p er f o c us es o n h o w t h e 2 0 2 0
– or dis ast ers, cris es a n d s u d d e n, s h o c ki n g e v e nts S ei m as el e cti o ns (i n p arti c ul ar, el e ct or al s u c c ess
gr a b bi n g t h e att e nti o n of p oliti c a l elit es a n d of t h e Fr e e d o m P art y) a n d t w o f o c usi n g e v e nts
s o ci eti es – c a n b e criti c al i n bri n gi n g s p e cifi c ( n a m el y, fr a u d ul e nt el e cti o ns i n B el ar us a n d th e
iss u es t o t h e f or e of t h e p oliti c al a g e n d a or m a ki n g crisis of mi gr ati o n i nfl u x fr o m B el ar us),
t h e m s ali e nt. Bir kl a n d [ 7] cl ai ms t h at f o c usi n g i nfl u e n c e d t h e p oliti c al att e nti o n of t h e Lit h u a ni a n
e v e nts “ c a n r e v e al c urr e nt a n d p ot e nti al f ut ur e p arli a m e nt t o t h e t o pi c of h u m a n ri g hts.
h ar ms, m o bilis e p e o pl e a n d gr o u ps t o a d dr ess t h e
p oli c y f ail ur es ”. H o w e v er, ot h er s c h ol ars ar g u e 2. R el at e d w or k
t h at n ot all f o c ussi n g e v e nts l e a d t o a g e n d a
c h a n g e. D e L e o et al. [ 8] m ai nt ai n t h at
“ e ntr e pr e n e urs s e e k t o fl o o d t h e p oli c y d e b at e H u m a n ri g hts iss u es w er e s cr uti nis e d gl o b all y
wit h t h eir pr ef err e d c o nstr u cti o n of t h e pr o bl e m b y a d o pti n g v ari o us p ers p e cti v es, i n cl u d i n g
a n d its s ol uti o ns t o d e n y a g e n d a s p a c e t o ot h er s e c uritis ati o n a n d dis c o urs e t h e ori es. S c h ol ars
e m pl o y e d s e c uritis ati o n t h e or y t o e x a mi n e h o w
a ct ors ”. N ot wit hst a n di n g t h e or eti c al ar g u m e nts
wit h r e g ar d t o i nfl u e n c e of f o c usi n g e v e nts o n s o m e s o ci al iss u es ar e s e c uritis e d t o bri n g
p oliti c al a g e n d a c h a n g es, i n t h e a n al ys e d p eri o d e xtr a or di n ar y m e as ur es t o d e al wit h a n ass u m e d
t w o f o c usi n g e v e nts – fr a u d ul e nt el e cti o ns i n t hr e at. S e c uritis ati o n of C O VI D-1 9, HI V/ AI D S,
B el ar us i n 2 0 2 0 a n d t h e i nfl u x of mi gr a nts fr o m Zi k a mi gr ati o n, a n d o t h er s o ci al or h e alt h iss u es
B el ar us t o Lit h u a ni a i n 2 0 2 1 – t o o k pl a c e a n d w er e t h or o u g hl y st u di e d, f o c usi n g o n h o w
w er e m assi v el y dis c uss e d i n t h e p u bli c s p h er e s e c uritis ati o n of a n i m pli e d t hr e at e m p o w ers
d uri n g t h e a n al ys e d p eri o d. T h es e t w o e v e nts m a y p arli a m e nts a n d g o v er n m e nts t o e x pl oit
b e cl os el y r el at e d t o t h e dis c ussi o n of v ari o us e xtr a or di n ar y m e as ur es oft e n li miti n g i n di vi d u al
as p e cts of h u m a n ri g hts, t h er ef or e, w e e x p e ct t h at fr e e d o ms ([ 1 1], [ 1 2], [ 1 3]). Ot h ers l o o k e d at t h e
l a ng u a g e us e d t o pr o d u c e a n arr ati v e j ustif yi n g
p oliti c al m e as ur es t a k e n or b ei n g a v oi d e d. M ol n ar r el at e d t o h u m a n ri g hts – t h e Fr e e d o m P art y –
et al. [ 1 4] ass ert t h at p arli a m e nt m e m b ers us e e m er g e d o n t h e p oliti c al s c e n e a n d w as s u c c essf ul
m et a p h ors of w ar a n d f e ar t o j ustif y d e cisi o ns i n wi n ni n g 1 1 s e ats ( al m ost 1 0 %) i n t h e n e wl y
t a k e n at p arli a m e nts t h at li mit h u m a n ri g hts a n d el e ct e d p arli a m e nt, c o ns e q u e ntl y, e nt eri n g t h e
u n d er mi n e d e m o cr a c i es. F urt h er m or e, t h e r ol e of g o v er n m e nt al c o aliti o n. T h er ef or e, it is i m p ort a nt
p arli a m e nt m e m b ers i n s h a pi n g h u m a n ri g hts or t o i n v esti g at e if t h e pr es e n c e of t h e Fr e e d o m P art y
c o nt est ati o n of h u m a n ri g hts iss u es is a n ot h er i n t h e G o v er n m e nt als o pr o d u c e d c h a n g es i n t h e
s p e ctr u m of st u di es f o c usi n g o n p arli a m e nt ar y c o nt e nt of t h e p arli a m e nt ar y d e b at es, t h at is,
d e b at es as a pl atf or m f or a g e n d a -s etti n g a n d br o u g ht pr e vi o usl y m ar gi n al t o pi c of h u m a n
p oli c y m a ki n g [ 1 5]. V ol u mi n o us st u di es f o c u s o n ri g hts t o t h e f or e of p oliti c al dis c ussi o ns of t h e
t h e p arli a m e nt as a n a v e n u e t o c o ntri b ut e t o t h e S ei m as.
