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  <front>
    <journal-meta />
    <article-meta>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Identification of priority objects for the implementation of projects to restore the transport infrastructure of settlements in the post-war period</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Аnatoliy Тryhuba</string-name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Vasyl Demchyna</string-name>
          <email>demchynavasyl@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Andrii Ratushnyi</string-name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Liliia Koval</string-name>
          <email>kovallilia494@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff0">
          <label>0</label>
          <institution>Lviv National Environmental University</institution>
          ,
          <addr-line>1, V.Velykoho str., Dubliany-Lviv, 80381</addr-line>
          ,
          <country country="UA">Ukraine</country>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution>Lviv State University of Life Safety</institution>
          ,
          <addr-line>35, Kleparivska str., 79007, Lviv</addr-line>
          ,
          <country country="UA">Ukraine</country>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <abstract>
        <p>The paper presents an approach to determining the priority objects of transport infrastructure of individual settlements in the postwar period. It is the basis for initiating projects to restore the transport infrastructure of individual settlements in the postwar period. The proposed approach involves the use of the Overpass Turbo service with queries to the OpenStreetMap (OSM) database and the use of the Overpass QL query language. The main management operation is to quickly and accurately collect information about the transport infrastructure. For this purpose, it is proposed to obtain spatial data on transport infrastructure objects from the OpenStreetMap (OSM) open service with queries to the OpenStreetMap (OSM) database and using the Overpass QL query language. The results of using the Overpass Turbo service to display priority transport infrastructure facilities for restoration in the example of the city of Kramatorsk, Donetsk region, show that they can be used to identify projects for the restoration of transport infrastructure in the post-war period. In particular, the obtained data on transport infrastructure facilities form the basis for assessing the current state of the transport infrastructure of a given city. This will make it possible, with a limited budget, to understand which facilities require priority restoration and which can be restored at the following stages of financing transport infrastructure development projects.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>eol&gt;Approach</kwd>
        <kwd>initiation</kwd>
        <kwd>projects</kwd>
        <kwd>restoration</kwd>
        <kwd>transport infrastructure</kwd>
        <kwd>settlements</kwd>
        <kwd>post-war situation</kwd>
        <kwd>1</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec id="sec-1">
      <title>1. Introduction</title>
      <p>Identification of priority objects is one of the tasks of project managers when implementing
projects to restore the transport infrastructure of settlements in the post-war period.
Russia's military aggression in Ukraine has caused significant damage to the transport</p>
      <p>0000-0001-8014-5661 (Аnatoliy Tryhuba); 0000-0002-6123-5255 (Vasyl Demchyna);
0000-0003-07686466 (Andrii Ratushnyi); 0009-0002-7600-7308 (Liliia Koval)
© 2024 Copyright for this paper by its authors.</p>
      <p>Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
infrastructure of settlements in the combat zone [1-3]. Many bridges, roads, railroad tracks,
and other infrastructure facilities have been destroyed or damaged. This complicates the
movement of people and goods, as well as the economic recovery of individual regions and
the country. After the war ends, it will be important to rebuild the transportation
infrastructure as quickly as possible. However, resources will be scarce, so it will be
important to prioritize objects for reconstruction projects. Thus, there is a need to
implement projects to restore the transport infrastructure of settlements in the postwar
period. An important stage is the initiation of these projects, which requires the
identification of priority objects of the transport infrastructure of settlements for
restoration in the postwar period [4-6].</p>
      <p>Thus, the restoration of transport infrastructure is an important task for Ukraine.
