=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-3795/icaiw_aiesd_5
|storemode=property
|title=Georeferencing of Savings Banks and their Role in Financial Inclusion in the Salinas Canton
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3795/icaiw_aiesd_5.pdf
|volume=Vol-3795
|authors=Jacqueline del Rocio Bacilio Bejeguen,Rita Villamar Tumbaco
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/icai2/BejeguenT24
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==Georeferencing of Savings Banks and their Role in Financial Inclusion in the Salinas Canton==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3795/icaiw_aiesd_5.pdf
Georeferencing of Savings Banks and their Role in
Financial Inclusion in the Salinas Canton
Jacqueline del Rocio Bacilio Bejeguen* , Rita Pierina Villamar Tumbaco
Universidad Estatal Península de Santa Elena, Santa Elena, Ecuador
Abstract
Georeferencing is a fundamental practice to identify the location of a certain element through coordinates and
technological tools such as Google Maps and Arcgis, the precise location allows people to know and analyze
socioeconomic factors in the context of the savings banks of the Salinas canton, describing a problem such as
the scarcity of information, a situation that limits the development in the quality of life of citizens, financial
decision-making, the lack of reaction in emerging situations, the lack of opportunities due to limited access
to technology, inefficiency in long-term planning, lack of savings habits and therefore the absence of financial
education. The objective of this study was to georeference the savings banks in two parishes of Salinas as well
as to analyze the role in financial inclusion of the Salinas canton, a descriptive methodology was used with a
qualitative and quantitative approach applying interviews, surveys, and a working table with representatives
and experts, for the processing Power BI and Google maps were applied. 19 savings banks were georeferenced,
and their regulatory context was analyzed concerning the well-being of their members and the adaptability of
financial services, contributing to greater inclusion
Keywords
Saving banks, Georeferencing, Socioeconomics, Financial Education.
1. Introduction
Georeferencing, according to the author González [1] is the process that allows the precise location
of objects, this location can currently be done using technologies such as GPS, Google Maps, and
Google Earth, among other software. From the point of view of [2], geospatial analysis examines the
relationship between geographic location and saving behavior. Their findings revealed that factors
such as proximity to financial institutions, access to transportation, and socioeconomic conditions
significantly influenced saving patterns within different regions. This study highlights the importance
of considering geographic factors when designing and implementing financial education programs.
There are several authors such as Marco (2018) who study financial institutions and characterize
them as for-profit institutions that act as intermediaries to link savers who need to invest and obtain
profits, while Marcelino et al. [3] mention that savings banks are unregulated systems that allow people
to save and generate profit to meet their financial needs without major requirements. These groups
of between 15 and 40 members and coordinated by a committee carry out activities such as savings
and loans, promoting education and a culture of savings; The difference between these concepts is
visualized in the legal structure considering that banks are for-profit corporations and savings banks
operate cooperative non-profit companies.
In Ecuador, savings banks are regulated by the Superintendence of Popular and Solidarity Economy,
Financial and Economic Analysis Unit, and the Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion, so the
intersection of geographic information and the identification of socioeconomic factors visualizes a
combined vision of the financial panorama. As government-led regulatory institutions attempt to
control the proliferation of credit unions and mutual savings associations, understanding the spatial
location and socioeconomic implications of these institutions becomes crucial Altamirano et al. [4].
ICAIW 2024: Workshops at the 7th International Conference on Applied Informatics 2024, October 24–26, 2024, Viña del Mar, Chile
*
Corresponding author.
$ jbacilio@upse.edu.ec (J. d. R. Bacilio Bejeguen); rita.villamartumbaco@upse.edu.ec (R. P. Villamar Tumbaco)
0000-0002-7071-1129 (J. d. R. Bacilio Bejeguen); 0000-0003-1626-9963 (R. P. Villamar Tumbaco)
© 2024 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR
ceur-ws.org
Workshop ISSN 1613-0073
Proceedings
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Jacqueline del Rocio Bacilio Bejeguen et al. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 90–100
According to Pereira [5] savings banks have become a financial alternative for those who do not
have access to banks, generally through the credit bureau, while, as González and Peñaherrera [6] state,
savings banks provide informal financial services that are accessible to the needs of the population.
In this case, the author Stephen Zamore [7], the adoption of Geographic Information Systems has
influenced the operational efficiency of savings.