h u m a n ri g hts a g e n d a, as a n a ct or t o pr o m ot e Fi n all y, t h o u g h p oliti c al d e b at es i n t h e
h u m a n ri g hts a n d fr a m e t h e h u m a n ri g hts a g e n d a p arli a m e nt tr a diti o n all y w er e c o nsi d er e d b y m a n y
or o v ers e e t h e e x e c uti v e a ut h oriti es ([ 1 6], [ 1 7]). l e gisl ati v e s c h ol ars t o b e “ c h e a p t al k ” [ 2 0], m or e
R ef er e n c es t o h u m a n ri g hts i n t h e Lit h u a ni a n r e c e nt st u di es e m pl o y e d s p ee c h es of t h e
p arli a m e nt ar y d e b at es w er e alr e a d y st u di e d i n t h e p arli a m e nt ar y d e b at es i n a n al ysi n g pr o mi n e nt
c o nt e xt of C O VI D -1 9 p a n d e mi c a n d it w as f o u n d t o pi cs a n d disti n ct dis c ursi v e p att er ns of
t h at t h e P arli a m e nt el e ct e d i n 2 0 2 0 “ d e v ot e d m u c h l e gisl ati v e d e b at es ([ 2 1], [ 2 2], [ 2 3]), as w ell as t o
m or e ti m e t o dis c ussi o ns c o n c er ni n g h u m a n i n v esti g at e e v ol uti o n of p oliti c al a g e n d a t o pi cs
ri g hts ” [ 1 8]. H o w e v er, t his st u d y o nl y c o v er e d t h e a n d e x pl ai n c h a n g es of p oliti c al att e nti o n [ 5].
p eri o d of t h e y e ar 2 0 2 0, a n d r es ults c o ul d o nl y T h us , a st u d y of p arli a m e nt ar y d e b at es tr a ns cri pts
s h o w t h at g e n er al a p p e als t o h u m a n ri g hts ( b y t h e is a n a p pr o pri at e s o ur c e f or a n al ysi n g c h a n g es of
w h ol e p arli a m e nt) i n cr e as e d i n A u g ust 2 0 2 0, p oliti c al a g e n d a a n d c h a n gi n g p att er ns of
w hi c h c oi n ci d e d wit h t h e f o c usi n g e v e nts r el at e d att e nti o n t o t h e t o pi c of h u m a n ri g hts i n t h e
t o fr a u d ul e nt el e cti o ns i n B el ar us i n 2 0 2 0. I n t his Lit h u a ni a n p arli a m e nt. F urt h er, si n c e
st u d y w e e xt e n d t h e p eri o d f or a n a d diti o n al y e ar p arli a m e nt ar y d e b at es pr o d u c e a l ot of t e xt u al
(t h us, c o v eri n g a n ot h er f o c usi n g e v e nt r el at e d t o d at a, w e e m pl o y c o m p ut eri z e d a n al ysis. C urr e nt
t h e crisis of mi gr ati o n i nfl u x fr o m B el ar us i n tr e n d of p oliti c al st u di es, w h er e t e xts ar e us e d as
2 0 2 1) a n d disti n g uis h b et w e e n dis c o urs es of d at a, is t o e m pl o y u ns u p er vis e d t o pi c m o d elli n g
diff er e nt p arli a m e nt ar y p art y gr o u ps (f a cti o ns). ([ 5], [ 2 4], [ 2 5], [ 2 6]). H o w e v er, t his m et h o d
T h e l att er d esi g n i m pr o v e m e nt all o ws us t o st u d y s uff ers fr o m pr o bl e ms r el at e d t o c h o osi n g t h e
c h a n g es i n p arli a m e nt ar y dis c o urs e r el at e d t o n u m b er of t o pi cs t o r et ai n a n d t h eir i nt er pr et ati o n.
