<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Archiving and Interchange DTD v1.0 20120330//EN" "JATS-archivearticle1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
  <front>
    <journal-meta />
    <article-meta>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Language evolution and GPT-revolution</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Volodymyr Shyrokov</string-name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Vasyl Lytvyn</string-name>
          <email>Vasyl.V.Lytvyn@lpnu.ua</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff0">
          <label>0</label>
          <institution>CLW-2024: Computational Linguistics Workshop at 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Systems</institution>
          ,
          <addr-line>CoLInS-2024</addr-line>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution>Lviv Polytechnic National University</institution>
          ,
          <addr-line>Stepan Bandera Street, 12, Lviv, 79013</addr-line>
          ,
          <country country="UA">Ukraine</country>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution>Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund NAS of Ukraine</institution>
          ,
          <addr-line>Holosiivskyi av. 3, 03039Kyiv</addr-line>
          ,
          <country country="UA">Ukraine</country>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <abstract>
        <p>Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a fundamental component of the Web's most valuable information processes: semantic, conceptual, and intellectual. It is based on the use of natural language mechanisms, which set the bar for the most advanced IT technologies. Artificial intelligence is a branch of artificial intelligence, which has emerged from the "machineization" of human physical prowess and the ability to manipulate physical, chemical, biological, substance, energy, and information. In this paper, we review the current state of affairs in the information technology industry, with a clear emphasis on the development and application of AI techniques, with an emphasis on natural human language mechanisms. Moreover, the pinnacle of technotronic evolution can be seen in artificial intelligence systems, which emerge from the emergence of artificial neural network techniques (machine and deep learning methods, backward error propagation, etc.) on the foundation of Large Linguistic Models. Furthermore, there exist entire scientific domains wherein the globalized and interconnected world, complete with globalization and a plethora of problems, as well as the revolutionary circumstances surrounding Chat-GPT, are a direct outcome of the related evolutionary mechanism.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>eol&gt;artificial intelligence</kwd>
        <kwd>GPT</kwd>
        <kwd>chatbots</kwd>
        <kwd>evolution</kwd>
        <kwd>GPT-revolution 1</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec id="sec-1">
      <title>1. Introduction</title>
      <p>The world has grown more communicative and cognitive over the years of Ukrainian
independence, and as a result, the Web has come to be as one of the primary forces behind
the formation of contemporary society. Simultaneously, natural human language has
proven to be the fundamental component of the Web’s most valuable information
processes: semantic, conceptual, and intellectual. These technical implementations are so
efficient that they even outperform previous technological advancements. The way of
language functioning has changed considerably in the last two or three decades, moving
from a strictly humanitarian to technological status. The current state of affairs in the
information technology industry persuasively shows that the primary focus of the major
players in this field is now on the development and application of artificial intelligence
techniques, with a clear emphasis on natural language mechanisms, which set the bar for
the most advanced IT technologies. The IT giants have been engaged in a fierce struggle for
domination recently, with the potential to impact a trillion-dollar market and, more
importantly, dominate global society, as demonstrated by the so-called GPT revolution.</p>
      <p>This problem has become kind of an unprecedented amount of popularity recently. In
October 2022, the number of queries for Artificial Intelligence (AI) and World Order
reached approximately 7.5 billion links for each of these queries. But in April 2023, Google
released almost 9 billion connections related to artificial intelligence (AI) and the same 7.5
billion links related to the World Order. Thus, AI has made a dramatic breakthrough in a few
months. An even more impressive growth is demonstrated by the relevant data obtained on
July 16, 2023: “World Order” – 12,820,000,000 and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
19,810,000,000 (!).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-2">
      <title>2. Understanding the Impact of AI on World Order</title>
      <p>The data mentioned above definitely show how extraordinarily important the issues they
raise are. Furthermore, given the close proximity of these huge numbers, it is highly
suggestive that "Artificial Intelligence" and "World Order" are now not only extremely
relevant but also interdependent; at this point in history, "Artificial Intelligence" is working
in tandem with "World Order" and is already starting to shape it.</p>
      <p>Here are a few facts and considerations regarding the turbulent events associated with
