=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-3742/paper20
|storemode=property
|title=Structure and Regularities of Development Information and Intellectual Capital Taking Into Account Acceleration of Digital Transformations in Conditions Information Society
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3742/paper20.pdf
|volume=Vol-3742
|authors=Halyna Nahorniak,Andriy Sverstiuk,Liudmyla Maliuta,Viktor Khomyshyn,Katerina Hannouf
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/citi2/NahorniakSMKH24
}}
==Structure and Regularities of Development Information and Intellectual Capital Taking Into Account Acceleration of Digital Transformations in Conditions Information Society==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3742/paper20.pdf
Structure and Regularities of Development Information
and Intellectual Capital Taking Into Account Acceleration
of Digital Transformations in Conditions Information
Society
Halyna Nahorniak1,†, Andriy Sverstiuk2,∗,†, Liudmyla Maliuta1,†, Viktor
Khomyshyn1,† and Katerina Hannouf3,†
1 Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
2 Ternopil Ivan Horbachevsky National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
3 Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies, Dnipro, Ukraine
Abstract
Article is devoted to a perspective of development of the information and intellectual capital
during an era of digitalization of global space in a section of development of information society.
The research objective consists in need of creation of effective mechanisms concerning
ensuring formation, development and use of the information and intellectual capital in a
condition of digital transformations as a basis of increase in competitive advantages of
manufacturing enterprises of the country. It causes need and relevance further of rather
scientific search in the field of development of adaptive theoretical und methodical approaches
and practical recommendations which allow to organize effectively at manufacturing
enterprises development of the information and intellectual capital in the conditions of difficult
digital transformations. Digitalization of economy in the modern world becomes inevitable
process which objectively influences all spheres of life of society and defines the direction of its
development. Historical and empirical methods, a method of scientific abstraction, methods of
analysis and synthesis, a method of system analysis are by methods of a research. The scientific
novelty consists in development of complex and complete approach concerning ensuring
transformation of the information and intellectual capital of manufacturing enterprises due to
synthesis with digital technologies which use would allow to accelerate development of the
enterprises of the sphere of production.
Keywords
Intellectual capital, information, intelligence, information support, information systems, digital
economy. 1
CITI’2024: 2nd International Workshop on Computer Information Technologies in Industry 4.0, June 12–14, 2024,
Ternopil, Ukraine
∗ Corresponding author.
† These authors contributed equally.
galinka2005_08@ukr.net (H. Nahorniak); sverstyuk@tdmu.edu.ua (A. Sverstiuk); luda_mal@ukr.net (L.
Maliuta); homyshyn@gmail.com (V. Khomyshyn); katerinahann@gmail.com (K. Hannouf);
0000-0002-5446-2417 (H. Nahorniak); 0000-0001-8644-0776 (A. Sverstiuk); 0000-0002-7569-9982 (L.
Maliuta); 0000-0003-4369-501X (V. Khomyshyn); 0000-0001-7689-9938 (K. Hannouf)
© 2024 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR
ceur-ws.org
Workshop ISSN 1613-0073
Proceedings
1. Introduction
The relevance of a research is proved by high extent of development of modern
economy of Ukraine in a combination with the lasting transformation. In the course of
informatization of economy the digital infrastructure at the different levels is formed,
necessary systems which are improved through implementation of new technologies and
association in a common information space are created. Current trends of digital
transformation of manufacturing enterprise for the purpose of increase in its
competitiveness assume active introduction in practice of digital technologies. Digital
technologies become instruments of increase in effectiveness, performance and efficiency
of productions due to increase in the output and/or reduction of the used resources.
Digital transformation assumes change of a production system of the enterprise, its main,
auxiliary processes which serve of technological quality control and the organization of
work. According to the concept the Industry 4.0 [1], production processes, structuring and
service have to be digitized and integrated on the basis of mutual penetration of
information technologies and the industry. Implementation of artificial intelligence leads
to emergence of intellectual information technologies which promotes change of
organizational structure of the enterprise, reduction of staff and reorientation of staffing
in pursuance of new functions. At the same time relevant there is a scientific and technical
problem of definition of rational replacement of human resources with intellectual
systems and realization of effective forms of the organization of work in the conditions of
human-computer interaction in a common information space. The majority of the existing
researches in this direction are conducted within development of collaborative industrial
robots and integration of information resources. Success of the enterprise depends on
effective use of modern digital technologies in the main directions of the activity. In
process of information technology development the need for use of innovative methods of
management and the organization of production increases. Universal distribution and
implementation of digital technologies at the enterprises leads to changes in processes of
making management decisions, planning, the organization of production of work. Digital
transformation in narrow interpretation represents process of implementation of modern
technologies in processes of the enterprise. Transformation is at the same time directed to
improvement of the existing processes and to creation of competitive advantages due to
change and creation of new technological processes in the enterprise. Use of digital
transformation and new digital knowledge is a key factor of effective development of
production. Transformation assumes changes of the main, the auxiliary and serving
processes of the enterprise, a production system, technological quality control,
operational planning of production activity, the organization of work of workers.