iss u e c o m p etiti o n a n d c h a n gi n g p art y p oliti c al M or e o v er, it o nl y m a k es p ossi bl e t o st u d y w h at is
a g e n d a. Gr e e n -P e d ers e n [ 1 9] st u di e d p art y b ei n g s ai d a n d n ot w hi c h t o pi cs ar e e x cl u d e d fr o m
m a nif est os of W est er n E ur o p e a n p arti es i n t h e t h e dis c ussi o n, w hi c h is es p e ci all y i m p ort a nt i n
s e c o n d p art of t h e X X c e nt ur y a n d f o u n d t h at st u di es of p oliti c al a g e n d a c h a n g es [ 3]. T h er ef or e,
c h a n g es i n s o ci et al v al u es a n d pri oriti es h a d w e e m pl o y a m or e tr a diti o n al di cti o n ar y -b as e d
i m p ort a nt c o ns e q u e n c es f or p art y c o m p etiti o n as c o m p ut eri z e d a p pr o a c h t o c o nt e nt a n al ysis, as it
t h e c o nt e nt of t h e a g e n d a of p art y c o m p etiti o n all o ws t o st u d y t o pi cs t h at c a n b e u n e q ui v o c all y
c h a n g e d. I n g e n er al, iss u e c o m p etiti o n a n d p art y d efi n e d a n d h a v e e asil y i d e ntifi a bl e v o c a b ul ari es
p oliti c al a g e n d as w er e m ostl y st u di e d i n t h e [ 4]. T h e t o pi c of “ H u m a n ri g hts ” m a y b e
c o nt e xt of el e cti o ns e m pl o yi n g a n al ysis of t e xt u al c o nsi d er e d as h a vi n g s u c h q u aliti es [ 2 7].
d at a r etri e v e d fr o m p art y d o c u m e nts a n d m ass
m e di a. A n al ysis of p arli a m e nt ar y d e b at es w as 3. D at a a n d m et h o ds
r ar el y us e d f or t h e p ur p os e of st u d yi n g c h a n gi n g
str u ct ur e of p art y iss u e c o m p etiti o n. T his st u d y 3. 1. C or p us
c o ntri b ut es t o t h e u n d erst a n di n g of c h a n gi n g p art y
p oliti c al a g e n d a as i m p ort a nt s o ci et al c h a n g es As o ur d at a s o ur c e, w e us e d tr a ns cri pts of t h e
( c h a n gi n g v al u e pri oriti es) bri n g i nt o t h e p o w er S ei m as pl e n ar y d e b at es fr o m 1 J a n u ar y 2 0 2 0 t o 3 1
p oliti c al p arti es w hi c h a d v o c at e s u p p ort f or iss u es D e c e m b er 2 0 2 1. T his p eri o d is s o m e w h at e q u all y
t h at pr e vi o usl y w er e at t h e m ar gi ns of t h e p oliti c al di vi d e d i nt o t w o s u b p eri o ds r e pr es e nti n g t h e l ast
dis c ussi o n. I n t h e Lit h u a ni a n c o nt e xt, t h e 2 0 2 0 y e ar of t h e 8t h t er m o f t h e S ei m as ( 2 0 1 6-2 0 2 0)
S ei m as el e cti o ns c o ul d b e s e e n as a m a nif est ati o n a n d t h e first y e ar of t h e 9t h t er m of t h e S ei m as
of c h a n gi n g p art y p oliti c al a g e n d a si n c e a p art y ( 2 0 2 0-2 0 2 4). D at a w er e a ut o m ati c all y s cr a p e d
a d v o c ati n g f or r a di c al c h a n g es i n p u bli c p oli c y fr o m t h e offi ci al d o c u m e nt s e ar c h sit e of t h e
S ei m as: htt ps:// e - T his i nf or m ati o n is a v ail a bl e i n t h e
s ei m as.lrs.lt/ p ort al/ d o c u m e nt S e ar c h/lt. We G o v er n m e nt c o aliti o n a gr e e m e nts.
