TKTP 2024 st 41 Annual Doctoral Symposium for Computer Science 41. Tietojenkäsittelytieteen päivät Vaasa, Finland | June 10 – 11, 2024 EDITORS Jussi Kasurinen | Tero Päivärinta | Tero Vartiainen CEUR ceur-ws.org Workshop ISSN 1613-0073 Proceedings TKTP 2024: Annual Doctoral Symposium for Computer Science 2024 Proceedings of the 41st Doctoral Symposium of the Finnish Society for Computer Science Vaasa, Finland | June 10 – 11, 2024 CO-ORGANIZED BY SUPPORTED BY Finnish Society for Computer Science | ABB | Wapice | University of Vaasa Wärtsilä Copyright © 2024 for the individual papers by the papers’ authors Copyright © 2024 for the volume as a collection by its editors This volume and its papers are published under the Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Edited by Jussi Kasurinen, Tero Päivärinta, and Tero Vartiainen Submitted by Jussi Kasurinen Published on ceur-ws.org ISSN 1613-0073 https://sites.uwasa.fi/tktp2024/en/ BRIEF CONTENTS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE 4 INVITED SPEAKERS 5 PROGRAM COMMITTEE 6 FOREWORD 7 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE GENERAL CHAIR Tero Vartiainen, University of Vaasa, Finland PROGRAM COMMITTEE CHAIRS Jussi Kasurinen, LUT University, Finland Tero Päivärinta, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden ORGANIZING COMMITTEE CHAIR Professor Tero Vartiainen Organizing committee at University of Vaasa Professor Tero Vartiainen Professor Heidi Kuusniemi University Lecturer Tomi Pasanen University Lecturer Timo Mantere Assistant Jonna Elomaa Assistant Sara Nyyssölä Project Manager Camilla Wahlberg INVITED SPEAKERS Ross Bailey Wärtsilä Petra Berg University of Vaasa Jani Hirvo ABB Kirsi Karlamaa Traficom Jyrki Keskinen Wapice Scott Kruse Texas State University Heidi Kuusniemi University of Vaasa Antti Laine Sweco Peter Lund Finnish Information Security Cluster (FISC) Kimmo Rousku Finnish Digital Agency PROGRAM COMMITTEE Mats Aspnäs Timo Poranen Åbo Akademi, Finland University of Tampere, Finland Tuomas Aura Tero Päivärinta Aalto University, Finland Luleå University of Technology, Sweden Juan M. Corchado Nikolaj Tatti University of Salamanca, Spain University of Helsinki, Finland Jussi P. P. Jokinen Yuan Tian University of Jyväskylä, Finland Nanjing Institute of Technology, China Jussi Kasurinen Tero Vartiainen LUT University, Finland University of Vaasa, Finland Pauli Miettinen Lena-Maria Öberg University of Eastern Finland Mid-Sweden University Tuomas Mäkilä University of Turku, Finland Marko Niemimaa University of Agder, Norway Ella Peltonen University of Oulu, Finland FOREWORD The Finnish Society for Computer Science aims to bring together everyone who practices computer science in Finland and others interested in the subject nationally and internationally. The theme of the 41st annual doctoral symposium, organized by University of Vaasa, was “Digitalization of Critical Infrastructures”. Critical infrastructures comprise structures and services essential in the functioning of activities of society. Such structures are energy, water supply, and health care, for example. Digitalization means development of activities in the way they depend on information technologies. Digitalization of critical infrastructures strengthens activities, and it is possible to offer new services such as smart meters and Kanta-service. The other side of digitalization is the increase of vulnerabilities: Cyberattacks are targeted towards digital services and cyber-physical plants and components. If these attacks succeed the plants and systems may stall. The keynote speakers raised vulnerabilities and opportunities of digital society. The event announced also the winners and runner-ups of the doctoral dissertation and master’s thesis nominations for the theses of the year and organized thematic workshops for different sub-interest groups. The event was bi-lingual. Three of the keynote speeches were given in Finnish with slides that are in English. At the doctoral symposium track, the open call for papers attracted 22 submissions, of which 14 were selected to be presented in the symposium and included in the proceedings (acceptance rate 63,6 %). The quality of the submissions was thoroughly good. In addition to Finland, submissions were received from researchers resided in Austria, Germany, Italy, Norway, and Sweden. Each submission got at least two reviews. As well, the program committee involved five international members in addition to the representatives of the Finnish universities. In case of conflicting reviews, a third experienced member of the program committee was asked to give an additional, third, review. Due to the international nature of several researchers resided in Finland and the international participants, the working language of the symposium and the proceedings was English. The symposium was well received, attracting ca. 50 active researchers on-site, majority of the presenting authors being doctoral students and junior researchers presenting their new research projects, concepts or publications towards their doctoral dissertation, or the work their research group is currently involved in. There is a clear benefit in this type of activity to the entire research community, and the society will most definitely continue this tradition to enhance interactions with Finnish and international communities of computer science researchers also in the coming years. August, 2024, Assoc. Prof. Jussi Kasurinen, Program Chair, LUT University, Finland Prof. Tero Päivärinta, Program Co-Chair, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden | University of Oulu, Finland Prof. Tero Vartiainen, Chair of the Board | General Chair Finnish Society for Computer Science | University of Vaasa, Finland