The proliferation of smart devices and related technologies has made the Internet of Things(IoT) the most rapidly emerging technology of the past ten years, both in terms of industrial applications and research opportunities. Security problems are being caused by the IoT by use of unstable fixed and mobile devices. One potential solution to the security issues with IoT is to use Blockchain technology. This paper delves into safety hazards and problems that affect the IoT and cause system performance degradation. It presents a layered architecture of IoT with Blockchain. In addtional the paper also outlines the solutions provided by the Blockchain ,recent trends and different hazards in using Blockchain with IoT that will helpful for future reseach.
1.1. demanding human to human or human to computer interaction are labeled as IoT [3]. It expands the dependency of the human allowing them to interrelate, contribute, and collaborate in constructing a framework that is simple, secure, and time-saving [4]. It refers to node, device or sensors that measure the physical quantity and convert it into the digital or understanding quantity [5], [6]. The fundamental concept behind the IoT is to enable the independent sharing of valuable data amongst various discretely embedded, individually identifiable real-world devices in our surroundings [1]. There has been an exponential growth in the IoT-based services in the world, especially in Tele health, Manufacturing and in urban areas to form Smart cities [7].
The IoTs has significantly changed the communication industry, a relatively new technological development. Its implementation in a variety of industries [8], including weather monitoring [9], agriculture [10], [11], and healthcare [12] etc. The general impression of IoT environments and applicable [13], [14] scenarios layer wise are represented in Figure 1.
IoT enabling technologies provide the foundation for edifice and deploying IoT solutions. These technologies encompass various H/W and S/W components that enable connectivity, data processing, and interaction between IoT devices and applications. Figure 2 explains some key IoT enabling technologies.
The BC is now regarded as the second-most important invention after the Internet. The BC technology is based on the suitability of the tertiary platform [18]. It is a form of database loading that is non-centralized, reliable, and grim to use for fraudulent purposes [19]. The main advantage of BC, it is unbearable to initiate an attack in the network because it must compromise 51% of its systems to the target network. The major characteristics of BC are audibility, persistency, anonymity, and decentralization, thereby efficiency is increased and the cost is saved [20]. BC is a point-to-point distributed ledger based on steganography and a network-sharing system characterized by its disintermediation, transparency, and openness [21]. The BC technology and distributed ledgers are attracting massive attention and trigger multiple projects in different industries. However, the financial industry is seen as a primary user of the BC concept [22]. It is recognized as a key enabling technology that brings/connects all distributed sensors and smart devices together, to gather and switch the information within smart city infrastructure using an open channel [23]. The BC may be developed as a sequential data structure composed of interconnected blocks, each of which encapsulates an assortment of systematically arranged transactions. Figure 3 shows the how the BC process the transaction. The Merkle tree is a binary tree structure that employs hash codes. Every block on the BC has a Merkle root hash along with many bits of information, comprising the block versions, timestamp, nonce, hash of the previous block, and difficulty level at that moment. Merkle trees, the practice of cryptography and methods for consensus are essential components that underpin distributed ledger technology. The entire tree network may be utilized when root hashing is applied. Every block comprises a comprehensive record of several transactions that have occurred subsequent to the previous transaction. When these transactions are recorded, the root hashing reflects the current state of the BC.
Incorporation of BC technology into the IoT architecture [24],[25] to improve overall security and IoT system functionality is explained in this segment. To connecting to the BC network, IoT devices use gateways. The IoT devices can undergo basic authentication and security checks through these gateways before being allowed to connect to the network. Figure 4 illustrate the layered architecture of BC integrated IoT.
The IoT presents a myriad of privacy and security concerns stemming from the interconnectedness of devices and the vast quantities of data they collect, process, and transmit. Inadequate data encryption exacerbates these risks, leaving transmitted data vulnerable to interception and manipulation. Moreover, weak authentication mechanisms and default passwords in many IoT devices facilitate unauthorized access, potentially allowing malicious actors to take control of devices or access sensitive data. Ongoing security monitoring and updates are crucial to adapt to evolving threats and ensure the security and confidentiality of IoT ecosystems. Table 1 shows the comparative evaluation of BC use and IoT security requirements. 3.1. Blockchain Solution to IoT
To address the above security and privacy concerns requires a multifaceted approach, encompassing robust encryption techniques; secure smart contract development practices, scalable BC architectures, and compliance with regulatory requirements. Table 2 summarize BC feature and its solution to IoT. The decentralized ledger improves security by guaranteeing data integrity and preventing unauthorized tampering with IoT data.