e nt er e d t h e p eri o d ( 2 0 2 0- 0 1- 0 1 – 2 0 2 1- 1 2- 3 1) I nf or m ati o n a b o ut t h e n u m b er of s p e e c h es
a n d t h e t y p e of d o c u m e nt ( “ St e n o gr a m a ”), a n d p er m o nt h b y t h e f a cti o ns a n al ys e d i n t h e
t h e s e ar c h e n gi n e r etri e v e d a t ot al of 2 1 9 p a p er (t h e o v er all n u m b er of s p e e c h es p er
tr a ns cri pts i n M S W or d ( *. d o c x) f or m at. m o nt h a n d t h e n u m b er of s p e e c h es b y p ositi o n
T h e r etri e v e d fil es h a d t o b e c o n v ert e d a n d o p p ositi o n M Ps p er m o nt h) ar e pr o vi d e d i n
i nt o t e xt u al d at a fil es ( pl ai n t e xt f or m at) T a bl e 1 b el o w.
t o b e pr o c ess e d wit h t e xt a n al yti c t o ols. It
s h o ul d b e n ot e d t h at t h e e ntir e d at a s et is i n 3. 2. Di cti o n ar y f or the
Lit h u a ni a n; t h er ef or e, it w as ess e nti al t o c o m p ut eriz e d c o nt e nt
pr es er v e t h e U T F- 8 e n c o di n g f or f urt h er
pr o c essi n g. T h e r etri e v e d d at a is a v ail a bl e o n
a n al ysis
t h e D at a v ers e r e p osit or y of t h e Lit h u a ni a n D at a F or t h e p ur p os e of a n al ysi n g r ef er e n c es t o
Ar c hi v e f or S o ci al S ci e n c es a n d H u m a niti es “ H u m a n ri g hts ” i n t h e s p e e c h es of m e m b ers of t h e
( htt ps:// h dl. h a n dl e. n et/ 2 1. 1 2 1 3 7/ W V X N 4 V). Lit h u a ni a n P arli a m e nt ( M Ps), w e c o ns ult e d t h e
T h e d e b at es w er e di vi d e d i nt o s p e e c h es, Lit h u a ni a n C o nstit uti o n, ot h er n ati o n al a n d
a n d t h e s p e e c h es of t h e S p e a k er of t h e sitti n g i nter n ati o n al l e g al d o c u m e nts r el at e d t o e ns uri n g
w er e eli mi n at e d d u e t o t h eir pr o c e d ur al h u m a n ri g hts (s u c h as, f or e x a m pl e, I nt er n ati o n al
n at ur e. S p e e c h es of n o n- M Ps w er e i n cl u d e d, as C o v e n a nt o n Ci vil a n d P oliti c al Ri g hts a n d
t h e y m a y h a v e b e e n gi v e n b y mi nist ers or I nt er n ati o n al C o v e n a nt o n E c o n o mi c, S o ci al a n d
s o m e ot h er i m p ort a nt p oliti c al a ct ors who C ult ur al Ri g hts). T h e s e ar c h t er ms i n cl u d e d i n t h e
ma y h a v e si g nifi c a ntl y i nfl u e n c e d t h e di cti o n ar y ar e pr o vi d e d i n T a bl e 2 b el o w.
S ei m as' p oliti c al a g e n d a. S p e e c h es of M Ps
a n d mi nist ers w er e assi g n e d t o p ositi o ns a n d
o p p ositi o n a n d f a cti o ns. I nf or m ati o n a b o ut M Ps’ 3. 3. M et h o ds
m e m b ers hi p i n f a cti o ns is pr o vi d e d o n t h e
offi ci al w e bsit e of t h e S ei m as ( w w w.lrs.lt). T h e c o m p ut eris e d c o nt e nt a n al ysis w as
M e m b ers hi p of mi nist ers i n f a cti o ns w as p erf or m e d wit h t h e q u a nt e d a ( v ersi o n 3. 0)
d et er mi n e d usi n g t h e i nf or m ati o n o n w hi c h p a c k a g e [ 2 8] a v ail a bl e i n R l a n g u a g e a n d
p art y d el e g at e d mi nist ers t o t h e G o v er n m e nt. e n vir o n m e nt f or st atisti c al c o m p ut i n g a n d
gr a p hi cs [ 2 9]. First, w e c o nstr u ct e d q u a nt e d a
T a bl e 1 t o k e ns o bj e ct fr o m t h e c or p us r e m o vi n g
C or p us c h ar a ct eristi cs
p u n ct u ati o n m ar ks ( U ni c o d e “ P u n ct u ati o n ” [ P] t h o u g h t h eir r ol e i n pr o m oti n g h u m a n ri g hts a n d
cl ass), s y m b ols a n d s e p ar at ors ( U ni c o d e m ai nt ai ni n g o v ersi g ht of i nt er n ati o n al o bli g ati o ns
“ S y m b ol ” [ S], “ S e p ar at or ” [ Z] a n d “ C o ntr ol ” [ C] h as b e c o m e as n e v er vit al. M or e o v er, t h eir r ol e i n