Informal financial cooperation strategies have emerged globally to strengthen the resilience of
low-income communities through mutual support. A key example is the Rotating Savings, where
members agree to collectively save by contributing regularly [8].
According to Gaterud [8], there are only two savings banks left in Spain due to the financial crisis of
2008, generating a high loss of confidence on the part of citizens, in view of which savings banks were
forced to restructure, the government established new regulatory measures that required savings banks
to comply with standards about capitalization and liquidity. Gallego-Losada [9] mentions, that this can
be achieved by increasing access to financial services and products for vulnerable populations that have
historically been excluded from such opportunities. The goal is to offer these services at an affordable
cost, promoting greater economic participation and stability.
At the level of Latin America, Periche et al. [10] state that the punctuality of payments is a fun-
damental factor in analyzing the performance of savings banks, this unpunctuality is caused by the
following reasons: the scarcity of financial education, time, unnecessary expenses, illnesses, among
other economic factors that are related to unemployment, the crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic, caus-
ing debtors to lose their purchasing power causing over-indebtedness. According to Ghosh [11], the
pandemic has disrupted both the social and economic spheres, causing significant impacts across all
industries and stakeholders. As we move from COVID-19 stability to post-covid recovery, sectors must
adopt thoughtful approaches to rebuild a sustainable economy and society. Financial inclusion has
emerged as a key enabler in this process, highlighting the need for universal access to financial services.
At the national level, researchers Ruiz and Jácome [12], define the popular and solidarity economic
sector as the set of forms of economic-social organization in which its members, collectively or individ-
ually, develop processes of production, exchange, marketing, financing, and consumption of goods and
services.
Investigating the location of savings banks and socioeconomic factors can have significant impli-
cations for community development and the individual well-being of the inhabitants of the Salinas
canton, given that socioeconomic factors play a crucial role in the development and well-being of the
population, economic vulnerability is widespread in the country due to the structure of income and the
environment in which people live [13].
COSEDE [14] mentions that the popular and solidarity economy is related to savings banks, since
both have the mission of promoting a more inclusive and collaborative approach in the financial field.
The SSE (The Social and Solidarity Economy) is based on the principles of cooperativism and solidarity,
seeking to provide access to financial services for the population that is excluded from the banking
system Savings banks are community associations, which have the same principles of offering their
members the opportunity to save and at the same time access loans more quickly, with few requirements.
The SSE and the savings banks share the same objective of empowering people and the community to
promote inclusive and fair economic participation.
Under the 2030 Agenda, this research contributes to the following sustainable development goals:
In the same way, it contributes to the National Plan, to the current Territorial Planning and Develop-
ment Plan.
2. Material and methods
The methodology of the research is descriptive of the savings banks, the profitability, number of
participants, regulatory compliance and referring to socioeconomic factors, the dimensions of financial
inclusion, geographical description, and economic and social variables were analyzed with a mixed
approach with qualitative and quantitative data through opinions in working groups, surveys and
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Table 1
Objectives of the 2030 Agenda
Objective Goals Indicators
Objective 11. Making 11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to 11.1.1 Proportion of the urban pop-
cities and human settle- adequate, safe, and affordable housing ulation living in slums, informal set-
ments inclusive, safe, re- and basic services and improve slums. tlements, or inadequate housing.
silient, and sustainable.
Objective 16. Promote 16.6 Build effective, transparent, and 16.6.2 Proportion of the population
peaceful and inclusive soci- accountable institutions at all levels. that is satisfied with their latest ex-
eties for sustainable devel- 16.10 Ensure public access to infor- perience of the utilities.
opment, facilitate access to mation and protect fundamental free- 16.10.2 Number of countries adopt-
justice for all, and build ef- doms, by national laws and agree- ing and implementing constitu-
fective and inclusive, and ac- ments. tional guarantees, legal or regula-
countable institutions at all tory requirements for public access
levels. to information.
interviews, the data were processed through the SPSS, Google Maps and Power Bi platforms, to identify
the factors that affect these savings banks in the urban sector of the Salinas canton, specifically in the
Carlos Espinoza Larrea and Santa Rosa parishes. geographical economic and social variables with a
mixed approach with qualitative and quantitative data through opinions in worktables, surveys, and
interviews, the data were processed through the SPSS platforms, Google Maps, and Power BI, to identify
the factors that affect these savings banks in the urban sector of the Salinas canton, specifically in the
parishes of Carlos Espinoza Larrea and Santa Rosa.