Identification of priority transport infrastructure facilities when initiating their restoration
projects will allow for the most efficient use of limited resources [36-38]. There is a need to
substantiate the approach to determining the priority objects that underlie the initiation of
projects to restore the transport infrastructure of individual settlements in the postwar
period.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-2">
      <title>2. Analysis of the state of the art and research objectives</title>
      <p>The post-war reconstruction of the destroyed transport infrastructure of settlements
requires the identification of priority objects, which is the basis for the implementation of
relevant projects in the post-war period. It is known that the development of urban
infrastructure, including transport infrastructure, in the postwar period was crucial for the
restoration of economic and social well-being [7-10]. Collecting data on the characteristics
of the project environment, such as the state of the existing transport infrastructure, is a
critical process for the successful initiation of transport infrastructure development
projects [11-15].</p>
      <p>The authors of many scientific papers confirm the impact of the specifics of data
collection on the effectiveness of project implementation in various fields [16-19]. At the
same time, some scientists are working on the development of project management
methods and tools that involve the development of models for managing individual
processes [20-22, 24]. However, it is not possible to use them to the fullest extent to
determine the priority objects that underlie the initiation of projects to restore the transport
infrastructure of individual settlements in the postwar period. In particular, they do not take
into account the peculiarities of generating real data and using it to initiate projects to
develop the transport infrastructure of settlements in the combat zone.</p>
      <p>We have analyzed the available research papers related to data collection tools for
project implementation and their use in various application areas. Some studies suggest
using the SMART model [23]. The SCAT model used in [25] is based on an assessment
system that collects data on the state of existing infrastructure, and it deserves special
attention. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) [26] are used to visualize and analyze
spatial data that can be used for planning transportation projects. However, they are of
limited use for initiating projects to restore the transport infrastructure of individual
settlements in the postwar period. Thus, existing research papers propose various models
for collecting information about the project environment for the implementation of
transport infrastructure development projects [27-35]. However, this process of identifying
priority objects during the initiation of projects to restore the transport infrastructure of
individual settlements in the postwar period requires the use of an approach involving
modern information technologies and the development of appropriate models [39-43].</p>
      <p>In our study, we propose to use the OpenStreetMap (OSM) framework and the
opensource Overpass API server software. To do this, we wrote the program code in Python using
the Jupyter Notebook interactive development environment. The main source of
information was the Overpass Turbo service, which provides access to the OpenStreetMap
(OSM) database. The Overpass QL query language was used to search and analyze the
geodata needed to determine the state and needs of the transport infrastructure.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-3">
      <title>3. Objectives of the study</title>
      <p>The purpose of our research was to substantiate the approach to identifying priority objects
that underlie the initiation of projects to restore the transport infrastructure of individual
settlements after the war based on the use of the Overpass Turbo service with queries to
the OpenStreetMap (OSM) database and the use of the Overpass QL query language. The
study collected information on the transport infrastructure of Kramatorsk, Donetsk region
(Ukraine), whose transport infrastructure was damaged due to Russia's military aggression.
To do this, we used the OpenStreetMap (OSM) framework and the open-source Overpass
API server software. To do this, we wrote the program code in Python using the Jupyter
Notebook interactive development environment.</p>
      <p>To achieve the goal, the following tasks were solved
– to substantiate the approach to determining the priority objects that underlie the
initiation of projects for the restoration of the transport infrastructure of individual
settlements in the post-war period;</p>
      <p>– using the developed approach, to determine the priority objects for initiating projects
to restore the transport infrastructure of a given settlement in the post-war period.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-4">
      <title>4. Approach to identifying priority objects that underlie the initiation of projects to restore the transport infrastructure of individual settlements in the postwar period</title>
      <p>Identification of priority transport infrastructure facilities for the implementation of
projects to restore certain settlements after the war is one of the main tasks of project
managers. In particular, it is proposed to use the OpenStreetMap (OSM) framework to
perform this management operation. This framework provides for the creation and editing
of geospatial data with k types of transport infrastructure objects Oki in a given locality.
OSM provides access to detailed information about transport infrastructure objects Oki of k
types in a given locality (roads, bridges, railways, bicycle routes, etc.).</p>
      <p>The proposed approach for identifying such objects, based on the use of modern
information technologies, is presented in the diagram shown in Fig. 1 To collect information
about the transportation infrastructure of a locality, the open-source Overpass API server
software is used. The Overpass API is a powerful tool for extracting data from the OSM
database at the request of users. This tool is optimized for tasks of any complexity. In
particular, it can retrieve data from the database about several transport infrastructure
objects Oki of k-th types in a given locality, as well as retrieve data about hundreds of
millions of such objects. They are selected by the user's request in the form of XML or
Overpass QL (a modernized version of Overpass XML).</p>
      <p>First of all, a request to the Overpass API is executed, which makes it possible to obtain
geographic data on transport infrastructure objects Oki of k-th types in a given settlement.
