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  <front>
    <journal-meta />
    <article-meta>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Arduino Voice Control for Arabic Speech Recognition using Smartphone⋆</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Adil Bakri</string-name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Khaled Lounnas</string-name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Mohamed Lichouri</string-name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff0">
          <label>0</label>
          <institution>Scientific Research and Technical Center for the Development of Arabic Language CRSTDLA</institution>
          ,
          <addr-line>Algiers-</addr-line>
          <country country="DZ">Algeria</country>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution>Scientific and Technical Research Centre on Arid Regions CRSTRA</institution>
          ,
          <addr-line>Biskra-</addr-line>
          <country country="DZ">Algeria</country>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution>Speech Communication and Signal Processing Laboratory, LCPTS Faculty of Electronics and Computer Science</institution>
          ,
          <addr-line>USTHB, Algiers-</addr-line>
          <country country="DZ">Algeria</country>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <abstract>
        <p>Engaging with our surroundings through voice control has emerged as an increasingly intriguing aspect. This technology is gaining prevalence in our daily lives, whether applied in smart homes, mobile phones, or the control of comfort features in vehicles. The pertinent inquiry is whether voice control will find its place in the production industry, as its reliability remains a critical concern. This project showcases an alternative approach to voice processing by integrating Arabic speech recognition in MIT App Inventor for voice command control. In this setup, voice signals undergo processing, enabling the operation of a LED light circuit through Bluetooth technology. The voice command is given in Arabic through the smartphone device having Bluetooth and the command is transferred and converted to string by the BT Voice Control for Arduino and is transferred to the Bluetooth Module connected to the Arduino board for the control of the LED light circuit. The voice command Arabic is given through a Smartphone device.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>eol&gt;Arduino</kwd>
        <kwd>MIT App Inventor</kwd>
        <kwd>Speech recognition</kwd>
        <kwd>voice command</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec id="sec-1">
      <title>1. Introduction</title>
      <p>
        as it plays a crucial role in enhancing accessibility for
individuals with disabilities. Voice control empowers
The voice control known as voice recognition or voice users to engage with technology irrespective of
physicommand, is a cutting-edge technology that enables users cal limitations, fostering inclusivity and equal access to
to interact with devices, applications, and systems using digital resources [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">4</xref>
        ]. However, the evolution of voice
spoken commands [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>
        ],[
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>
        ]. This transformative capabil- control is ongoing, with ongoing advancements in
natuity harnesses the power of natural language processing ral language understanding, machine learning, and cloud
and artificial intelligence to understand, interpret, and computing. As voice-enabled systems become more
soexecute spoken instructions, providing a hands-free and phisticated, they continue to redefine the boundaries of
intuitive user experience [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>
        ]. In a world increasingly human-machine interaction, opening new possibilities
characterized by smart homes, connected devices, and for innovation across industries. In this era of rapid
techadvanced digital assistants, voice control stands out as a nological progress, voice control serves as a gateway to
pivotal interface between humans and technology. Users a more seamless and connected future, where human
can simply articulate their requests, inquiries, or com- communication with machines mirrors the simplicity
mands, and the underlying systems respond accordingly, and fluidity of everyday conversation. This introduction
ofering convenience, eficiency, and accessibility. Voice merely scratches the surface of the transformative
potencontrol has found widespread application across various tial that voice control holds in shaping the next wave of
domains, ranging from smartphones and virtual assis- user-centric, intelligent technologies [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref>
        ] [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">6</xref>
        ]. The study
tants to smart home devices, automobiles, and indus- in [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">7</xref>
        ] aims to build a voice-controlled robot car for the
trial settings. Voice-enabled technologies such as Ama- elderly and disabled using Arduino and Bluetooth
techzon Alexa, Google Assistant, Apple’s Siri, and others nology. The system allows the user to wirelessly control
have become integral parts of daily life, shaping the way the car’s movements through voice commands sent from
we interact with our digital environments. The tech- an Android phone via an application. In [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>
        ] presents the
nology’s impact extends beyond personal convenience, development of a voice controlled wheelchair prototype
6th International Hybrid Conference On Informatics And Applied Math- using an Arduino microcontroller and a commercially
ematics, December 6-7, 2023 Guelma, Algeria available manual wheelchair. The voice commands are
* Corresponding author. processed by the Arduino microcontroller, which
con† These authors contributed equally. trols the motor movement of the wheelchair. A Bluetooth
$ adil.msilib@yahoo.fr (A. Bakri); k.lounnas@crstdla.dz module is used to eliminate messy wiring, and an optional
(K. Lounnas); mlichouri@usthb.dz (M. Lichouri) joystick command is also incorporated into the design.