cl ass es) a n d r et ai ni n g n u m b ers as w ell as n ot u p h ol di n g h u m a n ri g hts o bli g ati o ns a n d
s plitti n g w or ds t h at ar e c o n n e ct e d b y h y p h e n ati o n. pr o m oti n g h u m a n ri g hts a g e n d a is d e p e n d e nt o n
T h e n w e pr o c e e d e d wit h t h e s e ar c h of t h e e n g a g e m e nt of p arli a m e nt m e m b ers i n
di cti o n ar y t er ms usi n g t h e q u a nt e d a f u n cti o n p arli a m e nt ar y d e b at es, w hi c h is a pri m ar y
t o k e ns _l o o k u p. If a n y of t h e s e ar c h t er ms w er e pl atf or m f or di al o g u e i n d e m o cr a ci es. T h e
i d e ntifi e d i n t h e s p e e c h, t h e s p e e c h w as m ar k e d as a n al ysis of Lit h u a ni a n p arli a m e nt ar y d e b at es
c o nt ai ni n g a r ef er e n c e t o t h e “ H u m a n ri g hts ” c or p us r e v e al e d cl e ar fl u ct u ati o ns i n att e nti o n t o
t o pi c. T h e n w e a g gr e g at e d t h e res ults b y m o nt h h u m a n ri g hts iss u es, w hi c h w er e i nfl u e n c e d b y
( a n d S ei m as t er m), c o u nti n g h o w m a n y s p e e c h es p arli a m e nt ar y el e cti o ns a n d f o c usi n g e v e nts
p er m o nt h c o nt ai n e d r ef er e n c es t o t h e “ H u m a n o c c urri n g b ef or e t h e 2 0 2 0 S ei m as el e cti o ns a n d
ri g hts ” t o pi c. S p e e c h es w er e als o a g gr e g at e d b y aft er t h e m. T h e S ei m as d e b at es tr a ns cri pt a n al ysis
M Ps’ m e m b ers hi p i n f a cti o ns a n d b el o n gi n g t o t h e e x p os e d diff er e n c es i n attit u d es t o w ar ds h u m a n
p ositi o n or o p p ositi o n. ri g hts d es pit e b ot h r uli n g m aj oriti es h a d t o d e al
wit h t h e s a m e p u bli c h e alt h crisis – C O VI D -1 9
T a bl e 2 p a n d e mi c – c oi n e d as a f o c usi n g e v e nt.
C or p us c h ar a ct eristi c Di cti o n ar y of s e ar c h t er ms N o n et h el ess, p arli a m e nts f a c e d t w o diff er e nt
r el at e d t o “ h u m a n ri g hts ” t o pi c a d diti o n al f o c usi n g e v e nts t h at i m p a ct e d t h eir
a cti vit y, o n e of w hi c h w as fr a u d ul e nt el e cti o ns i n
S e ar c h T er m s B el ar us i n 2 0 2 0 b ef or e t h e 2 0 2 0 S ei m as el e cti o ns
ž m o g a us t eis * a s u d ar * p art n er yst * a n d t h e i nfl u x of irr e g ul ar mi gr a nts fr o m B el ar us
ž m o ni ų t eis * p art n er yst * i nstit ut o n e a n d a h alf y e ars aft er t h e 2 0 2 0 Lit h u a ni a n
* dis kri mi n a c * p art n er yst * *r e gistr *
* dis kri mi n u o * pr oj e kt * k ai p p art n er yst *
p arli a m e nt el e cti o ns. T h e r el ati v el y l ar g est f o c us
* dis kri mi n a v * pril y gi n * p art n er yst * o n a p p e als t o h u m a n ri g hts w as r el at e d t o e v e nts
p at y č * s a nt u o k * p art n er yst * i n B el ar us, o n e of w hi c h dir e ctl y aff e ct e d
n e a p y k a nt os k al b * ci vil * p art n er yst *
v ai k o t eis * p art n er yst * įst at y m *
Lit h u a ni a’s s e c urit y fr a m e w or k (s e e p eri o ds of
v ai k ų t eis * p art n er yst * įt eisi n * 0 8. 2 0 2 0 a n d 0 7. 2 0 2 1 i n Fi g. 1). H o w e v er, i n 2 0 2 1
l y g * g ali m y b * g y v e n * p art n er yst * r uli n g m aj orit y’s a p p e als t o h u m a n ri g hts i n
n eį g al * t eis * iš br a u k * p art n er yst * r e a cti o n t o t h e i nfl u x of mi gr a nts fr o m B el ar us
m ot er * t eis * p art n er yst * k o n c e p c *
p až ei dži a m * gr u p * i nstit ut * ar p art n er yst * a n d r e c urri n g p a n d e mi c w a v es w a s m u c h m or e
k a n ki ni m * p al ai k * p art n er yst * pr o n o u n c e d (s e e p eri o ds of 0 1. 2 0 2 1, 0 5. 2 0 2 1,