2. Modifications
Insufficiently fully studied uneconomical methods of development of knowledge at
manufacturing enterprises though they become decisive tools in digital economy. There
are significant not examinations in structurization of these methods and search of ways of
their optimization within the reproduced cycle from generation of the ideas to creation of
grocery innovations. It is also incomplete the questions connected with characteristic of
methods of development of knowledge as specific non-material asset of the enterprise at
the corresponding creative and labor qualities of the subject of management are
considered.
Active participation in a research of the intellectual capital was taken by foreign
scientists: N. Bontis [2], Є. Bruking [3], L. Robinson [4], Y. Ruus [5], T. Stewart [6], R. Petty
[7].
Problems of formation and estimation of the intellectual capital of the enterprises, the
human capital, intellectualization of society and economy are lit in works of domestic
scientists A. L. Skillies [8], O. V. Berveno [9], Yu. V. Gava [10], N. L. Gavkalova [11]. To a
research of mechanisms of management of the intellectual capital of the enterprise the
devoted D.’s works І. Zvirgidze [12], O. S. Litvinova [13], etc.
The considerable contribution to formations of the concept “intellectual capital” was
made by fundamental works of such scientists as O.B. Butnik-Siversky [14], V.A. Willows
[15], S. Vovkanich [16], T.V. Grinko [17] and others. However, analyzing interpretation of
category “intellectual capital” it is necessary to state lack of unification in definition of this
concept, important for any enterprise. At the same time, contrary to a significant amount
of the scientific research devoted to problems of formation and assessment of the
intellectual capital of the enterprises it should be noted that in the existing developments
there is no uniform system approach to formation and assessment of the intellectual
capital of the enterprises.
In modern conditions the information economy which relies on knowledge becomes
the dominating paradigm of social and economic development. The emphasis on
knowledge as an essential resource of the enterprise, significantly influenced
organizational structure of management, promotes emergence of network economy, the
virtual organizations which in this regard improving competitiveness of economic entities
at any stage of life cycle and effective management of human resources, search of new
forms and methods of its organization arises a key question. The situation in modern
business is such that it is harder and harder to provide constantly increasing cost of labor
and to reach not only performance of functions, and to stimulate activity of personnel
which provide the notable growth of effectiveness. To information economy the necessary
initiative worker who is worth to increase in the competence and to innovative activity,
focused on the maximum achievement in work and who takes the responsibility not only
for the destiny, but also for success of common cause. Today most competitor companies
are technically equipped approximately equally, they use similar methods and methods of
marketing and the organizations of production.
Rapid and large-scale changes which happen in the field of production technologies,
infrastructure, forms of the organization and functioning of economy caused emergence
and distribution of the concept “information economy”. Thus, transition from resource-
based and industrial economy to so-called “information economy” which is based on
intellectual resources, the high and information technologies is the most important global
trend in formation of modern society. The term “information economy” appeared at the
beginning of the 80th years of the XX century, and it was used for the description of
economy which in bigger a measure leaned on the sphere of provision of services, than on
the sphere of production of goods. On today the given concept was not used so often,
rather faster, it became a harbinger of use of this term which we observe at the present
stage. In 90 year the term “information economy” began to be used rather high-tech
economy. Now the knowledge-intensive sectors of “information economy” play the
defining role in economic development not only the advanced countries what growth of
the annual address in the world market of high technologies and the knowledge-intensive
products which several times exceeds the address of the market raw materials, including
oil, oil products and gas testifies to.
In the conditions of fight for intangible assets the intellectual capital becomes resistant
advantage of corporations of innovative type which competitiveness depends on creation
of key competences.
1. Any economic science or the direction choose any given aspect of the concept and,
according to G. Saimon, begin to create the settlements [18] there. It is necessary to agree
with M. Doronina’s opinion that upon transition to post-industrial type of society there is
obvious a limitation of use of approach to a capital research, as to it that is in physical
shape because the competitiveness and market advantages of the modern enterprises a
bigger measure are provided with use of resources which have the non-material nature
(intellectual, information, organizational, social, etc.) [19].
2. The concept “intellectual capital” needs to be considered how specific rather genitive
concept “capital”. Therefore, the research of the intellectual capital, its essence and main
economic categories which are with it in system relationship has to be guided by the core
economic theory of the capital and her basic concept – the capital. The capital (capital is
from armor. main) was always considered in the economic theory as one of the central
and most important economic categories, an obligatory element of market economy. The
capital is an economic cage of a complex social and economic market system, it decisive
category [20]. It should be noted that the scientific thought still did not develop universal
determination of category “capital” which would meet all needs of the theory and practice.