The query provides data on roads, bridges, complex interchanges, etc.</p>
      <p>To determine the priority objects of the transport infrastructure of the settlement by
traffic, the analysis of the road condition is performed ( Rc ) :</p>
      <p>
        Rc = f (Tr ,Tc , Sc ) ,
(
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>
        )
where Rc – condition of roads in the settlement; Tr – types of roads in the settlement; Tc –
type of road surface in the settlement; Sc – condition of the road surface in the settlement.
      </p>
      <p>The type of roads Tr in a settlement has the following categories: 1) main roads; 2)
primary roads; 3) secondary roads; 4) urban (rural) roads; 5) streets; 6) bicycle paths; and
7) unclassified roads. The analysis of road type makes it possible to identify strategically
important roads. These include trunk and main roads. Trunk roads are designed for
highspeed traffic. They have divided traffic, separate exits, bridges, and tunnels. They also have
a high capacity and pass outside settlements. Consequently, such important transport
infrastructure facilities as highways are not available in some settlements. They are
subsequently not taken into account when initiating projects for the development of the
transport infrastructure of settlements.</p>
      <p>The main focus of the prioritization of transport infrastructure in individual settlements
is on primary and secondary roads. Such roads are important in the transportation network
of a given settlement. They are smaller than main roads but can have a lot of traffic. This is
because they connect important industrial facilities and administrative areas.</p>
      <p>After that, the most congested roads are identified ( Rmc ) , those with the highest traffic,
taking into account the type of road and the number of pedestrian crossings:</p>
      <p>Rmc = f (Th  Tr ) ,
where Rmc – the most congested roads in the settlement; Th – indicators of traffic flows on
the roads of the settlement; Tr – types of roads in the settlement.</p>
      <p>In post-war settlements, it is impossible to determine the real quantitative value of traffic
flows Th on individual roads using known methods and approaches. This is because fully or
partially damaged roads do not allow for freight and passenger transportation. Therefore,
we propose to determine the indicator of traffic flows Th on individual roads by road type.</p>
      <p>
        To determine the indicator of traffic flows on individual roads of a settlement, it is
proposed to use the Overpass API. In this case, executing a query through the Overpass API
provides access to OpenStreetMap geographic data. In particular, executing a GET request
to the Overpass API server makes it possible to obtain geographic data on the transport
infrastructure of a given settlement. In OpenStreetMap, the "highway" tag indicates the type
of road or highway. We used this tag to assess the condition of roads ( Rc ) according to the
indicators presented in expression (
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>
        ). This makes it possible to determine the types of
roads, the type of pavement, and the condition of the road surface.
      </p>
      <p>Provided that a particular road (street) in a settlement is characterized by primary or
secondary road types, the traffic flow indicator Th is increased by one for the corresponding
street. This makes it possible to record the number of traffic flows on each of the streets of
primary or secondary roads. Therefore, to determine the traffic flow indicator Th , it is
necessary to sum the number of primary Nrpj and secondary Nrsj roads that pass through
the j -th street of the settlement:</p>
      <p>Thі = Nrpj + Nrsj ,
where Thі – indicator of traffic flows on the i-th street of the settlement; Nrpj – number of
primary roads passing through the j -th street of the settlement ту; Nrsj – number of
secondary roads passing through the j -th street of the settlement.</p>
      <p>Based on the quantitative value of the traffic flow indicator Thі on the i-th street of the
settlement, its priority for repair or modernization is established. The higher the value of the
traffic flow indicator Thі on the i-th street, the higher the priority for repair or modernization.</p>
      <p>The analysis of the state of transport infrastructure facilities by complexity involves
determining the complexity indicator ( Ісі ) :</p>
      <p>
        Ісі = f (Tc , Sc , Nb , Nti , N pc ) ,
where Tc – is the type of road surface in the settlement; Sc – is the condition of the road
surface in the settlement; Nb – is the number of bridges on the settlement's roads; Nti – is
(
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>
        )
(
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>
        )
(
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">4</xref>
        )
the number of complex traffic junctions on the settlement's roads; N pc – is the number of
pedestrian crossings on the settlement's roads.