t eis ės virš e n y b * p art n er yst * l ai k ot ar p * 0 7. 2 0 2 1, a n d 1 0. 2 0 2 1 i n Fi g. 1) t h a n att e nti o n t o
L G BT* n e utr al * p art n er yst *
pr e k * ž m o n * p art n er yst * m o d el *
h u m a n hi g hts t o pi c b y t h e pr e vi o us g o v er n m e nt i n
s a vir aiš k os t eis * r e gl a m e n * p art n er yst * 2 0 2 0. Diff er e n c es i n a p p e als t o t h e h u m a n ri g hts
s a vir aiš k os l ais v * p art n er yst * n u ost at * of r uli n g m aj oriti es st a n d o ut i n c o m p ari n g
ž o dži o l ais v * p art n er yst * p a gri n d * p arli a m e nt ar y d e b at es c o n c er ni n g C o vi d -1 9
t eis * g a uti i nf o * p art n er yst * r e gl a m e n *
t eis * ri n kti i nf o * si ūl o m * p art n er yst * p a n d e mi c m a n a g e m e nt i n t h e Lit h u a ni a n
ži ni as kl ai d os l ais v * p art n er yst * *r e g ul * p arli a m e nt. R el ati v el y m or e a p p e als t o h u m a n
ži ni as kl ai d os t eis * *r e g ul * p art n er yst * ri g hts ar e r e c or d e d aft er t h e 2 0 2 0 p arli a m e nt ar y
St a m b ul o k o n v e n c * p art n er yst * r yš *
t eis * į s v ei k at os a ps a u * p art n er yst * s a nt y k *
el e cti o ns t h a n b ef or e t h e m. F urt h er m or e, u nli k e
as m e n * p art n er yst * p art n er yst * s ą v o k * b ef or e t h e el e cti o ns, t h e r uli n g m aj orit y w as m or e
įt eis * p art n er yst * p art n er yst * s u d ar * u nit e d i n a p p e ali n g t o h u m a n ri g hts w hil e
p art n er yst * ar s a nt u o k * p art n er yst * t eisi n *
dis k usij * a pi e p art n er yst * * pril y gi n * p art n er yst *
dis c ussi n g C O VI D -1 9 p a n d e mi c m a n a g e m e nt
p art n er yst * f or m * s ą v o k * p art n er yst * m e as ur es or r e vi e wi n g a n d a d o pti n g t h e
f a kti n * p art n er yst * p art n er yst * užti kri ni m * a p pr o a c h es t o mi gr ati o n crisis m a n a g e m e nt.
*r e gistr * p art n er yst * įt eisi n * p art n er yst * I nt er esti n gl y, s o ci al d e m o cr ats ( L S D P) w er e n ot
p art n er yst * g y v e n * * g al v o * a pi e p art n er yst *
a Ast eris k i n s e ar c h t er ms r ef ers t o st e m m e d p att er ns. t h e m ost ar d e nt a d v o c at es of h u m a n ri g hts i n t h e
S ei m as, t h o u g h t his t o pi c is us u all y at t h e
f or efr o nt of s o ci al d e m o cr ati c i d e ol o g y p arti es
4. R es ults ar o u n d t h e w orl d [ 3 0].
O v er all, t h es e r es ults cl e arl y i n di c at e t h at
L y er [ 1 6] m ai nt ai ns t h at p ar li a m e nts f o c usi n g e v e nts m o bili z e d all p arti es i n a d o pti n g
u nr e as o n a bl y ar e i g n or e d as h u m a n ri g hts pl a y ers, t h e r es ol uti o n c o n d e m ni n g fr a u dul e nt el e cti o ns i n
B el ar us [ 3 1], w hi c h a d dr ess e d h u m a n ri g hts ( a n d still ar e) t h e m ost ar d e nt s u p p ort ers of h u m a n
vi ol ati o ns t h er ei n a n d a p p e al e d t o h u m a n ri g hts ri g hts t o pi cs aft er t h e 2 02 0 el e cti o ns ( e x c e pt f or
o v er all i n t h e n ei g h b o uri n g c o u ntr y b y ur gi n g p eri o ds of 0 4. 2 0 2 1, 0 5. 2 0 2 1, a n d 0 8. 2 0 2 1, s e e
s a n cti o ns f or B el ar us r e gi m e’s pl a y ers a n d Fi g ur e 1). T h es e fi n di n gs gi v e s u p p ort f or t h e
s u p p ort ers i n 2 0 2 0 (s e e p eri o d 0 8. 2 0 2 0 i n Fi g ur e t h e ori es of c h a n gi n g str u ct ur e of p art y iss u e
1) a n d al m ost u n a ni m o usl y s u p p orti n g m e as ur es c o m p etiti o n t h at is pr o d u c e d b y s o ci et al c h a n g es
t o c o p e wit h mi gr ati o n crisis [ 3 2] t h at w er e i n as r efl e ct e d i n s hifti n g p u bli c p oliti c al pri oriti es.