The careful system, complex analysis of evolution of views of category “capital” made in
the course of the research in concepts of different schools of sciences, changes of its
contents, a role in process of an economic system and the review of development of the
theory of the capital with the purpose to create the methodological principles of the
concept of functioning of the intellectual capital as its compound on the basis of the
classical and modern ideas of scientists-economists presented in work as I. V. Zhuravleva
[21].
3. Main results
The efficiency of use of intellectual potential is the highest, the enterprise owns the big
intellectual capital. So, the intellectual potential gains properties of economic category only
in the course of attraction to economic activity, that is in the course of transformation in the
intellectual capital. We agree with opinion Y. S. Sytnyk [22] that the concept “intellectual
resources”, “intellectual potential”, “intellectual capital” and “intellectual property” (Fig. 1)
which are closely connected among themselves. The given ratio demonstrates that
intellectual resources are the primary source and the defining factor of development of the
enterprise, and the intellectual property is result of formation of the intellectual capital. It is
established that the intellectual potential is the key instrument of achievement of
competitiveness of the enterprise, and is defined how set of human, organizational and
information potentials.
Figure 1: A ratio between categories “intellectual resources”, “intellectual potential”,
“intellectual capital” and “intellectual property” at the level of the enterprise (made by
authors)
At analysis of the basic structural elements of the capital be what enterprise (the
company, firm) as its main components it is possible to mark out the following forms of
capital: material capital, human capital, structural capital, client capital. Under the material
capital in this case it is offered to consider all set of tangible assets of the organization,
including buildings, a construction, the equipment, etc.
To group of scientific and technical factors of functioning of the intellectual capital
capital intensity of technologies, energy and financial resources, capital intensity of work,
knowledge-intensive works, innovative activity, level of availability of computers, use of the
Internet, etc. belong. Scientific and technical factors influence development of the
intellectual capital through increase in productivity of work, improvement of the
organization, improvement of quality of goods and services, change of vocational and
industry structure occupied, presentation of increased requirements to the worker [21].
The quantity occupied with scientific research, developments in the European Union
countries, represents on average 1.68% of employed population. The highest value of this
indicator is observed in Iceland (3,3%), Finland (3,23%) and Denmark (2,94%).
Institutional factors define development of the intellectual capital by the adopted state
laws and regulations which regulate: the relations of intellectual property, a condition of
formation and use of labor – duration of working week and the size of the paid holiday (size
of working hours), immigration streams, terms of training, a retirement age; measures
which promote: to achievement of an optimum ratio between supply and demand of labor,
to stimulation of territorial and branch and vocational mobility of personnel, ensuring
necessary general education, vocational training of workers which answers the modern
scientific and technical level, structure and dynamics of production. Ukraine passed
important stages on the way to integration into world economic space: On March 1, 1998
got force the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement with the European Union; The EU
and the USA provided to Ukraine the status of the country with market economy; The U. S.
Senate repealed Jackson’s – Venika amendment concerning Ukraine; interstate agreements
concerning assistance and mutual protection of investment are signed with 70 countries of
the world; On May 16, 2008 Ukraine acquired the status of the member of the WTO. The
agreement on association between Ukraine and the EU gives a positive signal for enhancing
cooperation between Ukraine and the EU on all the directions and also in the innovative
and intellectual sphere. But at the same time the imperfection of the legal framework of the
country which interferes with wide circulation and use of products of intellectual activity
and also their lawful use in case of protection allows to note syntheses of references [13].
So, the volume of the Ukrainian computer market in a year is 600 million US dollars, but its
further development is interfered by the high level of piracy.
Belong to the most essential demographic factors of formation of the intellectual capital:
population of the country (region), its gender and age structure, rates of natural increase of
the population, average life expectancy, etc. The analysis of a demographic situation in
regions of Ukraine for the last decade shows considerable deformations in development of
the population: excess of mortality over birth rate, low level of life expectancy, emigration,
"aging" population and growth of demographic tension. The number of economically active
population of the country, region is the major extensive factor. Reduction of volumes of
GDP which took place in the last 20 years led to reduction of total number of personnel at
the enterprises.
Among the three most influential factors which determine the size of the intellectual
capital priority there is level of the general and professional education. This conclusion
divides most of scientists-economists [13, 23, 24, 25, 26]. In modern conditions the
professionalism becomes the most important condition of optimum inclusion of the person
in work, a factor of effective formation of the intellectual capital. Especially the value of
education and vocational training during restructuring which is followed in Ukraine also
cardinal social and economic changes increases.