      </p>
      <p>0000-0002-2146-650X (A. Bakri); 0000-0003-2649-4419
(K. Lounnas); 0000-0003-0584-1389 (M. Lichouri) The success rate of the wheelchair in recognizing voice
© 2023 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License commands in English, Chinese, and Malay was high. In
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).</p>
      <p>Voice recognition</p>
      <p>
        MIT App
Inventor
Voice input
[
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref>
        ] implemented a voice command control system in
Arabic through an AMR Voice application in Smartphone
with a microcontroller demonstrates a sophisticated
integration of hardware and software technologies. The
utilization of Bluetooth technology which acts as a
communication channel with the LED light circuit , which
will then be connected to the Arduino to create a system
based on voice commands. Through rigorous testing and
validation, the system has demonstrated its reliability
and efectiveness for speech Arabic in control of LED
lights.
      </p>
      <p>In this paper, we have implemented a voice command
control system in Arabic through an MIT inventor in
Smartphone with a microcontroller (Arduino). The
Arduino board serves as the brain of the operation, exe- for our project:
cuting commands received from the Bluetooth module.</p>
      <p>
        The programming logic on the Arduino enables it to
interpret these commands and control the attached LED
lights circuit accordingly. The HC-05 Bluetooth
module acts as the bridge between the Arduino and the MIT
App on the Android device. It facilitates wireless
communication, allowing users to send commands from the
app to the Arduino remotely. The MIT App incorporate
voice recognition technology, given the mention of
commands issued through MIT App [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref>
        ]. This feature adds
an extra layer of interactivity and user convenience,
allowing users to control the robotic system through voice
commands. This project demonstrates a cohesive
integration of hardware and software technologies, ofering
a glimpse into the possibilities that arise from combining
Arduino, Bluetooth, and voice recognition in the field
of robotics. As technology continues to advance, such
projects pave the way for innovative applications with
broader implications.
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-2">
      <title>2. System Design</title>
      <p>Bluetooth model
Microcontrôleur</p>
      <p>Arduino
Electronic circuit</p>
      <sec id="sec-2-1">
        <title>2.1. Hardware Components</title>
        <sec id="sec-2-1-1">
          <title>To build a Voice Command System based on Arduino and</title>
          <p>MIT App Inventor, you’ll need a set of hardware
components. Here’s a list of essential hardware components for
such a system:</p>
          <p>1. Arduino Board: Functions as the microcontroller,
responsible for executing commands received from the
MIT App Inventor.</p>
          <p>2. Bluetooth Module (e.g., HC-05): Acts as a
wireless communication bridge between the Arduino and the
smartphone.</p>
          <p>3. Android Smartphone: Hosts the MIT App Inventor
application and serves as the user interface for interacting
with the voice command system.</p>
          <p>4. LEDs or Output Devices: Include LEDs or other
output devices that can be controlled by the Arduino. These
devices will respond to voice commands, demonstrating
the system’s functionality.</p>
          <p>5. Suitable resistors to protect the LEDs or output
devices used from overcurrent.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-3">
      <title>3. Hardware and software synchronization during testing</title>
      <p>In this project, we are merging two elements: hardware
and software. So, according to this, we must be mindful
of each action that must be taken. As we code in the
microcontroller and for the software, we must be mindful
of the application’s development process and, of course,
the hardware that is attached to it. We will use the SDLC
(Systems development life cycle) technique to show the
hardware and software development processes. The
following are some of the steps that we followed for our
project, which included the creation of the application
(software) as well as the development of the hardware.</p>
      <sec id="sec-3-1">
        <title>3.1. Phase one: software development</title>
        <p>We are working on a graphical user interface (GUI)
program for translating speech to text and transmitting
commands via the internet / Bluetooth. This GUI will show
for the user to utilize while performing a certain task
by speech. Our project’s software development is
specialized in taking input and converting it to computer
readable format (text), after which the voice is to be
delivered over the Internet/Bluetooth to the Arduino board
and the action is to be done.</p>
        <sec id="sec-3-1-1">
          <title>The program we’re using is called App Inventor, and</title>
          <p>it was created by MIT. This web-based IDE will enable
online code execution. It can only be used to develop
Android software. We choose this since we can create
an application in a distinctive and superior manner.
