Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is widely used in various industries, including logistics, retail, healthcare, and agriculture. In recent years, RFID has also been explored for military and civilian applications, especially in wartime. RFID tags can be used to protect military and civilian population during war by providing real-time tracking of people, vehicles and equipment. The use of RFID tags in the military and defense complex is gaining great popularity [1, 2, 3], however, the use of RFID tags for mine security has not yet been fully explored. A separate important task under war conditions is the mine defense of territories where combat actions are taking place. The use of various mines to create blocking effects from the enemy ensures the security of territories in wartime and postwar times. The use of mines for the security of territories is known as "mine defense". This includes the placement of mines or explosive devices in a certain area or around important objects in order to protect these objects from possible threats. The main aspects of using mines for the security of territories include: the creation of minefields (placement of mines or explosive devices in a certain area to create a minefield that can become an obstacle for potential invaders or enemies); creation of maps of minefields (designation of minefields to inform own troops and the civilian population about their presence and location, to avoid danger). It is important to note that the use of mines for the security of territories must comply with international norms and conventions regarding the prohibition of the use of anti-personnel mines, and must also comply with the principles of humanitarian law to protect the civilian Workshop Proceedings
and minimize humanitarian consequences. The use of RFID tags on mines is a solution that fully ensures the implementation of these norms and conventions.
This article considers the use of RFID tags in wartime, the advantages of using RFID technology for the implementation of mine defense of territories, the rules for the protection of RFID tags used to ensure the safety of the military and civilian population.
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses radio waves for object
identification and tracking. RFID tags are small electronic devices that can be attached to objects or
implanted in living beings. Each of these tags contains a unique identifier that can be read by an
RFIDreader. The use of RFID tags can have significant advantages for protecting the military and
civilians during wartime. In this article, we will investigate the use of RFID tags for this purpose
and provide some calculations and formulas to illustrate their effectiveness [
2023 Copyright for this paper by its authors.
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is widely implemented all over the world, and its impact on our daily life is very diverse and
massive [
RFID tags can be important components in mine defense and countering mine threats [
1. Mine identification and tracking. RFID tags can be embedded in or placed next to mines. This allows you to create a system for identifying and tracking mines in real time. Operators can use special RFID readers to detect and identify mines, making it easier to destroy or defuse them.
2. Ensuring the safety of minesweepers. Specialists in demining can wear RFID tags on their uniforms or equipment. This allows you to track their location and, in case of an emergency, quickly determine their position for assistance.
3. Identification of safe areas. RFID tags can be placed in certain areas that have already been cleared of mines. This helps prevent the re-emergence of mines or indicates safe routes and areas.
4. Inventory of equipment and resources. RFID tags can be used to keep records and track various types of equipment and resources used in mining operations, helping to maintain inventory and control access to these resources.
5. Reporting and analytics. Data collected from RFID tags can be used to analyze and generate reports on mining operations performance and risks. It helps to plan future operations and make informed decisions.
RFID technology can improve the efficiency and safety of mine defense, as well as contribute to the protection of life and health of deminers and other workers in this field.
When using RFID tags on mines, you can create and visualize maps of minefields, which will ensure the relevance of data at any moment in time.
The calculation for designing active RFID tags for use in mine safety systems consists of several
steps. Active RFID tags have their own power sources and can transmit signals over much longer
distances than passive tags, making them efficient for use in such tasks [
The general algorithm for creating an IoT tag system consists of the following steps (fig. 1): 1. Determination of needs and requirements. First, it is necessary to determine what requirements regarding active RFID tags exist in a specific case of mine safety. This may include reading range, battery life, power consumption, and other technical parameters.
2. Frequency (RFID band) choice. Defining a radio frequency that meets military needs. RFID tags can use different frequency bands such as LF (Low Frequency), HF (High Frequency), UHF (Ultra-High Frequency) or SHF (Super-High Frequency) depending on the distance and signal strength.
