=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-3682/Paper3
|storemode=property
|title=Systematic Review of Blockchain integrated Internet of
Things: Architecture, Benefits, Security and Privacy
concerns
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3682/Paper3.pdf
|volume=Vol-3682
|authors=Bharati B Pannyagol,Santosh Deshpande,Rohit Kaliwal
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/sci2/PannyagolDK24
}}
==Systematic Review of Blockchain integrated Internet of
Things: Architecture, Benefits, Security and Privacy
concerns==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3682/Paper3.pdf
Systematic Review of Blockchain integrated Internet of
Things: Architecture, Benefits, Security and Privacy
concerns
Bharati B Pannyagol,*, Dr. Santosh Deshpande2†, and Dr. Rohit Kaliwal3†,
1* Research Scholar, 2† Professor,3† Assistant Professor,
Department of Computer Science and Engineering , Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka,
India.
Abstract
The proliferation of smart devices and related technologies has made the Internet of Things(IoT)
the most rapidly emerging technology of the past ten years, both in terms of industrial
applications and research opportunities. Security problems are being caused by the IoT by use of
unstable fixed and mobile devices. One potential solution to the security issues with IoT is to use
Blockchain technology. This paper delves into safety hazards and problems that affect the IoT
and cause system performance degradation. It presents a layered architecture of IoT with
Blockchain. In addtional the paper also outlines the solutions provided by the Blockchain ,recent
trends and different hazards in using Blockchain with IoT that will helpful for future reseach.
Keywords
Internet of Things,Blockchain,Security,Hazards,Privacy.1
1. Introduction
The importance of the Internet of Things in creating intelligent applications has grown
recently. With the integration of cutting-edge and complex technologies, IoT turns
traditional applications into intelligent applications. This study highlights the use of
Blockchain technology to protect IoT data privacy and security.
1.1. Internet of Things (IoT)
The potentially ground-breaking IoT technology will link everything and everyone to the
Internet. It is rapidly emerging as a pervasive global computing network [1]. Nowadays, IoT
becoming the most growing up technology, and it is decisive in human life to survive in a
better way. The things [2] which have the facility to data transfer via a network without
ComSIA’24: Computing & Communication Systems for Industrial Applications, May 10–11, 2024, New Delhi,
INDIA
*Corresponding author.
† These authors contributed equally.
* bharati.p@vtu.ac.in (B. B Pannyagol); † sldeshpande@gmail.com(S.L.Deshpande);
†rohit.kaliwal@gmail.com(R. Kaliwal)
0000-0003-0998-7182 (B.B. Pannyagol); 0000-0001-5152-0952 (S.L.Deshpande); 0000-0001-8342-2126
(R. Kaliwal)
© 2024 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR
ceur-ws.org
Workshop ISSN 1613-0073
Proceedings
demanding human to human or human to computer interaction are labeled as IoT [3]. It
expands the dependency of the human allowing them to interrelate, contribute, and
collaborate in constructing a framework that is simple, secure, and time-saving [4]. It refers
to node, device or sensors that measure the physical quantity and convert it into the digital
or understanding quantity [5], [6]. The fundamental concept behind the IoT is to enable the
independent sharing of valuable data amongst various discretely embedded, individually
identifiable real-world devices in our surroundings [1]. There has been an exponential
growth in the IoT-based services in the world, especially in Tele health, Manufacturing and
in urban areas to form Smart cities [7].
The IoTs has significantly changed the communication industry, a relatively new
technological development. Its implementation in a variety of industries [8], including
weather monitoring [9], agriculture [10], [11], and healthcare [12] etc. The general
impression of IoT environments and applicable [13], [14] scenarios layer wise are
represented in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Top IoT applications
1.2. IoT Enabling Technologies
IoT enabling technologies provide the foundation for edifice and deploying IoT solutions.
These technologies encompass various H/W and S/W components that enable connectivity,
data processing, and interaction between IoT devices and applications. Figure 2 explains
some key IoT enabling technologies.
Figure 2: IoT Enabled Technologies
• Wireless Connectivity: These have different characteristics, such as battery life,
connectivity, and spectrum, allowing them to be suitable for various applications
[15].
• Sensors and Actuators: Sensors accumulate information from the atmosphere
around them, while actuators enable devices to perform actions based on received
data.
• Embedded Systems: Embedded systems are specialized computing devices
designed to perform specific functions within IoT devices. These systems typically
include microcontrollers or microprocessors, memory, input/output interfaces, and
firmware/software for device operation.
• Edge Computing: It involves processing data locally on IoT devices or within
proximity to them, instead of sending all data to a centralized cloud server for
processing. This reduces latency, bandwidth usage, and reliance on cloud
infrastructure, making it suitable for real-time IoT applications.
• Cloud Computing: Cloud platforms provide scalable storage, computing, and
analytics capabilities for managing and analyzing large volumes of IoT data. Cloud
services such as data storage, data processing, ML, and application hosting support
IoT deployments and enable advanced data-driven insights and applications [16].