The surveys were applied to the members of the savings banks, allowing them to identify areas in
which they can improve the management and operation of the savings banks, while in the interviews
addressed to the presidents of the savings banks, they provided relevant information on the management
and evolution of savings, profitability and access to these savings banks; in the working tables were
carried out with representatives of the Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion, the coordinator of
Savinco, the representative of the presidents of the savings banks and as part of the academic career
of Business Administration of the Peninsula State University of Santa Elena where programs of each
of these institutions were known and coded data regarding the savings banks were provided, all this
information is valuable for investors, regulators and the general public.
At the national level, Savinco has 1,166 savings banks of which there are 26,753 members, since,
having contributed to economic development, it encourages savers to promote financial education to
analyze how they can allocate their saved money either in education, health, entrepreneurship, or also
to grow their businesses for the benefit of each member promoting financial inclusion for entrepreneurs
to improve their quality of life.
According to the author Financial inclusion, López Sánchez [15] is essential for reducing poverty
and promoting inclusive economic growth. This study explores factors influencing credit default risk
among microcredit borrowers in Ecuadorian savings groups, finding that seniority, savings, group size,
and gender affect repayment risk, with males being more prone to defaults than females. The findings,
though specific to the sample, offer practical insights for reducing default rates and provide a basis for
further academic research using data from the Savinco mobile app.
In the local context in Santa Elena, there are a total of 914 savings banks; This highlights the
importance of the community’s interest in ensuring its economic stability to meet its needs. In Salinas,
a total of 139 savings groups are registered across different localities within the Salinas canton. This is
broken down as follows: Anconcito has a total of 52 savings groups, which are fundamental for the
community to deposit their savings and access essential financial services. Muey is another locality in
the Salinas canton where 47 savings groups play an important role in promoting and investing savings.
Each savings group consists of a minimum of 15 and a maximum of 40 members, of which 80%
are women entrepreneurs. These women have proven to be a fundamental pillar for the economic
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development of the local community. The high percentage of female participation indicates that they
are breaking barriers and taking on significant roles in financial decision-making, which demonstrates
a positive impact on their households and the community.
In this regard, Salinas is the field of study in which 29 savings groups were identified; these groups
are pillars for the economic development of the canton, providing opportunities to manage finances
and promote savings. These savings groups play an important role in the economic life of the local
community, as they allow citizens to access basic financial services, receive loans with ease and flexibility,
and foster a culture of savings, thereby contributing to sustainable economic development for a better
quality of life.
The instruments were validated by specialists, and a pilot test was conducted to assess the reliability
of the instruments using the SPSS program. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated and
resulted in 0.990 from 20 items.
Table 2
Cronbach’s Alpha
Cronbach’s Alpha N of elements
,990 20
As tools, Google Forms was used for the application of the instruments, Google Maps for georefer-
encing, and Power BI to create customized dashboards and generate maps with their corresponding
coordinates.
3. Results
From the databases provided by Savinco [16], the following information was obtained for analysis.
Figure 1: Evolution of the Number of Members per Year
It is evident that since the year 2016, when Savinco started in the province of Santa Elena, there has
been a significant increase in savings groups, as well as an increase in social capital, up to the year 2023.
Regarding money management, 68% manage in cash while 32% have their values banked.
As of 2023, loan amounts have increased more for females than for males.
Based on the data obtained from the surveys, a diagnosis was made identifying the following strengths
and weaknesses.
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Figure 2: Increase in Social Capital by Year
Figure 3: Porcentage of Money Management.
A mapping of the savings boxes in the two parishes of Salinas was carried out, which were coded to
ensure their security considering the increasing citizen insecurity.
Georeferencing was carried out for the 19 savings boxes in the parishes of Carlos Espinoza Larrea and
Santa Rosa in the Salinas canton. This provides a detailed and contextualized view of the geographical
distribution, aiming to involve financial, academic, and social institutions in strategic decision-making
for the local financial sector. This allows for a more precise understanding of accessibility to savings
boxes for the economically active population.