      </p>
      <p>Determining the priority objects of the transport infrastructure of a given settlement
requires a preliminary determination of such indicators as: 1) the total number of streets in
the settlement ( N ) ; 2) the number of traffic flows ( NTi ) on the i-th street; 3) the type of
pavement ( Si ) on the i-th street; 4) the number of bridges Nbi on the i-th street; 3) the
number of complex traffic junctions Nti on the i-th street; 4) the number of pedestrian
crossings N pci on the i-th street.</p>
      <p>Using these indicators, you can calculate the priority indicator ( Pstr ) of the i-th street in
a given settlement:</p>
      <p>
        Pstr =  NTi +   NSi +  Nbi+  Nti+  Npci , (
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref>
        )
where  , , , , – respectively, the coefficients of traffic flows, street pavement type,
bridges, complex traffic junctions and pedestrian crossings, which determine the
importance of each of the priority criteria for the i-th street in a given settlement; NTi –
normalized number of traffic flows on the i-th street; NSi – normalized pavement type on
the i-th street; Nbi – normalized number of bridges on the i-th street; Nti – normalized
number of complex traffic junctions on the i-th street; N pci – normalized number of
pedestrian crossings on the i-th street.
      </p>
      <p>
        To normalize the indicators presented Nнор in formula (
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref>
        ), we use the
minimummaximum method. It ensures that the values of the relevant indicators range from 0 to 1.
The following formula is used for this purpose:
      </p>
      <p>Nнор =</p>
      <p>Nі − Nmin ,
Nmax − Nmin
(6)
where Nнор – normalized indicator; Nі – current value of the indicator; Nmin , Nmax –
minimum and maximum values of the indicator.</p>
      <p>
        The presented expression (
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref>
        ) makes it possible to take into account the main criteria for
evaluating streets when determining their priority. This expression is adapted to the
conditions of the given transport infrastructure of the settlement. After determining the
priority indicators ( Pstr ) for each i-th street in a given settlement, they are ranked in
descending order:
      </p>
      <p>Pstr1  Pstr2   Pstrп , (7)
where 1, 2,..., п – respectively, the index of the first, second, and fifth streets of a given
settlement in the ordered list; Pstr1, Pstr2 ,, Pstrп – respectively, the value of the priority
indicator for the first, second, and fifth streets of a given settlement in the ordered list.</p>
      <p>The last step in identifying priority transport infrastructure objects is to visualize
priority streets and represent objects in a given settlement on them. In this process, graphs
of changes in the priority indicators of transport infrastructure objects are built and the
indicated objects are displayed on the map of the settlement.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-5">
      <title>5. The results of identifying priority objects for initiating projects to restore the transport infrastructure of a given settlement in the postwar period</title>
      <p>To justify the priority transport infrastructure facilities that need to be restored or
developed, we used the proposed approach. We selected one of the settlements located near
the combat zone and having damaged transport infrastructure facilities. The city of
Kramatorsk, Donetsk region, was chosen as such a settlement. To collect information about
the transport infrastructure of Kramatorsk, we used the OpenStreetMap (OSM) framework
and the open-source Overpass API server software. Their use led to the writing of Python
code using the Jupyter Notebook interactive development environment.</p>
      <p>Based on the written code, we requested the Overpass API, which made it possible to
obtain geographic data on transport infrastructure objects of k types in Kramatorsk. In
particular, we obtained data on existing roads, bridges, complex interchanges, pedestrian
crossings, etc. This made it possible to build diagrams of road types (Fig. 2) in the city of
Kramatorsk, Donetsk region.</p>
      <p>The data obtained made it possible to identify that there are 826 roads in Kramatorsk,
Donetsk region. The analysis of roads by their types indicates that the largest share of them
falls on city streets, which is 553 units or 66.95% of the total number of roads in the city.
Urban roads make up 179 units or 21.66%, primary roads - 21 units or 2.54%, and
secondary roads - 46 units or 5.57%. There are unclassified roads, which amount to 23 units
or 2.78% of the total in a given settlement. In addition, there are no such types of roads as
main roads, pedestrian roads, and bicycle paths in Kramatorsk.</p>
      <p>
        Based on the use of formula (
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>
        ), the quantitative value of traffic flow indicators Th for
individual streets in Kramatorsk was determined. This made it possible to build a diagram
of priority streets for repair or modernization according to the indicator of traffic flows Th
in the city of Kramatorsk, Donetsk region (Fig. 3).