Social demographic factors have the extensive nature of influence on the intellectual
capital and appear on macro – and mesoeconomic levels. Transition to economy of
innovative type which is carried out in Ukraine rendered and pointed numerous and deep
disproportions in the sphere of work. Archaic is in Ukraine also a macroeconomic structure
of employment. Production of goods remains the sphere of employment which prevails in
our country unlike the majority of the developed countries. Statistical data confirm high
employment rate in the industry and agriculture of Ukraine (honor 10 times more, than in
the developed countries), sharp lag of the service industry which besides has structure,
atypical for the developed countries. The available contradiction between the level of
formation of the intellectual capital and needs of the modern market of work.
We agree with O.A. Grishnova’s opinion that determination of its structure [10, 27] is
one of the most debatable problems which arises during studying the intellectual capital.
Despite the lack of uniform approach to determination of essence and structure of the
intellectual capital, most of scientists agree on a thought which the intellectual capital is the
system of the interconnected components which given rise by human intelligence and
create prerequisites for increase in performance of work, competitiveness of the
enterprise, cost efficiency of activity and financial firmness.
The human capital acts as the leading component of the intellectual capital. The
conceptual foundation of the theory of the human capital was are laid in the second half the
XX century by Theodor V. Shults which are published in 1961 in work of “Investment into
the human capital” [7] and also in robots of G. Becker who proved efficiency of investments
in the human capital and formulated economic approach to human behavior [28]. Gehry
Becker considered the person in a context with the ware capital used in production, and
training was defined by it as a form of investments into the human capital. According to
him, investments into the person also expenses on education of younger generation, health
of workers and members of their families, information search, change of work and other
investments which promote development of productive work of the worker, his cultural
and intellectual growth [29] are included.
Generalizing results of a research of structure of the intellectual capital, it is possible to
claim that practically all scientists allocate three the main components of the intellectual
capital: human capital, structural capital and client (consumer) capital. At the same time,
each researcher in own way locates allocation of elements and relationship between them.
The weak innovative activity and the spontaneous nature of structural and technological
shifts mainly under the influence of a global environment cause lag of indicators of
innovative development of the industry of Ukraine from world indicators, formation in the
industry of inefficient technological structure. In technological structure of processing
industry the share of products of high-tech areas in Insufficiency of volumes of production
with high added value is compensated by way of increasing its import, deepening an import
dependence of national economy. For the last 10 years the import share in the total amount
of internal consumption of industrial output increased from 42,8% in 2010 up to 47,6% in
2020, machine-building products – from 77,7% to 94,9%, metallurgical – from 31,9% to
39,7%, food – from 13,6% to 21,6% [23].
Today later, how developed non-material component in social production how strong
post-industrial trends, it is possible to judge development of the country.
The system of the following criteria is for this purpose used.
1. Social and economic criterion:
- if in the society of more than 50% the population is engaged in the service industry, the
post-industrial phase of its development came;
- if in the society of more than 50% the population is engaged in the sphere of
information and intellectual services, society becomes information.
In the world believes that changes in economy occur mainly after the specific weight of
Internet users begins to exceed 10-15% the population of the country. According to this
criterion, the USA entered the post-industrial period of the development in 1956-1960 (the
State of California – “Silicon or Silicon Valley” – overcame this boundary in 1910). The
beginning of new century of the USA was met by the following structure of employment:
75% – in the sphere of information and intellectual services, 25% – in production of goods
that in the agricultural sector. Finland joined post-industrial society 20 years later than the
USA. Ukraine, as well as the international community in general, by this criterion is at an
industrial stage of development. The companies which ignore possibilities of “World wide
web” will stop being competitive. The Internet is data on buyers, suppliers and potential
workers, and 90% of information on them were collected within the last two years.
2. Technical criterion. The early phase of informatization of society comes at
achievement of specific information armament which answers existence of a reliable long-
distance telephone network. The final phase provides satisfaction be which information
needs of each person in be what time and in be to what point of space. L. Robinson put
forward a formula “the civilization is information” [4]. The scientist to a formation є
civilizations by criterion of amount of information made by them thus:
- level 0 – the information capacity of a brain separate the person – 107 bits;
- level 1 is oral communication in community, the village or the tribe – amount of the
circulating information ~ 109 bits;
- level 2 is written culture; as means of awareness of society serves the Alexandria
library which has 532,800 rolls which contain 1011 bits of information;
- level 3 is book culture; there are hundreds of libraries, tens of thousands of books,
newspapers, magazines which cumulative capacity is estimated at 1017 bits are produced;
- level 4 is information society with electronic information processing with a capacity of
1025 bits.
The discussion concerning a question of transition to information society is conducted
since the beginning of the 1960th, still it as the scientific concept, has no uniform, standard
and conventional definition.