the release of the first massive artificial intelligence systems, namely the so-called
Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPT) - chatbots, whose intelligent substrate is
formed by Large Language Models, created on the basis of artificial neural networks.</p>
      <p>November 2022 saw the start of this boom, which was quickly dubbed the GPT
revolution. On ChatGPT, the growth rate of registered users, or subscribers, shattered all
previous records. The chatbot attracted over a million users in its first five days of
operation, and by March 2023, it had surpassed the 100 million mark. The query “chatgpt”
currently returns results greater than 1,66 • 109.</p>
      <p>Due to this circumstance, the phenomena have been compared to the Great Industrial
Revolution of the 18th century, which was marked by the development and widespread
usage of steam engines and marked the beginning of a new era in the advancement of
human civilization. Following this analogy, we may note that much as water vapor was
utilized as the working fluid in steam engines, natural human language is currently serving
as the equivalent function in artificial intelligence systems.</p>
      <p>The evolution of technology and engineering theorists and philosophers have not yet
fully understood and evaluated this phenomenon. Nonetheless, it is obviously clear that a
deeper and more fundamental understanding of the essence of a phenomenon like language
is required. Furthermore, in order achieve this, the linguistic research methodology will
need to be modified in some way – or, to use J. Derrida's language, deconstructed – in order
to take into account contemporary general epistemological paradigms and cognitive
practices. In our opinion, the main starting points for the implementation of this process are
as follows.</p>
      <p>The most recent phase of scientific knowledge is defined by a considerable increase in
the conceptual space of study, a blurring of the boundaries between various fields of
knowledge, and the penetration of varied scientific paradigms, epistemologies, and
methodologies. Scientific fields pertaining to novel perspectives on the interplay between
matter and consciousness are especially intellectually stimulating in this stream. This
seemingly eternal philosophical topic is now gaining new life and receiving new,
increasingly "practical" interpretations and embodiments because of the tremendous
advancements in the fields of quantum information, neuroscience, artificial intelligence,
high-energy physics, astrophysics, genetic engineering, DNA informatics, etc. At a new
epistemological level, panpsychism is being resurrected, and there is lively discussion about
the isomorphism between the neural structure of the brain and the structure of the
universe's galactic and metagalactic systems, as well as the biological and physical
foundations and even the substrate of consciousness itself. We are witnessing a turn from
the original metaphysical truths to the real physical and other natural mechanisms of the
relationship between the ideal and the material. Intellectuality and its manifestations are
being more and more linked to the processes of the universe's evolution, the beginning of
life, and even the emergence of life itself.</p>
      <p>At the same time, the information and network problem are the primary cause of the fast
intellectualization of engineering and technology. After all, the functioning of human
civilization in the contemporary cognitive and communicative world is accompanied by an
ever-increasing rate of information production. Reputable sources claim that the quantity
of information on the Internet has recently increased every two years. This rate is probably
going to keep rising.</p>
      <p>There are two important aspects to this process. The first has to do with the sheer
amount of information generated and viewed that humans can no longer physically process
and effectively grasp. Concerning the second, estimations suggest that the majority of
information in circulation is "parasitic" in nature and does not advance human evolution.
Any type of system's broad evolutionary patterns can be seen in these elements. In order to
create these patterns, the evolution of the system must become more complex. As this
complexity increases in volume and rate, an uncontrolled expansion of its "parasitic"
component occurs, which does not aid in the system's evolution but causes an intolerable
burden on its functional subsystems.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the human race's global information system has now reached a crisis of an
almost catastrophic magnitude, along with other contemporary global systems (political,
economical, environmental, etc.). In fact, because modern civilization is networked and
inflationary, these essential phenomena are ubiquitous, permeating all significant facets of
its operations and generally posing a danger to the preexisting World Order.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-3">
      <title>3. Evolutionary Significance of Language in Nature and Society</title>
      <p>The uncontrollably (exponentially) growing complexity of the contemporary, highly
globalized inflationary world is the root source of these processes. Such a system becomes
inherently uncontrollable, and crises in it are unavoidable, according to the general theory
of evolution. The well-known law of required diversity by W. Ashby leads to similar
conclusions.</p>