• Data Analytics and Machine Learning: Data analytics techniques, including
descriptive, diagnostic, predictive, and prescriptive analytics, extract meaningful
insights from IoT data. ML algorithms can identify patterns, anomalies, and trends
in IoT data to optimize operations, predict failures, and enable autonomous
decision-making.
• Blockchain: Blockchain technology offers decentralized, transparent, and
immutable ledger capabilities for secure data storage, transactions, and smart
contracts in IoT applications. It enhances data integrity, security, and trust among
IoT stakeholders, particularly in applications requiring secure data exchange and
transactional integrity [17].
• Security Solutions: This technology protects IoT devices, networks, and data from
virtual threats and unauthorized access. These technologies include encryption,
authentication, access control, IDS, and secure bootstrapping.
1.3. Basics of BC Technology
The BC is now regarded as the second-most important invention after the Internet. The BC
technology is based on the suitability of the tertiary platform [18]. It is a form of database
loading that is non-centralized, reliable, and grim to use for fraudulent purposes [19]. The
main advantage of BC, it is unbearable to initiate an attack in the network because it must
compromise 51% of its systems to the target network. The major characteristics of BC are
audibility, persistency, anonymity, and decentralization, thereby efficiency is increased and
the cost is saved [20]. BC is a point-to-point distributed ledger based on steganography and
a network-sharing system characterized by its disintermediation, transparency, and
openness [21]. The BC technology and distributed ledgers are attracting massive attention
and trigger multiple projects in different industries. However, the financial industry is seen
as a primary user of the BC concept [22]. It is recognized as a key enabling technology that
brings/connects all distributed sensors and smart devices together, to gather and switch
the information within smart city infrastructure using an open channel [23].
Figure 3: Transaction processing in BC
The BC may be developed as a sequential data structure composed of interconnected blocks,
each of which encapsulates an assortment of systematically arranged transactions. Figure 3
shows the how the BC process the transaction. The Merkle tree is a binary tree structure
that employs hash codes. Every block on the BC has a Merkle root hash along with many bits
of information, comprising the block versions, timestamp, nonce, hash of the previous block,
and difficulty level at that moment. Merkle trees, the practice of cryptography and methods
for consensus are essential components that underpin distributed ledger technology. The
entire tree network may be utilized when root hashing is applied. Every block comprises a
comprehensive record of several transactions that have occurred subsequent to the
previous transaction. When these transactions are recorded, the root hashing reflects the
current state of the BC.
2. Blockchain –IoT Layered Architecture
Incorporation of BC technology into the IoT architecture [24],[25] to improve overall
security and IoT system functionality is explained in this segment. To connecting to the BC
network, IoT devices use gateways. The IoT devices can undergo basic authentication and
security checks through these gateways before being allowed to connect to the network.
Figure 4 illustrate the layered architecture of BC integrated IoT.
Figure 4: Layered architecture of BC-IoT
• Application Layer: Apps developed using BC technology and chain code are included in
this layer. Through interfaces to this layer, the applications which comprise software,
web-based applications, user interfaces, and protocols often communicate with the BC
system.
• BC Layer: The establishment of consensus is a basic and essential aspect within the
context of BC technology. This layer provides environment for the implementation of the
smart contract and consensus methods for preserving the block chain's consistency in
order, integrity, security, transaction validation, and prevention of double spending
• Network Layer: This layer oversees transaction identification and distribution, besides
the distribution of blocks, inside the IoT ecosystem. This implies that the nodes will
autonomously identify one another and establish connections, facilitating the exchange
and sending of data to enhance the existing situation of the BC system.
• Device Layer: Here, the raw facts will be fetched. This layer comprises the radio
frequency identification tags (RFIDs), sensors, transducers, actuators, smart phones, and
other devices that make up the IoTs.
• Physical Object Layer: This layer will include any physical real-world object that is able
to link to the IoTs, including people, animals, vehicles, trees, refrigerators, trains,
factories, residences, and anything else that must be controlled and observed.
3. Security and Privacy concerns in IoT
The IoT presents a myriad of privacy and security concerns stemming from the
interconnectedness of devices and the vast quantities of data they collect, process, and
transmit. Inadequate data encryption exacerbates these risks, leaving transmitted data
vulnerable to interception and manipulation. Moreover, weak authentication mechanisms
and default passwords in many IoT devices facilitate unauthorized access, potentially
allowing malicious actors to take control of devices or access sensitive data. Ongoing
security monitoring and updates are crucial to adapt to evolving threats and ensure the
security and confidentiality of IoT ecosystems. Table 1 shows the comparative evaluation
of BC use and IoT security requirements.
Table 1: The literature's comparative examination of BC in IoT security
Security [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35]
Requirements
Integrity ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Confidentiality ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ x ✓ ✓
Authentication ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ x ✓ x ✓ ✓ ✓
Access control x x ✓ ✓ ✓ x ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Privacy ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Non repudiation x ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ x x
3.1. Blockchain Solution to IoT
To address the above security and privacy concerns requires a multifaceted approach,
encompassing robust encryption techniques; secure smart contract development practices,
scalable BC architectures, and compliance with regulatory requirements. Table 2
summarize BC feature and its solution to IoT.