Additionally, creating applications with graphical logics,
methods, and functions is more enjoyable.</p>
          <p>The instruction must go to Arduino to conduct an
action after the application’s speech to text conversion
procedure is complete. In order to do this, we have an
intelligent Arduino Uno that can carry out incoming
commands. Since the microcontroller is used to
manage the house utilities in accordance with the instruction
obtained from the user’s mobile application,
programming was done in it to enable it to comprehend and carry
out the incoming orders. Because the code we used in
Arduino and the code in the application are perfectly
compatible in terms of understanding one another, the
same reference code is run as intended and an action is
taken with regard to the home utilities.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-4">
      <title>4. Results and discussion</title>
      <sec id="sec-4-1">
        <title>The voice command testing for LED light control using</title>
        <p>the Android MIT App Inventor was conducted with four
predetermined commands. All commands were executed
successfully, aligning with the predefined instructions.
The synchronization between the LED light receiver and
the Android transmitter (mobile phone) was achieved at
varying distances, with the maximum operational range
determined to be 1 meters, contingent on the specific
location. The culmination of this project is exemplified
in the figure showcasing the final voice-controlled
manipulator, as illustrated in Figure 4. Once the Arduino
programming is finalized, the essential connections for
the LED lights circuit are established. This process
involves linking the Android application developed with
MIT App Inventor and the Bluetooth module (HC-05).</p>
        <p>Within the MIT App Inventor interface, users can
seamlessly issue commands that are then transmitted
to the Bluetooth module. Subsequently, the Arduino
interprets and processes these commands, converting
them into digital signals to control the LED lights.It’s
noteworthy that this system has been specifically tested
for speech commands in Arabic, and the flexibility of
the MIT App Inventor allows for potential extensions to
cater to specific applications. This adaptability
underlines the project’s potential for further customization and
expansion, making it a versatile and scalable solution for
various contexts.</p>
        <p>The voice commands are interpreted and translated to
string and provided to the Arduino that in turn produces
and actuates the LED lights circuit accordingly as shown
in Table 1. The testing also demonstrated that there was
no significant diference in rate speech recognition RSR
between male and female. Action designing a simple
and eficient automatic speech recognition system for
isolated command words to satisfy the motion control of
an LED lights for diferently abled persons is the interest
of this project. The processing units (the speech kit and
the microcontroller) are directly attached to the LED
lights in one package that made the design representing a
complete autonomous and smart LED lights. The speech
recognizer is tested to prove its performance to generate
exact movement of the LED lights. It proved a recognition
rate RSR of above 87.75%</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-5">
      <title>5. Conclusion</title>
      <sec id="sec-5-1">
        <title>The rigorous testing and validation of the system have</title>
        <p>demonstrated its reliability and eficacy in Arabic speech
control of LED lights. By enabling control through a
MIT App Inventor application smartphone, this project
serves as an empowering tool for diferently-abled and
elderly individuals, fostering self-dependency and
enhancing their overall quality of life. The implementation
of this technology represents a significant stride toward
establishing inclusive and accessible environments for
those facing mobility challenges. The successful
development and testing of this Smart Electronic project mark a
meaningful contribution to the field of assistive
technology, promising broad benefits for diverse users. Looking
ahead, future work could involve training a machine
learning model to enhance the accuracy of Arabic speech
recognition progressively, adapting to various accents
and speech patterns. This advancement would contribute
to a more personalized and eficient user experience.
Additionally, expanding the project to control other smart
devices within a home automation system could create a
more comprehensive voice-controlled environment,
further improving the convenience and accessibility of daily
tasks.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
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