l ar g e p art r el at e d t o r e g ul ati n g t h e ri g hts of t h e
mi gr a nts (s e e p eri o ds of 0 7. 2 0 2 1 a n d 1 0. 2 0 2 1 i n 5. C o n cl usi o ns
Fi g. 1). T h es e r es ults gi v e s u p p ort f or t h e
ar g u m e nts of s c h ol ars c o nt e n d i n g t h at f o c usi n g
e v e nts pr o d u c e c h a n g es i n p oliti c al a g e n d as. T h e a n al ysis of t h e S ei m as d e b at es tr a ns cri pts
F urt h er, gr e at er f o c us o n h u m a n ri g hts b y t h e r e v e al e d t h at f o c usi n g e v e nts ar e a cl e ar s o ur c e of
r uli n g m aj orit y a n d m or e ri g or o us a cti vit y i n c h a n g es of p oliti c al a g e n d a. Att e nti o n t o t h e t o pi c
a p p e ali n g t o h u m a n ri g hts i n 2 0 2 1 mi g ht b e of h u m a n ri g hts d uri n g t h e a n al ys e d p eri o d of
2 0 2 0 -2 0 2 1 i n cr e as e d c o nsi d er a bl y w h e n t w o
e x pl ai n e d b y t h e as c e nsi o n t o p o w er of li b er al
p arti es, es p e ci all y t h e n e w li b er al p art y – t h e f o c usi n g e v e nts – fr a u d ul e nt el e cti o ns i n B el ar us
Fr e e d o m P art y. T h e y p ositi o n t h e ms el v es as i n 2 0 2 0 a n d t h e i nfl u x of mi gr a nts fr o m B el ar us t o
p arti es t h at pr ot e ct h u m a n ri g hts a n d pr o m ot e Lit h u a ni a i n 2 0 2 1 – t o o k pl a c e a n d b e c a m e t h e
h u m a n ri g hts a g e n d a. M or e o v er, h u m a n ri g hts f o c us of p u bli c d e b at es. T his w as cl e arl y r el at e d
iss u es w er e i n cl u d e d i n t h e Fr e e d o ms P art y’s t o t h e n at ur e of t h es e e v e nts, as si z e a bl e s h ar e of
pr o gr a m m e a n d w er e a d v o c at e d i n t h e a gr e e m e nt t h e dis c ussi o ns i n t h e P arli a m e nt w as d e v ot e d t o
of t h e r uli n g m aj orit y. Alt h o u g h s o m e h u m a n s ol vi n g or pr o m oti n g v ari o us h u m a n ri g hts iss u es.
ri g hts iss u es di d n ot a p p e ar o n t h e g o v er n m e nt’s T h e r es ults of t h e st u d y als o pr o vi d e s u p p ort
a g e n d a, t h e y w er e i n cl u d e d i nt o t h e r uli n g f or t h e t h e or y of p art y iss u e c o m p etiti o n e v ol uti o n
m aj orit y’s a gr e e m e nt a n d h a v e b e e n a gr e e d t o b e r es ulti n g fr o m s o ci et al c h a n g es a n d r efl e ct e d i n
s u p p ort e d b y t h e li b er al wi n g of t h e l ar g est r uli n g c h a n gi n g p oli ti c al pri oriti es. P u bli c v al u e
p art y – t h e H o mel a n d U ni o n. I m p ort a ntl y, t h es e ori e nt ati o ns c h a n g e a n d ( us u all y, n e w) p arti es
d e v el o p m e nts h a d cl e ar i m p a ct o n t h e p oliti c al gr a b o p p ort u niti es t o m o bilis e s u p p ort f or t h es e
att e nti o n i n t h e S ei m as d e b at es. W e c a n cl e arl y n e wl y e m er gi n g pri oriti es. R e pr es e nt ati v es of t h e
s e e t h at r e pr es e nt ati v es of t h e Fr e e d o m P art y w er e Fr e e d o m P art y a d v o c at e d r a di c al c h a n g es i n
p u bli c p oli c y r el at e d t o h u m a n ri g ht s d uri n g t h e
2 0 2 0 S ei m as el e cti o ns. I m p ort a ntl y, t h e t o pi c of
Fi g ur e 1 : E x a m pl e fi g ur e A p p e als t o h u m a n ri g hts
i n Lit h u a ni a n P arli a m e nt i n 2 0 2 0-2 0 2 1
h u m a n ri g hts st a y e d m ost pr o mi n e ntl y o n t h e M arti n, T. S a alf el d, a n d K. W. Str ø m, E ds.