3. Power source. Determining the power source for active RFID tags. These are usually batteries or accumulators. This is done by calculating how long the tag can operate without replacing the power supply based on the needs and service life requirements, taking into account the conditions of use of these tags. 4. Energy-saving algorithms. Development of effective algorithms for the operation of active tags that allow them to enter the sleep mode and efficiently use energy in the active state. This includes the calculation of activity times and periods of sleep.
5. Calculation of the reading range. Empirical data and Friis equation or formulas for signal loss over distance are used to determine the reading range of active tags.
6. Antennas and communication units. Development of antennas and communication modules for tags that meet military requirements. They must be efficient in the selected frequency range.
7. Protection against exposure to dangerous factors. In mine safety, active RFID tags must be resistant to explosions and other dangerous conditions. Here it is necessary to distinguish whether it is required to keep a tag on a mine that has already detonated, or only to protect against explosions that are far from an active mine.
8. Testing and validation. Testing the created tags in real mine safety conditions to make sure they meet all requirements and function properly.
9. Production and deployment. After successful validation, production of active RFID tags can be started. After that, the tags are deployed in the mine environment.
10.Support and updates. The support process, including battery replacement and tag software updates, is as important to the quality of tag performance as development and implementation.
This process of calculating and developing an IoT system based on active RFID tags in mine safety requires a lot of engineering work and specialized knowledge in the field of RFID technology, as well as military security. In practice, this can be challenging and resource-intensive, but it can significantly improve the safety and efficiency of operations in a mine environment. 2.2.
The range (or radius) of active RFID tags on rough terrain can be determined using various factors
such as signal strength, reader sensitivity, tag antenna characteristics, and environment conditions [
L is the signal loss (dB); d is the distance between the tag and the reader (m); f is the signal frequency (Hz); K is correction factor that takes into account other signal losses (dB).
Reader sensitivity and tag transmission power are also important factors. The greater the
transmission power of the tag and the sensitivity of the reader, the greater is the possible range.
Usually, these values are indicated in the equipment specifications [
The size and characteristics of the antenna on the tag can also affect the range. A larger antenna
usually provides a longer communication range [
The environmental conditions such as humidity, surface type, metal obstructions, vegetation and
other factors can also affect the signal range (fig. 2) [
Please note that in real conditions, the range of active RFID tags can fluctuate significantly due to the influence of various factors. A key indicator for determining the range of RFID tags is the influence of terrain, as it is envisaged to install tags on mines located close to the surface of the earth, and not on a raised antenna above the earth's surface.
Determining the range of active RFID tags on cross-country terrain includes a number of factors
that can be taken into account in calculations [
Transmitter power (Tx): The signal strength emitted by the active tag. Measured in decibel milliwatts (dBm).
Receiver sensitivity (Rx): The sensitivity of the RFID reader to weak signals from tags. It is also measured in decibel milliwatts (dBm).
Antenna height (H): The height of the location of the antenna on the tag and the height of the location of the antenna on the reader above ground level. It is measured in meters (m).
Frequency (f): The operating frequency of the RFID system which is measured in gigahertz (GHz).
Barriers (path loss): Signal loss caused by various obstacles such as trees, buildings, soil, etc. Location of antennas (d): The distance between the tag antenna and the reader antenna. Reader transmitter power (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power – EIRP): The reader's effective transmitter power, which includes the transmitter and amplifier power. It is measured in decibel milliwatts (dBm).