IoT devices can practice smart contracts, which automatically enforce predefined rules and conditions, to securely exchange data with external systems or with each other.
Each IoT device can have a distinct digital identity stored on the BC. This improves privacy by blocking unauthorized devices from connecting to the link and enabling secure authentication and access control.
Using cryptographic techniques, BC can enable end-to-end encryption of IoT data.
BC transparent and auditable nature enables real-time monitoring and auditing of IoT transactions and data exchanges.
BC consensus mechanisms guarantee all transactions are approved and verified by network users.
The decentralized architecture of BC removes potential points of failure and lowers the likelihood of cyber-attacks or data breaches.
Smart contracts automate and uphold agreements between IoT devices, guaranteeing that data exchanges and transactions take place safely and in accordance with predetermined guidelines.
The BC technology has engrossed extensive attention because to its safe method of conducting transactions between several organizations without relying on a trusted intermediary, additionally to its ability to confirm the accuracy of information. BC technology is becoming prevalent throughout many professional sectors, including retail, healthcare, and scientific domains. Following are the recent trends of BC in IoT. ✓ Tokenization of IoT Assets: Bringing the physical objects to the digital tokens stored in BC or programmable money. Today's most significant platform for token generation is the Ethereum BC. Tokens serve as a digital representation of a physical object, enabling algorithms and Smart Contracts to access objects and rendering the actual realm "tangible" for the digital world. ✓ NFTs in IoT: Non-Fungible Tokens are distinct, non-transferable tokens that permit the tracking of tangible or intangible assets (like collectible artwork or notaries instruments). With in the framework of IoTs, the ability to access resources or services is an example of a non-physical possession. ✓ Cross-Chain Integration: Creating tools that make it easier for various BC networks to exchange information and data, allowing an IoT ecosystem that is more interconnected and compatible. ✓ BC as a Service (BaaS): Using BaaS platforms to accomplish it easier for enterprises without an abundance of BC experience to develop and implement BC-enabled IoTs applications. ✓ Consortium BC Adoption: Creation of sector-specific consortia that use BC technology to solve shared problems in manufacturing, logistics, and healthcare, encouraging cooperation between various stakeholders. ✓ Integration with AI and Machine Learning: Exploring how BC, IoT and AI/ML can work together to enable more intelligent automation and decision-making in IoT system.
Together, BC and IoT technology have the potential to address a no. of issues, including storing and monitoring data, providing services, and determining the location of devices. But in the process of implementing an integrated plan, some of the following things could go wrong. A few of the difficulties encountered in implementing the BC-IoT architecture were itemized in Table 3.
Description of each Hazard Because there are so many devices in the IoT that are connected, scaling authentication and security using BC is difficult.
BC technology offers openness and immutability, yet privacy concerns arise. IoT device data on a BC may reveal critical information to all network participants.
Privacy and secrecy of IoT data while using BC technology is difficult.
BC networks are very young and need security improvements. Sybil attacks, when attackers create numerous phony identities to take control of BC networks, are one example.
IoT devices might not be capable to run computationally intensive BC due to resource limits Compatibility Interoperability
&
Limited resource IoT devices might not be able to use BC for network security due to its energy requirements.
Integration of IoT devices and BC systems may be problematic. A BC-based authentication and different protocols or operating systems may cause an IoT device's security system to malfunction.
BC in IoT security may raise legal and regulatory concerns.
BC technology aims to decentralize and spread security; however, IoT security systems may still employ authentication servers or smart contracts.
BC technology is sophisticated, which may hinder end-user usability.
Unstandardized frameworks and protocols for BC and in IoT security can hinder implementation.
Subsequently there are more IoT devices than ever before, security has grown to be a critical concern. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of security and privacy threads in IoT. Further this review focuses on discussing the integration of Blockchain with IoT. From this review, BC technology is one of the most promising fields with a lot of potential for improving the security and privacy of IoT data which helpful for future research. This review also identifies the some of the difficulties faced while integrating BC with IoT.
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