Table 2: BC technology offers several mechanisms that can enhance security and privacy in
IoT deployments:
Feature Solution
Immutable Data Storage The decentralized ledger improves security by guaranteeing data integrity and
preventing unauthorized tampering with IoT data.
Secure Data Sharing IoT devices can practice smart contracts, which automatically enforce predefined rules
and conditions, to securely exchange data with external systems or with each other.
Identity Management Each IoT device can have a distinct digital identity stored on the BC. This improves
privacy by blocking unauthorized devices from connecting to the link and enabling
secure authentication and access control.
Data Encryption Using cryptographic techniques, BC can enable end-to-end encryption of IoT data.
Audit ability and BC transparent and auditable nature enables real-time monitoring and auditing of IoT
Transparency transactions and data exchanges.
Consensus Mechanisms BC consensus mechanisms guarantee all transactions are approved and verified by
network users.
Decentralization The decentralized architecture of BC removes potential points of failure and lowers the
likelihood of cyber-attacks or data breaches.
Smart Contracts Smart contracts automate and uphold agreements between IoT devices, guaranteeing
that data exchanges and transactions take place safely and in accordance with
predetermined guidelines.
4. Recent Trends in BC Enabled IoT
The BC technology has engrossed extensive attention because to its safe method of
conducting transactions between several organizations without relying on a trusted
intermediary, additionally to its ability to confirm the accuracy of information. BC
technology is becoming prevalent throughout many professional sectors, including retail,
healthcare, and scientific domains. Following are the recent trends of BC in IoT.
✓ Tokenization of IoT Assets: Bringing the physical objects to the digital tokens
stored in BC or programmable money. Today's most significant platform for token
generation is the Ethereum BC. Tokens serve as a digital representation of a physical
object, enabling algorithms and Smart Contracts to access objects and rendering the
actual realm "tangible" for the digital world.
✓ NFTs in IoT: Non-Fungible Tokens are distinct, non-transferable tokens that permit
the tracking of tangible or intangible assets (like collectible artwork or notaries
instruments). With in the framework of IoTs, the ability to access resources or
services is an example of a non-physical possession.
✓ Cross-Chain Integration: Creating tools that make it easier for various BC
networks to exchange information and data, allowing an IoT ecosystem that is more
interconnected and compatible.
✓ BC as a Service (BaaS): Using BaaS platforms to accomplish it easier for enterprises
without an abundance of BC experience to develop and implement BC-enabled IoTs
applications.
✓ Consortium BC Adoption: Creation of sector-specific consortia that use BC
technology to solve shared problems in manufacturing, logistics, and healthcare,
encouraging cooperation between various stakeholders.
✓ Integration with AI and Machine Learning: Exploring how BC, IoT and AI/ML can
work together to enable more intelligent automation and decision-making in IoT
system.
5. Hazards in using BC with IoT
Together, BC and IoT technology have the potential to address a no. of issues, including
storing and monitoring data, providing services, and determining the location of devices.
But in the process of implementing an integrated plan, some of the following things could
go wrong. A few of the difficulties encountered in implementing the BC-IoT architecture
were itemized in Table 3.
Table 3. Different Hazards in BC-IoT
Hazards in BC-IoT Description of each Hazard
Scalability Because there are so many devices in the IoT that are connected, scaling
authentication and security using BC is difficult.
Privacy BC technology offers openness and immutability, yet privacy concerns arise. IoT
device data on a BC may reveal critical information to all network participants.
Privacy and secrecy of IoT data while using BC technology is difficult.
Security BC networks are very young and need security improvements. Sybil attacks, when
attackers create numerous phony identities to take control of BC networks, are one
example.
Resource Constraints IoT devices might not be capable to run computationally intensive BC due to
resource limits
Energy Consumption Limited resource IoT devices might not be able to use BC for network security due
to its energy requirements.
Compatibility & Integration of IoT devices and BC systems may be problematic. A BC-based
Interoperability authentication and different protocols or operating systems may cause an IoT
device's security system to malfunction.
Regulatory & Legal BC in IoT security may raise legal and regulatory concerns.
Constraints
Reliance on centralized BC technology aims to decentralize and spread security; however, IoT security
components systems may still employ authentication servers or smart contracts.
User acceptance and BC technology is sophisticated, which may hinder end-user usability.
usability
Lack of Standardization Unstandardized frameworks and protocols for BC and in IoT security can hinder
implementation.
6. Conclusion
Subsequently there are more IoT devices than ever before, security has grown to be a
critical concern. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of security and privacy
threads in IoT. Further this review focuses on discussing the integration of Blockchain with
IoT. From this review, BC technology is one of the most promising fields with a lot of
potential for improving the security and privacy of IoT data which helpful for future
research. This review also identifies the some of the difficulties faced while integrating BC
with IoT.
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