The range can be calculated using the formula for determining the communication in the radio
frequency range (RF link budget) [
L EIRP (Tx Rx ) 20 log10 ( f ) 20 log10 (d ) PL (2) where:
L is the communication range (m); EIRP is the effective power of the reader transmitter (dBm);
Tx is the tag transmitter power (dBm); Rx is the reader receiver sensitivity (dBm); f is the operating
frequency of the RFID system (GHz); d is the distance between the tag antenna and the reader
antenna (m); PL is the signal loss caused by barriers and other factors (dB). This formula allows
you to calculate the approximate range of active RFID tags in specific terrain conditions. These
parameters can be measured or defined in the RFID equipment specification data [
The location of the tags on the earth surface is less than or equal to L which is the distance of
the wireless transmission of the equipment and devices fixing the position location. When
installing the tag directly on the mine itself, tag detection substations can be placed above the
surface, both on moving (drones) and non-moving objects. This will allow to quickly determine
maps of tag locations on the basis of data exchange [
1. Measuring the calibration point at a distance d(S1, M) from substation S1, d(S2, M) from S2, d(S3, M) from S3.
2. In case of absence of a signal from one of the calibration points, it is rational to use an additional substation or perform calculations based on signal data from at least two substations. As the accuracy improves, the number of reader substations increases (S4, S5, …).
3. Record the absolute strength of the tag detection signal received by substations S1, S2, S3 during signal transmission as P(S1, M), P(S2, M), P(S3, M).
4. According to the received data, generate data for the table of distances to the substation that generates detection data corresponding to the absolute signal strength.
5. Calculate the absolute signal strength of each substation and the absolute signal strength and the ratio of two remote substations, the generation from Table 1 according to the relative signal intensity. The process of calculating the position of the tag on the mine is as follows: 1. Synchronization of equipment on site, data exchange, transmission of device numbering information, location and time stamp information detection signal to neighboring substations with readers.
2. Each substation receives a tag detection signal, data on the intensity of this signal, numbering of the location determination device, information about the time stamp and its own ground location determination (for mobile or stationary receivers).
3. After the reader receives data about the location of the tag placed on the mine, we receive the information transmitted in the reverse direction. Different substations can be distinguished according to the numbering of devices, location determination and time stamp. It is necessary to clearly distinguish individual tags placed on individual mines, since the reader range can see more than one such tag within its range. The absolute signal power P of the same detection signal received by the location equipment is P(S1, M), P(S2, M), P(S3, M).
4. The IoT positioning system analyzes according to the numbering of each substation and the maximal absolute signal strength, how far away is the tag M in the maximum absolute degree of the signal to the substations S1, S2 and S3, and if the two substations S1, S2 are equidistant from the tag, then the alternative substation S3 can determine correction angles to determine the distance to a tag located between two substations placed in the middle.
5. The absolute signal power of the tag M to two substations S1, S3 is the absolute signal power of each substation, which is obtained by calculating the shortest distance from the absolute signal powers.
6. According to the table of distances (Table 1), which corresponds to the relative intensity of the tag signal by the relative intensity of the substation signal, we will obtain the location location for each tag at a distance (S1, М), (S2, М), (S3, М). If one of the substations did not receive a distance result, the calculations are based on the direct values of the two relative signals for d(S1) and d(S2).
7. We calculate the linear interpolation of the angle value. If the relative signal intensity of the current substation S1 to the tag M is equal to Mx, then the two closest relative coordinate points to the distance from the substation to the tag are M1, M2. Accordingly, M1 < Mx < M2.
8. The distance corresponding to the distance between the tag and the substation S1 is dm1, dm2 respectively. Then we get: (3) (4) (5) (dm1 dm2 ) ( M 2 M1) d d (S1, M )
2
M 2 M1 (xS2,M , yS2,M , zS2,M ), (xS3,M , yS3,M , zS3,M ) 9. The distances d(S1, М), d(S2, М), d(S3, М) distances are calculated similarly. They give us 3 values of distance between the tag and each substation with readers. We get the corresponding coordinate values (xS1,M, yS1,M, zS1,M),
10. To calculate the distances determined by the line with two points, we will use the segment distance formula to achieve a linear equation in the form of two points. The group of equations for all determined location points will have the following form: d (S1, M ) ( xS1,M xS1 )2 ( yS1,M yS1 )2 ( zS1,M zS1 )2 xS1,M xS1 yS1,M yS1 zS1,M zS1 xS 2 xS1 yS 2 yS1 zS 2 zS1 ( xS1,M , yS1,M , zS1,M ) min( xS1 , xS2 ) xS1,M max( xS1 , xS2 ) min( yS1 , yS2 ) yS1,M max( yS1 , yS2 ) min( zS1 , zS2 ) zS1,M max( zS1 , zS2 ) 11. The latter three formulas the latter three formulas consist in the fact that a group of equations solves the qualification of the ratio of the location of the tag x, in accordance with the location of the points xS1,M, yS1,M, zS1,M, relative to the location of the substation S1.
