The incorporation of social robots signifies a notable advancement in the field of robotics, allowing machines to interact with humans not merely on a functional level, but also in emotional and social dimensions. Equipped with artificial intelligence, sensors, and communication capabilities, these robots possess the capacity to identify emotions, respond to social cues, and adjust their behavior accordingly. The advent of social robots marks a substantial transformation in human-robot interaction, emphasizing emotional connections and social engagement as mechanisms to bridge the gap between humans and machines.In this study, we demonstrate that within the domain of autism therapy, the integration of social robots-QTrobot, NAO, and Pepper-has yielded promising outcomes. Each robot exhibits distinctive features tailored to specific therapeutic requirements. Our conclusions offer guidelines for the selection of the most suitable robot, considering individual strengths and functionalities, within the context of autism therapy.It is important, however, to acknowledge that despite the potential therapeutic applications for individuals with autism, social robots do not constitute a comprehensive solution. Instead, they present supplementary avenues for engagement and learning, acting in tandem with the efforts of human therapists.
In recent years, we have witnessed the pervasive integration of computer technologies into our daily lives, making them increasingly accessible to all. These technologies have found application in numerous sectors, with examples such as Virtual and Augmented Reality being employed not only for entertainment but also extensively utilized in educational [8][33] [35] and clinical settings [5][34] [36]. It is precisely in the realm of disability support that these technologies are yielding novel and compelling outcomes. For example, mobile technologies have been largely employed as aids for various disabilities [18], such as dyslexia [30] and visual impairment [31,9]. The latest wave of technologies poised to profoundly impact our lives in the coming years is centered around Artificial Intelligence (AI) [32,19,39] and robotics. AI has already been experimented with and utilized as a tool to support individuals with disabilities, such as those who are deaf or mute [10]. Moreover, AI is playing a crucial role in propelling traditional robotics towards the realm of social robotics. The emergence of social robots represents a major progression in robotics, whereby machines are programmed to engage with humanity not only on a functional level but also socially and emotionally. Equipped with artificial intelligence, sensors, and communication abilities, social robots can detect human emotions, responding to social cues, and adapting their actions accordingly. The integration of social robots represents a paradigm shift in human-robot interaction. It emphasizes not only functionality, but also the development of emotional connections and social engagement. Social robots aim to bridge the gap between humans and machines through their human-like appearance, expressive features, and ability to comprehend and respond to human speech and gestures. Initially designed for industrial or repetitive functions, robots have now evolved to fulfil various social roles. Social robots can act as companions for the elderly, children, or people in need of social interaction. They can engage in conversation, play games, tell stories, or even provide emotional support [6]. A study adopts the "companionship as a secondary function" approach, whereby a non-humanoid robot is developed to fulfill a primary function those older adults view as suitable, with companionship serving as a secondary function [7]. Social robots are used also in therapeutic settings to assist people with autism, dementia, or mental health problems. They help develop social skills, provide routine reminders, and offer emotional support [13,14]. Social robots can also distract children during painful medical procedures in the pediatric emergency department [11]. Moreover, social robots are used in educational settings to enhance the learning experience. They can act as tutors, helping children learn subjects such as math or languages in an interactive and engaging way [12]. Social robots can be a practical solution for children with dyslexia, assisting them in their learning [15]. Some companies are using social robots as customer service representatives, providing information, guiding customers through stores, or assisting with basic tasks [16]. Social robots are also being used in public spaces such as airports or hotels to assist visitors with directions, information, or general enquiries [17]. So far, these robots are being developed for use in a variety of settings, such as homes, hospitals, and public places, and are addressing a range of needs, including providing companionship for the elderly, educational support for children, assistance for people with special needs, and even customer service in business. The progress of social robots is constantly evolving with the ongoing advancement of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotics technology. As these machines become increasingly sophisticated, their roles, responsibilities, and the potential impact on society are subjects of ethical consideration being explored and debated.