      <p>Realizing the urgent need to build intellectual artifacts that may overcome this
information, and in reality, global crisis, is one method to transcend, or at least minimize,
these crisis occurrences. This has already led to the rapid development of powerful artificial
intelligence systems. Meanwhile, there has been a recent shift in the professional
community's belief that intelligence is a natural product of linguistic status and a type of
system individualization. Thus, individualization of things with a linguistic status is what
artificial intelligence is. Whatever the advancements, language remains the fundamental
cognitive and communicative element of humanity; in its current form, it was developed
during the course of the evolution of the human race and species and, if we adopt a
consistent perspective, is both a result and a product of the general and biological evolution
of nature and society.</p>
      <p>Figure 1 shows the sequence of mechanisms of biosocial evolution that have occurred
and are occurring on our planet to highlight the evolutionary context of language.</p>
      <p>After examining this evolutionary sequence, we can draw the conclusion that each of
them has unique information tools, instruments, aspects, tasks, etc. that at each stage
acquire characteristics that we now associate with language and become more expressive,
universal, and diverse.</p>
      <p>This can be stated of brain systems, various signaling systems of the communication
mechanism, the language of the genetic code (now that this phrase has begun to take on a
literal meaning, it is used without quotation marks), and, lastly, the natural language of
humans.</p>
      <p>Our functional breakdown of the human language and mental equipment, which we
named the Main Cognitive Tract, was developed after a thorough analysis of an extensive
array of literary material. The following blocks make up this structure:
&lt;Perception → Feeling → Experiencing (Emotion) → Awareness →</p>
      <p>Understanding → → Reflection → Reaction (Action)&gt;</p>
      <p>It is evident that the aforementioned scheme only includes the bare minimum of
required functions and is unable to meet the demand for additional in-depth information,
or what are known as schematic diagrams or microtheories.</p>
      <p>The question then becomes, how could the brain, which eventually became the home of
language and the mental machinery that makes up intellect and language, have formed in
the first place and through what fundamental mechanisms?</p>
      <p>Unfortunately, the there are no clear answers from the examination of a substantial
amount of scientific literature and other data on these topics. Furthermore, a lot of
neuroscientists assert that they do not discover a unique “organ” in the brain that is in
charge of “thinking” or “reasoning” when they investigate the brain.</p>
      <p>It appears that the concepts of “thinking", “reasoning", and “intelligence” originate in
other places. Where? In which place? Maybe we should approach these topics in a slightly
different way in order to give answers? Is it possible to think of the entire human population
as a single system, a single thinking organism that is open in terms of the triad consisting of
structure, substance, and subject?</p>
      <p>We can come to the conclusion that verbal communication's volume and intensity –
which are primarily influenced by the number of people who make up a community – are
becoming increasingly important evolutionary factors. Thus, intense language
communication confers an advantage onto multi-person civilizations in the form of
“collective intelligence”. By the latter, we mean the system's non-local, distributed,
socialized, integral intelligence, which is made up of everyone's mental capacity for
coexisting and actively interacting.</p>
      <p>Only a portion of the knowledge required by each user in the system can be stored there;
the rest is kept in the collective memory of the community.</p>
      <p>Humanity, as a communicative society, can therefore be seen as a single evolving
organism with its own memory and intelligence, combining some of each member's
memory and intelligence into a single cognitive-communicative system. As Ukrainians say:
“A community is a big man!”.</p>
      <p>From this perspective, it is important to consider the memory occupied by specific
knowledge about specific professions of all members of society who have different
professions when assessing the volume of the general memory of mankind, which serves as
a correlate of the intellectual potential of a communication system. In other words, we must
determine the total number of professions that have existed at various phases of civilization
and account for each one's cognitive resource.</p>
      <p>After all, it makes sense to suppose that as society advances, new information and
technologies would also inevitably arise, leading to the emergence of new professions.
Additionally, every new piece of knowledge expands the vocabulary of a language by
generating new ideas that can be communicated through words. As a result, the increase of
knowledge about science and technology and, by extension, the general language of society,
are directly correlated with the number of new occupations.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-4">
      <title>4. Evolutionary Significance of Artificial Intelligence</title>
      <p>It is arguable that research of this nature is more of an academic than a practical concern.