a g e n d a of t his p art y i n t h e p arli a m e nt ar y d e b at es O xf or d: O U P, 2 0 1 4, p p. 1 2 6 – 1 4 4.
e v er aft er it b e c a m e a p art of t h e r uli n g m aj orit y. [ 7] T. Birl k a n d a n d K. L. S c h w a e bl e,
T h er ef or e, w e c a n wit n ess a tr a nsf er of c h a n g es of “ A g e n d a s etti n g a n d t h e p oli c y pr o c ess: F o c usi n g
s o ci et al pri oriti es i nt o t h e p oliti c al ar e n a a n d p art y e v e nts, ” i n O xf or d R es e ar c h E n c y cl o p e di a of
a g e n d a. P oliti cs, 2 0 1 9. R etri e v e d 1 M ar c h 2 0 2 2, fr o m
T h es e r es ults, i n t ur n, s h o w e d t h at htt ps:// o xf or dr e. c o m/ p oliti cs/ vi e w/ 1 0. 1 0 9 3/ a cr ef
p arli a m e nt ar y d e b at es c or p or a c a n b e a us ef ul or e/ 9 7 8 0 1 9 0 2 2 8 6 3 7. 0 0 1. 0 0 0 1/ a cr ef or e -
r es o ur c e f or t h e a n al ysis of p oliti c al a g e n d a 9 7 8 0 1 9 0 2 2 8 6 3 7 -e -1 6 5.
c h a n g es a n d c h a n gi n g p att er ns of p oliti c al [ 8] R. A. D e L e o, K. T a yl or, D. A. Cr o w, a n d
att e nti o n t o at l e a st s o m e t o pi cs. Als o, t h e y g a v e T. A. Bir kl a n d, “ D uri n g Dis ast er: R efi ni n g t h e
s u p p ort f or f urt h er us e of a tr a diti o n al di cti o n ar y - C o n c e pt of F o c usi n g E v e nts t o B ett er E x pl ai n
b as e d c o m p ut eri z e d a p pr o a c h t o c o nt e nt a n al ysis L o n g -D ur ati o n Cris es, ” I nt. R e v. P u bli c A d m.,
f or st u d yi n g t o pi cs t h at c a n b e u n e q ui v o c all y v ol. 3( 1), p p. 5 – 2 8, 2 0 2 1.
d efi n e d a n d h a v e e asil y i d e ntifi a bl e v o c a b ul ari es [ 9] E. G. C ar mi n es a n d J. A. Sti ms o n, “ O n t h e
(s u c h as t h e t o pi c of “ H u m a n ri g hts ” st u di e d i n str u ct ur e a n d s e q u e n c e of iss u e e v ol uti o n ”, A m.
t his p a p er). H o w e v er, t his st u d y w as li mit e d t o P olit. S ci. R e v., v ol. 8 0( 3), p p. 9 0 1 – 9 2 0, 1 9 8 6.
q u a ntit ati v e a n al ysis of g e n er al tr e n ds of “ h u m a n [ 1 0] L. D. W a l k er a n d R. W. W at er m a n,
ri g hts ” dis c ussi o ns i n t h e S ei m as. F ut ur e w or k “ El e cti o ns as f o c usi n g e v e nts: E x pl ai ni n g
c o ul d als o e m pl o y q u alit ati v e dis c o urs e a n al ysis attit u d es t o w ar d t h e p oli c e a n d t h e g o v er n m e nt i n
i n or d er t o i d e ntif y c h a n g es i n t h e p arli am e nt ar y c o m p ar ati v e p ers p e cti v e, ” L a w S o c. R e v., v ol.
a g e n d a m or e pr e cis el y a n d pr o vi d e m or e s p e cifi c 4 2( 2), p p. 3 3 7 – 3 6 6, 2 0 0 8.
e x pl a n ati o ns of t h es e c h a n g es. [ 1 1] J. H eri n gt o n, “ S e c uriti z ati o n of I nf e cti o us
Dis e as es i n Vi et n a m: T h e C as es of HI V a n d
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