      </p>
      <p>Based on the analysis of the results presented in Fig. 3 to determine the priority streets
for repair or modernization in Kramatorsk, Donetsk region, the following is established.
Rozryvanykh Kaidaniv, Starohorodska, and Svobody streets have the lowest traffic flows (
Thі = 1), which indicates a low intensity of vehicle traffic. At the same time, Rozryvanykh
Kaidaniv and Starohorodska streets have the highest number of pedestrian crossings (
N pc = 28 units and N pc = 35 units, respectively). This requires additional costs in the budget
of their modernization projects to ensure pedestrian safety. At the same time, these streets
require priority repair or modernization of the road surface and infrastructure to ensure
pedestrian safety.</p>
      <p>The Overpass Turbo service was used to display the priority roads for restoration (Fig.
4) in the city of Kramatorsk, Donetsk Oblast. It is a web-based interface that enables queries
to the OpenStreetMap (OSM) database using the Overpass QL query language. Using this
tool, project managers can create complex queries to obtain geographic data on priority
transport infrastructure objects from OSM and visualize them on maps directly in a web
browser.</p>
      <p>Based on the results obtained, we can see that the use of Overpass Turbo provides an
interactive workspace with priority transport infrastructure facilities for restoration. In this
case, project managers can edit and run new queries, view the results with the priority
transport infrastructure facilities for restoration in the form of a map layer, and export the
data obtained in various formats.</p>
      <p>The results of using the Overpass Turbo service to display priority transport
infrastructure facilities for restoration on the example of the city of Kramatorsk, Donetsk
region, indicate that they can be used to manage projects to restore transport infrastructure
after the war. In particular, the obtained data on transport infrastructure facilities form the
basis for assessing the current state of the transport infrastructure of a given city. This will
make it possible, with a limited budget, to understand which facilities require priority
restoration and which can be restored in the next stages of financing transport
infrastructure development projects.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-6">
      <title>6. Conclusions</title>
      <p>1. An approach to identifying priority objects underlying the initiation of projects to
restore the transport infrastructure of individual settlements in the post-war period is
proposed. It is based on the use of the Overpass Turbo service with queries to the
OpenStreetMap (OSM) database and the application of the Overpass QL query language. In
this case, the main management operation is the fast and accurate collection of information
about the transport infrastructure. For this purpose, it is proposed to obtain spatial data on
transport infrastructure objects from the OpenStreetMap (OSM) service with queries to the
OpenStreetMap (OSM) database and using the Overpass QL query language. They provide
fast and accurate detection and visualization of priority objects, which is the basis for
initiating projects to restore the transport infrastructure of individual settlements in the
post-war period.</p>
      <p>2. Based on the proposed approach to identifying priority objects that underlie the
initiation of transport infrastructure restoration projects, we collected data on the state of
the transport infrastructure of Kramatorsk, Donetsk region (Ukraine), whose transport
infrastructure was damaged due to Russian military aggression. To do this, we used the
OpenStreetMap (OSM) framework and the open-source Overpass API server software. For
this purpose, we wrote the program code in Python using the interactive development
environment Jupyter Notebook. It has been established that Rozirvanykh Kaidaniv,
Starohorodska, and Svobody streets have the lowest traffic flow rate ( Thі =1), which
indicates a low intensity of vehicle traffic. At the same time, Rozryvanykh Kaidaniv and
Starohorodska streets have the highest number of pedestrian crossings ( N pc = 28 units and
N pc = 35 units, respectively). This requires additional costs in the budget of their
modernization projects to ensure pedestrian safety. At the same time, these streets require
priority repair or modernization of the road surface and infrastructure to ensure pedestrian
safety.</p>
      <p>
        3. The results of using the Overpass Turbo service to display priority transport
infrastructure facilities for restoration on the example of the city of Kramatorsk, Donetsk
region, indicate the possibility of its use for managing projects to restore transport
infrastructure after the war. In particular, the obtained data on transport infrastructure
facilities form the basis for assessing the current state of the transport infrastructure of a
given city. This will make it possible, with a limited budget, to understand which facilities
require priority restoration and which can be restored in the next stages of financing
transport infrastructure development projects.
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