Mark out only its main characteristics (Table 1):
- more than 50% the population are engaged in the sphere of information services;
- growth rates of the information sector of economy surpass rates of development of
economy in general;
- wide use of information technologies and products of the information sector of
economy in everyday life;
- creation uniform information space and availability to it all members of society;
- welfare of members of this society a bigger measure depends on their education,
training becomes continuous process throughout everything life.
Table 1
Comparative characteristic industrial and information (new) economy (made by authors)
Parameters Economy
Industrial Information
Hierarchical levels A lot A lot
Division of labor Wide Insignificant
Position of workers Interchangeability, dependence, Involvement, loyalty,
humility independence
Network Insignificant Wide
Working processes
communications Insignificant Flexible, situational,
organized for the period of
performance to a project
Influence, power Depends on hierarchical level Depends on knowledge
and abilities
Possibilities of Insignificant Wide
Organizational
cooperation On economy of the enterprise
orientation
The most important Maximizing on own interest, the Optimization of benefit
purpose enterprise, collective
Information infrastructure is formed at the expense of organizational structures and
means of information exchange. Information infrastructure has to provide functioning and
development uniform information a scope.
As a result of active theoretical researches of information as specific subject of economic
science, the big categorically-conceptual framework which treats such concepts as
“information resources”, “information products”, “information technologies”, “information
production”, “the information industry”, etc. was created. At the same time, within the
economic theory these categories are insufficiently developed both in theoretical, and in
practical aspect. There is no uniform interpretation of the specified concepts, there are no
intrinsic characteristics which display their most powerful lines.
Computer and communication technologies will be the catalyst. Corporate networks and
work when workers get simultaneous remote access to data array, promise the next and
serious change of standards of employment. The usual labor relations with working week
which lasts more than 30 hours and with constant employment in one company (which up
to the 1990th years were norm) become less widespread. Intellectual technologies which
use big corporations make available to shots large volumes of knowledge. The value of the
computer is provided by two of its compound – software and hardware. The same, it seems,
becomes the integral characteristic of the modern worker in the opinion of the employer.
Forecasting of expenses on personnel is key function of a control system of a personnel
resource of the enterprise. At the same time methodological base of formation of this
function is the theory of the alternative expenses expected (relevant) on the basis of the
expected economic benefit in the future. Use of the multicriteria analysis will allow to
define effective instruments of increase in efficiency of use of personnel as a priority
resource of the enterprise (Table 2, Fig. 2-4).
Table 2
Input data for forecasting of expenses of a personnel resource of all enterprises of Ukraine
by their sizes on the basis of statistical these 2013-2022
Subjects of large Subjects of medium-sized Subjects of small
Years business, business, business,
thousand UAH thousand UAH thousand UAH
1 2 3 4
2013 175 677 772 143 542 937 81 576 048
2014 154 660 857 147 376 598 75 414 976
2015 161 847 033 168 829 612 80 585 700
2016 172 765 753 192 830 836 89 877 178
2017 212 897 900 257 196 607 124 778 216
2018 280 461 814 323 980 594 154 297 097
2019 341 807 499 412 934 804 177 635 986
2020 360 077 319 464 615 486 195 122 344
2021 431797529 553 782 857 215 170 979
2022 364 267 681 503 743 503 189 098 672
Forecast for linear model
2023 420 000 000 576 000 000 225 000 000
2024 470 000 000 635 000 000 250000000
Forecast for polynomial model of the third order
2023 327 000 000 490 000 000 150 000 000
2024 215 000 000 410 000 000 99 000 000
Note: created and calculated by the author (Official site of Public service of statistics of
Ukraine)
In the course of the analysis of statistical data of number of busy workers at all
enterprises of Ukraine for 2013-2022, monotonous trends of change of a trend for the
analyzed time period, in particular, in a section of the enterprises for their sizes were
revealed. So, from the above-stated table 2 we see that on a linear trend the steady
tendency to increase in total number of workers at large, medium-sized and small
enterprises of Ukraine is observed, however the general tendency to increase in number of
workers at medium-sized enterprises of the country proceeding from an indicator of costs
of personnel is watched a polynomial trend of the third order we Choose the forecast for
polynomial model of the third order as we consider it more reliable.
In the course of the research of statistical data of number of busy workers at the
enterprises of the industry of Ukraine for 2013-2022, monotonous trends of change of a
trend for the analyzed time period, in particular, in a section of the enterprises for their
sizes were revealed. Let’s consider dynamics of an indicator of costs of personnel of the
enterprises of the industry of subjects of large, medium-sized and small business in Ukraine
for 2013-2022 and we will define dependence of this indicator on time factor by means of
creation of one-factorial functions.