But it's important to understand that the emergence and evolution of natural facts and
phenomena have an effect, relationship, and reflection on comparable man-made,
humanmade facts and objects, or artifacts. If a person wants to replicate a certain path in nature's
evolution, or just a portion of it, in their manufactured creations, they should bear some
analogies and similarities to their natural counterparts.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, there exist entire scientific domains wherein the globalized and
interconnected world, complete with globalization and a plethora of problems, as well as
the revolutionary circumstances surrounding Chat-GPT, are a direct outcome of the related
evolutionary mechanism.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the need to produce intellectual products is also evolutionary. So the author
believes that attempts to outlaw artificial intelligence today are futile despite the wide range
of opinions on the subject. Similar to the Luddite movements of the late 18th and early 19th
centuries, the Great Industrial Revolution ultimately proved to be the source of ineffective
movements against machines and machine tools.</p>
      <p>However, our situation is unique. The pinnacle of technotronic evolution can be seen in
artificial intelligence, which emerged from the “machineization” of human physical prowess
and the ability to manipulate physical, chemical, biological, substance, energy, and
information. Ultimately, intelligence itself—which we had previously thought to be the
unique characteristic of the human race and what set humans apart from other natural
beings – became possible through these mechanisms.</p>
      <p>It has now been shown that the linguistic and mental substrate can and ought to separate
from its carrier, which appears to be exclusive, and take up residence on its own. The
employment of theoretical and evolutionary methods of analysis is encouraged by this
unusual and evolutionary condition, which takes into consideration a certain correlation
(similarity) between natural and technotronic evolutionary sequences, as illustrated in
Figure 2.</p>
      <p>The evolutionary mechanisms (a particular path in the evolutionary tree of biological
beings on Earth) that led to the creation and subsequent development of the species Homo
sapiens are depicted in this diagram's left column, which runs from bottom to top. For every
evolutionary mechanism, the central column displays the substance elements of the
evolution of living organisms. Therefore, we consider the genetic code's language as a
component of the genetic machinery. Neural systems are, of course, the components of the
neural mechanism. The languages of the many social groups – the "languages" of ants and
bees, dolphins and monkeys, etc. – as well as human languages, are the components of the
communication mechanism. Artifacts are the items of technology, finance, social structures,
etc. that comprise the components of the production mechanism, which is the sole privilege
of the genus Homo.</p>
      <p>
        There are certain evolutionary similarities between human-made intellectual products
and their natural counterparts, as the right column illustrates. For instance, we regard
programming languages (algorithmic languages) to be a factor for the first intellectual
objects, which include electronic computers. These intellectual artifacts function as an
analogue of the genetic mechanism in this evolutionary scheme. The neural mechanism in
nature is comparable to the modern mechanism of intellectual artifact evolution. We believe
that artificial neural networks have a role in this. Generative pre-trained transformers, or
GPT chatbots, have emerged and proliferated due to the use of artificial neural network
techniques (machine and deep learning methods, backward error propagation, etc.) on the
foundation of Large Linguistic Models. It is important to remember that the fundamental
component of contemporary generative AI systems is genuine human language, which plays
a role in the communication mechanism, the next evolutionary mechanism. And this is
happening at a time when artificial intelligence objects do not yet have their own
communication environment and immanent means of mutual communication, although, as
far as we know, work is underway in this direction. Theoretically, the development of an
analog of the communication mechanism for intellectual artifacts should be completed by
the establishment of a sufficient (full-fledged, sovereign) communication environment. We
believe that only then will it be possible to create an analog of this community's production
mechanism and for artificial intelligence to emerge as a historical entity on its own. This, in
turn, provokes a strong response from human communities (see, for example [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>
        ]), who view
these possibilities as grave threats to humankind.
      </p>
      <p>
        However, it is not possible to totally rule out a fundamentally different path. In the book
[
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>
        ] it is stated that “A certain futurological forecast can be made: If ways are invented to
combine the information and technological evolution of human society and the biological
evolution of matter – that is, if these two lines of evolution intersect at some point (and the
current development of genetic engineering, microelectronics, nanotechnology,
neurophysiology and cognitive science provides more and more grounds for such a
scenario) – then it seems quite likely that a new form of intelligent life will emerge that
integrates biological and technotronic substrate into a single cognitive organism”. The same
idea is a common thread in a number of publications on the so-called transhumanism and
technological singularity.
      </p>
      <p>
        It’s obvious that we’re about to venture onto the fragile and unpredictable territory of
predictions and theories [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>
        ]. Thus, let us exercise caution and remember the wise words of
the great Isaac Newton: "I invent no hypotheses!"
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="ref1">
        <mixed-citation>
          <article-title>[1] The Bletchley Declaration by Countries Attending the AI Safety Summit, 1-2 November 2023</article-title>
          . URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit
          <article-title>-2023- the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-aisafety-summit-1-2</article-title>
          -november-2023#contents
        </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref2">
        <mixed-citation>
          [2]
          <string-name>
            <given-names>V. A.</given-names>
            <surname>Shyrokov</surname>
          </string-name>
          , Computer lexicography, Naukova Dumka, Kyiv,
          <year>2011</year>
          .
        </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref3">
        <mixed-citation>
          <article-title>[3] Q, Robin, GPT revolutionizing AI applications: empowering future digital transformation</article-title>
          .
          <source>Digital Transformation and Society</source>
          ,
          <volume>2</volume>
          .2(
          <year>2023</year>
          )
          <fpage>101</fpage>
          -
          <lpage>103</lpage>
          .
        </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
</article>