12. The coordinates (xS2,M, yS2,M, zS2,M), (xS3,M, yS3,M, zS3,M) of the tag location relatively to other reader substations are calculated similarly.
13. The found results (xS2,M, yS2,M, zS2,M) and (xS3,M, yS3,M, zS3,M) determine the distance d, d(S2, М) and d(S3, М).
14. Calculating (xS1,M, yS1,M, zS1,M), (xS2,M, yS2,M, zS2,M), (xS3,M, yS3,M, zS3,M) allows us to find each reference axis value and gives the coordinates of the tag location point on the mine: ( xS1,M xS2,M xS3,M ) xM 3 ( yS1,M yS2,M yS3,M ) ( xM , yM , zM ) yM (6) 3 zM (zS1,M zS23,M zS3,M )
When calculating all three positions of the distance between the tag and the reader, we get the
positional physical location of the tag to determine the location of the mine. It is rational to use
additional substation readers, and in the case of weak signals to ignore the location data of
substations that have the maximal distance to the tag, taking into account the arithmetic mean
values for the group of each reference axis with the value of the residual location point [
Military IoT systems based on RFID must be especially reliable and secure, as they are used in
high-risk and conflict conditions [
Data encryption: It is important to use encryption to protect data transmitted between RFID tags and readers. Encrypted data makes it difficult to intercept and have an unauthorized access to information;
Authentication: To ensure the security of an RFID network, it is important to use authentication procedures to ensure that only authorized users have access to the system. This may include the use of passwords or other methods of identification;
Physical security: The use of integrated tags and readers must be subject to physical control and protection to prevent physical break-in or theft of the equipment;
Protection against interference: In military operations, there can be a lot of electromagnetic and radio frequency interference. RFID systems must be perfectly protected against such interference to ensure reliable operation;
Audit and monitoring: It is important to have an auditing and monitoring system that keeps logs of actions and events in the system. This helps to identify potential threats and attacks and take appropriate action;
Protection against cloning: RFID tags must have protection against cloning to prevent the creation of counterfeit tags that can be used for unauthorized access;
Tactical Security: In military operations, RFID systems must be adapted to tactical needs, including the ability to operate under conditions of an electronic warfare and provide protection from adversary detection;
Physical security of tags: Military tags must be additionally protected against physical damage or destruction;
Protection against interception of communications: Communication between readers and tags must be protected from interception or intrusion;
Anti-spoofing: Providing protection against spoofing attacks, when an attacker can send false signals to the system.
These measures will ensure the reliable and secure functionality of the RFID system in military
environments where confidentiality and reliability are very important [
The development and application of RFID-based IoT devices has a great potential to improve the security of military and civilian population in wartime. Using this technology can help track resources, monitor infrastructure and ensure the safety of facilities and personnel in real time, which solves important tasks in the context of military conflicts.
The prospect of using RFID-based IoT devices in military operations promises many opportunities to improve security, efficiency and command. The development and improvement of this technology requires research and innovation in many directions.
Using the technology based on RFID tags for creation of an IoT mine safety system allows
monitoring the condition of mine fortifications in the territory without saving mine maps or using
barrage mines for fortifications and protection of territories [
In military applications, information security is crucial. IoT systems open up new opportunities
for collecting and sharing information, but at the same time they are becoming more vulnerable to
cyberattacks [