Figure 2: Expenses on personnel of subjects of large business in Ukraine on the basis of
statistical these 2013-2022, thousand UAH
In the course of the analysis of statistical data, monotonous trends of a configuration of a
trend for the considered time period, including in a section of all companies of the country
by their sizes were revealed. Yes, the general steady tendency to reduction of number of
workers at the domestic enterprises of the industry is observed. In particular, the analysis
of number of workers in a section of the enterprises for their sizes, confirms the descending
dynamics at large enterprises of mechanical engineering and certain fluctuations in
dynamics of an indicator of number of workers at medium-sized and small enterprises of
mechanical engineering.
Figure 3: Expenses on personnel of subjects of medium-sized business in Ukraine on the
basis of statistical these 2013-2022, thousand UAH
Figure 4: Expenses on personnel of small business entities in Ukraine on the basis of
statistical these 2013-2022, thousand UAH
So, from above the submitted table 3 we see that on a linear trend the steady tendency
to increase in total number of workers of the industry at large, medium-sized enterprises
and sharp reduction of total number of workers of the industry at small enterprises of
Ukraine is observed. On a polynomial trend of the third order the general tendency to
increase in number of workers at medium-sized enterprises of the country and some
reduction of total number of workers of the industry at large and small enterprises
proceeding from an indicator of expenses on personnel is traced. We consider the forecast
for polynomial model of the third order more probable.
Costs on personnel in comparison with the working model will significantly be reduced,
and the companies will get access to army of experts in all corners of the world who crave
to take part in realization of any given project and who can be connected or sidelined as
required.
Table 3
Input data for forecasting in 2023-2024 of expenses of a personnel resource of the
enterprises of the industry in Ukraine by their sizes on the basis of statistical these 2013-
2022
Subjects of large Subjects of medium-
Subjects of small business,
Years business, thousand sized business,
thousand UAH
UAH thousand UAH
2013 110 863 803 56 163 738 11 944 350
2014 93 563 802 56 152 519 10 841 354
2015 90 003 773 68 914 514 12 529 301
2016 90 931 748 79 813 469 13 761 854
2017 107 869 479 105 092 422 20 552 401
2018 138 883 735 128 160 742 25 603 178
2019 167 045 823 151 042 093 27 206 220
2020 178 383 306 156 885 056 320 098 302
2021 208 567 125 174 400 186 36 604 010
2022 171 677 441 154 537 811 31 590 482
Forecast for linear model
2023 200 567 125 181 160 742 38 579 301
2024 215 883 735 203 042 093 42 961 854
Forecast for polynomial model of the third order
2023 105 092 422 135 883 735 27 883 735
2024 81 813 469 50 045 823 18 045 823
Figure 4: Expenses on personnel of the enterprises of the industry of subjects of large
business in Ukraine on the basis of statistical these 2013-2022, thousand UAH
Figure 5: Expenses on personnel of the enterprises of the industry of subjects of medium-
sized business in Ukraine on the basis of statistical these 2013-2022, thousand UAH
Thus, the non-material capital in the conditions of new economy decides the following
forms:
- intellectual property – it is legally protected knowledge, is capable to bring an excess
profit on a contract basis of patents, license agreements, etc. The property right to an asset,
but an asset not in itself – notable or imperceptible – is a subject of estimation of cost,
including, intellectual property;
- transformation of a system of business contacts of producers, suppliers and customers
to the interdependent system of flexible alliances or so-called networks. Alliances increase
value and reduce costs on interaction of the companies among themselves and with the end
user;
- transformation of reputation to a brand. Brands reduce costs on interaction due to
confidence of clients as the acquired goods. The owner of a brand can earn, in turn, an
excess profit due to decrease in expenses on acquisition, service and keeping of the client
or at the expense of the high prices;
- to talent of workers who are the major non-material capital. He creates intellectual
property, flexible alliances and brands. The capital should be invested only in those whose
talent and professional skill are:
- own (in other words, nobody will make their work better);
- strategic (they create added value – what buyers pay money for).
Figure 6: Expenses on personnel of the enterprises of the industry of small business
entities in Ukraine on the basis of statistical these 2013-2022, thousand UAH
In modern conditions the decisive influence on process of production and its results
reveals such factor of production as the intellectual and information capital. This economic
resource acts as the most important element of value creation of a public product today.
Process of use of the intellectual and information capital represents represents net capital
formation which demands attraction of real investment resources. In the course of
investment into intellectual and information assets the production capacity of information
society which provides as a result of net capital gain as improvement of production
capabilities of separate economic entities, and growth of macroeconomic parameters is
formed.