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by persistent and significant impairments in social and communicative functioning and by restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities [1,37,38]. Due to the large heterogeneity of the autism spectrum, a single approach is difficult to establish and to be proven as the best one [2].There is a growing interest in the scientific and therapeutic community in the use of robots in the context of autism [22,23]. Social robots can provide predictable reactions, structured interaction, and a non-threatening presence that can stimulate interest in children with autism spectrum conditions [3,4]. Social robots have shown enormous potential as support tools for children with ASD. These devices, characterized by a humanoid or semi-humanoid interface, are designed to interact with individuals in a similar way to human interactions. To date, several robots are being used in different studies: QTrobot, NAO and Pepper are some examples. We will focus mainly on long-term experiments conducted with social robots. The common goal of these projects was to provide children with SLD with an interactive and stimulating environment that can improve their quality of life and social skills. QTrobot becomes a valuable resource by providing a safe and predictable environment within an autism center. One of the most striking features of QTrobot is its flexibility and adaptability. It can create targeted programs and activities to improve communication skills, social interaction, and emotion management to meet the specific needs of each child [24,25]. Moreover, QTrobot acts as a diagnostic and monitoring tool, providing measurable data on the child's interactions and progress over time [26]. This allows the treatment to be further adapted and tailored to maximize the benefits for everyone. The use of robots NAO has highlighted the effectiveness of machine interaction in the context of children with autism spectrum disorders [27]. Interaction with robots has been shown to provide children with a different perspective by removing the social pressure to respond correctly or conform immediately to social norms [28,29]. This significantly reduces anxiety and tension levels in children. By providing accurate data through structured and measurable interactions, robots can assist in early diagnosis and assessment of social skills [21]. Social robots can act as play partners or interlocutors to encourage and improve social interactions in children with ASD. They can enable children to practice social skills such as eye contact, conversation and managing social interactions [20]. Their ability to record and recognize behaviors can help professionals diagnose and monitor a child's responses to specific social stimuli. Social robots are also used to understand and manage emotions. They can be programmed to express and recognize emotions, providing a visual and interactive model for the child to learn how to recognize and respond to emotions.
In the context of autism therapy, the utilization of social robots has demonstrated promising outcomes, with QTrobot, NAO, and Pepper emerging as prominent choices. Each of these robots possesses unique features that cater to specific therapeutic needs. Our conclusions offer guidelines for selecting the most appropriate robot based on distinct therapeutic requirements, considering their individual strengths and functionalities.
QTrobot stands out as the sole robot among the three capable of expressing emotions through facial expressions. Equipped with cameras and an integrated system for human emotion recognition, QTrobot is particularly effective for training children in recognizing and expressing emotions. Its proficiency in motor skills, especially in arm movements for drawing activities, facilitates collaborative therapeutic exercises.
NAO's compact size makes it appealing to children. Its functional legs enable movement and engagement in activities such as playing with a ball. Although NAO's arm movements are limited, its size and mobility make it a suitable choice for activities requiring physical interaction, despite constraints on carrying weights or precise movements.
, and Therapeutic Interactivity: Pepper, lacking legs, compensates with wheel-based mobility, offering enhanced stability. It can carry some weights and execute comprehensive gestures with its hands. Notably, Pepper incorporates an integrated tablet for proposing therapeutic games and interacting with children. The ability to practice complete gestures, along with stable mobility, renders Pepper suitable for a variety of therapeutic scenarios.
In addition to the above guidelines, it is crucial to highlight that all three robots can engage with children through speech synthesis. Notably, QTrobot has recently integrated speech synthesis with the ChatGPT service, enabling more comprehensive verbal communication. This advancement enhances the communicative capabilities of QTrobot, potentially providing a richer therapeutic experience.
However, the employment of robots in therapy, particularly for individuals with autism, is not a comprehensive remedy. It is crucial to note that despite the potential for positive outcomes, robotic therapy cannot replace the vital role of human therapists. Rather, it serves as a complement to their work, assisting in forming relationships with autistic individuals and enhancing the access and engagement of therapy. The incorporation of social robots in therapy highlights the need to view them as tools rather than replacements for human interaction. Their facilitating role enhances the therapeutic process by offering further avenues for learning and interaction. Furthermore, the use of social robots in specialized care for autistic children is transforming environments into inclusive spaces that promote holistic development. It is not just about providing targeted assistance; it is about transforming disabilities into opportunities for education and development. We are promoting an innovative approach that emphasizes inclusion and progress for all using these technologies.