Even within the same discipline there is a variety of target vectors of analysis,
distinction of theoretical and methodical approaches which does not allow to offer absolute
and uniform determination of essence of the concepts “information” and “knowledge”. So,
the famous expert in the field of management of knowledge and innovative economy
professor Bontis marks out in structure of information created by society “knowledge
obvious” (codified or standardized) and “implicit knowledge” which cannot be described in
connection with the created its classification or clearness of formulations. At the same time,
Bontis emphasizes that it “irrespective of, has knowledge obvious or implicit character, it
can be equally used in a production proсess and can be equally significant for the purposes
of its efficiency, providing clear or implicit competitive advantage of any given company
which cannot be solved, even being in it” [2].
As organizational form of formation of the intellectual and information capital in public
reproduced process the enterprise (organization) acts. Analyzing what cost of business it
be possible to allocate three main to structure which generate cost: tangible assets (ware
component); financial assets (monetary and financial component); intellectual assets
(imperceptible component). So, in structure of intellectual and information capital at the
most general approach it is advisable to allocate following the most important component
to a part:
- information product – information and knowledge which are recorded on material
carriers, and those which can be transferred in process of direct communication between
people (dialogues, interpretations, etc.) as even nonverbal information can become a
source of increase in positive effect;
- means and technologies of storage, replication, dissemination of information
(equipment of printing houses, publishing houses, libraries, archives, institutions of mail,
telegraph, modern media, to the Internet, satellites, etc.);
- technologies which provide process of production and realization in the markets of not
informative benefits and services;
- a source and the developer of information (that is the actual and potential producers of
intellectual and information product) – people who act as the isolated individuals, or as
occupied at various enterprises, institutions and the organizations of information
infrastructure. In structure of intellectual and information capital, a source that the
developer of information is a fundamental, basic ingredient.
In our opinion, the concept of the information and intellectual capital something is
wider, than the concept “intellectual capital” which is already used in scientific literature as
process of capitalization of intellectual assets which are fixed by intellectual property right
and personal qualities of the person to their creation, but also in total “knowledge” streams
and information what can be capitalized, that is saved up for productive activity during
which income in a type of profit of a rent is formed.. The considered economic category
“informational and intellectual capital”, differs also and from the concept “information
resources” as formation of a specific factor of production which is really involved in
economic process on purpose receiving profit, unlike the available production potential
which basis is represented by information resources displays processes.
The systems of artificial intelligence allow to add and expand human opportunities. In
production the artificial intelligence needs to interact with the physical world constantly.
The principle functioning is presented in Fig. 7.
Figure 7: Principles of functioning of artificial intelligence with the physical world (made
by authors)
Perception of the physical world artificial intelligence happens on the help of different
sensors and sensors. This process is followed by the analysis, understanding and data
acquisition. On the basis of the obtained data the model is under construction and there is a
visualization of data. At the same time the sequence of creation of model and visualization
can be different. In case of a lack of data possible direct interaction with the user or
specification of parameters.
After a stage of perception and understanding of the physical world is based behavior
model of artificial intelligence. By means of different sound signals, information messages,
actions and manipulations to different objects, systems or personnel there is an influence
on the surrounding physical world.
This interaction constant and cyclic within production of the enterprise, assumes
emergence uniform information space of the enterprise. Digital transformation of the
enterprise assumes that the systems of artificial intelligence become elements of
production and has on attention active interaction with personnel. With development of
technologies the production at the enterprise changed. At first operations were completely
manual, further the mechanized means gradually took root, later mechanisms were
automated.
Near the existing operations, appear, operations are connected with digital technologies.
The artificial intelligence at interaction with the equipment, a subject of work and if
necessary personnel carries out operations of production instead of the person.
For the rational organization of human-computer interaction it is necessary to consider
the existing features of the person and artificial intelligence and on their basis to divide
spheres where each of performers is more effective. Us certain main differences of
functioning of artificial intelligence and personnel in the mixed integrated information
environment of the enterprise which it is displayed in tab. 4.
Table 4
The main differences of artificial intelligence and personnel at to processing of tasks (made
by authors)
Criterion Artificial intelligence Personnel
Time Modal time Real time
Communications, The set initial operation Professional competence of the
supply with algorithm, standard procedures operator
arguments, facts
Focus Firm and certain Flexibility that changes under the
influence of interest, a possibility
of several parallel focuses
Context Does not influence focus Influences change of focus
Clearness ofthe Accurate formalized statements of Poorly formalized or can be
purposes the task absent
Feedback Without delay (in the presence of The timeliness is not guaranteed
specifications)
Speed of processing Stable, without interruptions and Increases and falls depending on a
of tasks with maximum capacity psychophysical state, breaks are
necessary
Switching to new It is strictly determined by an Flexible, variable, the context
type of solvable tasks algorithm, reorganization of influences, perhaps, at the same
algorithms and testing of time in several focuses at the
introduction is necessary corresponding competences
Control Regular, with a possibility of Influence of a human factor on
estimation and standard feedback frequency and fact of estimation
of the repeated, monotonous tasks (effects of fatigue, sympathy or
from processing of large volume antipathy, subjectivity, possible
inadequacy)
Advantages High speed of data processing, The solution of the unique and
transparency of actions, constant poorly formalized tasks, with high
performance level, work in uncertainty which demand
extreme conditions creative approach
Restriction Lack of ability to solve the unique Low speed of data processing,
and poorly formalized problems,“human factor”
adaptation to subject domain,
control under concrete process
The developed model of the digital enterprise which can be presented in the form of the
structure presented in fig. 8 was us.
Figure 8: Example of structure of the digital enterprise (made by authors)
The structure of the digital enterprise shows that as a basic element of production not
only the personnel, but also artificial intelligence act. Personnel and artificial intelligence
are in continuous interaction within one production, being in the mixed integrated
information environment. At the same time, there are completely automated productions
which are supported by intellectual technologies. There are also such structural elements
where as the decision which is made and controls a link over personnel, the artificial
intelligence acts.
Such organization of production activity is specific only to the digital enterprise and
demands special methods and models. Digital transformation of a production system of the
enterprise assumes continuous interaction of personnel and the systems of artificial
intelligence when performing production operations. It forms creation mixed integrated
environments at the enterprise.
4. Conclusion
In article it is opened conditions of development of the information and intellectual
capital during an era of digitalization of global space in a section of development of
information society. Need of creation of effective mechanisms concerning ensuring
formation, development and use of the information and intellectual capital in a condition of
digital transformations as a basis increase in competitive advantages of manufacturing
enterprises of the country is investigated. Digitalization of economy in the modern world
becomes inevitable process which objectively influences all spheres of life of society and
defines the direction of its development. Complex and complete approach concerning
ensuring transformation of the information and intellectual capital of manufacturing
enterprises due to synthesis with digital technologies which use would allow to accelerate
development of the enterprises of the sphere of production, market economy of the country
and its acceleration concerning occurrence to the developed global space is developed.
Analysis of intellectualization of management of innovative activity which allows to draw a
conclusion that at the Ukrainian enterprises prerequisites to formation and development of
a control system of the information and intellectual capital of the organization which
becomes the most important integration mechanism of creation of the complex productive
and economic system based on modern resources and information and communication
technologies are created is carried out. The essence, features and types of the intellectual
capital of modern manufacturing enterprise are found out. Possibilities of development of
the intellectual capital of manufacturing enterprises in which key there is their transformed
human capital in combination with digitalization processes as powerful sources of
improving competitiveness of the domestic enterprises are also studied. It is defined that
creative and labor energy of the intellectual worker and the system of creative latest
knowledge is the human capital which in total with the structural and consumer capital and
is the intellectual capital which in a final form provides reproduction of economic
innovations of all forms and types on different hierarchies and levels of management both
state, and enterprise. Generally that the problem of development and strengthening of
competitiveness of the intellectual capital due to synthesis with digital knowledge, tools,
habits and abilities will promote improvement of quality of the intellectual capital and is a
compound and integral part of a problem of improving competitiveness of the enterprises
of the industry of the country. The matrix of a research of methods of management of
knowledge in modern information economy is specified and is concretized, the features of
management of corporate knowledge caused by system and integration approach to the
contents and development of the human capital of the modern industrial enterprise in
digital space are revealed. By results of forecasting of subjects of big, medium-sized and
small business it is established the best polynomial lines of a trend with the corresponding
coefficients of approximation 0.9743, 0.9868, 0.992 which are quite close to 1 that gives the
chance to trust results of forecasting. By results of forecasting of subjects big, average and
small business is established the best polynomial lines of a trend with the corresponding
coefficients of approximation 0.9659, 0.993, 0.9805 which are also quite close to 1 that
gives the chance to trust results of forecasting. We observe the descending dynamics of an
indicator of number of workers at the big enterprises of mechanical engineering and
certain fluctuations in dynamics of this indicator at medium-sized and small enterprises of
mechanical engineering. Such situation is connected with the war in Ukraine as most the
enterprises, big behind the size, especially in the combat zone and in temporarily occupied
territories, are destroyed by bombing, damaged or just do not work. We have hope for the
fast end of war and improvement of indicators of number of staff in the industry. The
conducted research is proved by the high level of development of modern developed
economy in a combination with increasing digitalization. In the course of informatization of
economy the digital infrastructure at the different levels is formed, necessary systems
which are improved through implementation of new technologies and association in a
common information space are created. On the basis of analysis of works of leading experts
the main features and a contradiction in work with personnel of manufacturing enterprises
are revealed and the circle of tasks which experts will need to solve in the field of a
research of the intellectual capital is defined. Own vision of work with personnel in the
conditions of information economy is formulated, coming out from stages of its formation
and those threats (risks) which can arise in the course of work with personnel.
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