4. Discussion
In the scientific article "Georeferencing in Service of Health: An Experience from Community Assets"
by [17], it is stated that digital and physical mapping are essential to strengthen evaluation processes,
helping to understand and effectively manage the various factors affecting financial institutions in
the Carlos Espinoza Larrea and Santa Rosa parishes, thereby improving their capacity for strategic
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Figure 4: Evolution of Loan Amounts.
Table 3
Strengths and Weaknesses in Savings Boxes
Detail Strengths Weaknesses
Earnings - 94.1% of savers allocate less
than 5% of their profits to
the savings box.
Profits 84.6% use their profits for education, home -
improvements, and other expenses.
Economic Development 91.1% acknowledge that savings boxes -
have contributed to their economic devel-
opment.
Satisfaction with Savings 85.3% are satisfied with the services they -
Boxes provide.
Compliance with Regula- - 61.7% are unaware of com-
tions and Laws pliance with financial regu-
lations and laws.
Participation in Training 79.4% of members participate in training -
Programs sessions.
Participation to Improve 85.9% believe that initiatives should be pro- -
Economic and Social Situa- moted to improve the economic situation.
tion
Increase in Savings 78.8% believe that a portion of their profits -
should be allocated to their savings.
Government Difficulties - 74.1% recognize that govern-
ment entities hinder social
and economic development.
Accessible Requirements 87.1% believe that they are accessible. -
Perspectives 91.8% highlight that they contribute to fi- -
nancial inclusion.
decision-making and risk mitigation.
The author Aguirre et al. [18], reveals georeferencing as a strategic initiative that goes beyond
the physical location of establishments; it optimizes accessibility, allowing services to be strategically
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Figure 5: Evolution of Loan Amounts
adapted to the specific needs of each parish. This contributes to greater effectiveness in attracting new
savers and strengthening relationships with the existing community.
In this context, georeferencing the savings boxes becomes a valuable tool for strengthening the
culture of saving and investment, managing local demand, optimizing the supply of financial services,
providing accessibility, and promoting financial stability. The researchers [19], found that these programs
were effective in improving financial knowledge and promoting savings habits among rural residents.
However, the effectiveness of these programs was contingent upon factors such as the quality of the
training, the availability of suitable financial products, and the level of support provided to participants.
The author Lopez et al. [20], points out that georeferencing population data contributes to the
planning and evaluation of policies by incorporating economic and geographical approaches for more
effective planning. A study by Minz et al. [21] found significant geographic disparities in financial
literacy levels and saving behaviors between urban and rural populations. Individuals residing in urban
areas exhibited higher levels of financial knowledge and were more likely to engage in saving practices
compared to their rural counterparts. This disparity can be attributed to factors such as greater access
to financial services, educational opportunities, and economic stability in urban areas.
This work reveals that, in terms of regulatory compliance, about half of the respondents express
doubts or disagreement regarding whether the savings box complies with financial regulations and laws.
On the other hand, satisfaction with the services of the savings box is high, at 85.3%, and participation in
financial training programs is notable, with 79.4% in the past year. Hishamudin [22] argues that digital
platforms have become crucial tools in financial education, enhancing the dissemination of knowledge
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and helping individuals make well-informed financial decisions. This approach empowers users by
providing them with accessible and relevant financial information.
Interviews with the presidents of the savings boxes reveal that most of them run their own businesses,
demonstrating an interest in strengthening their economic activities. The diversity of savings periods,
ranging from 6 months to 5 years, highlights the flexibility of the boxes to adapt to the needs of
their members. Factors influencing the decision to save include the ease of obtaining credit and the
opportunity to invest in beneficial projects. The importance of financial education is emphasized, along
with the existence of voluntary insurance and strategies to ensure regulatory compliance. Despite
economic challenges, the presidents expressed satisfaction with the growth and profitability of the
savings boxes, thereby meeting initial expectations and promoting the well-being of their members
through unity and camaraderie.
Following the principle of solidarity established in Article 85 of the Constitution, savings boxes have
played a fundamental role by providing services that not only focus on individual well-being but also
contribute to the good living of society. These institutions, by focusing on the formulation, execution,
evaluation, and control of policies and services that guarantee constitutionally recognized rights, have
worked tirelessly to provide the community with a service of financial security. Through the promotion
of saving and responsible investment, savings boxes not only ensure the economic stability of savers
but also foster trust in the financial system, as surveys indicate that 91.8% of respondents agree that
savings boxes contribute to financial inclusion.
Article 283 of the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador establishes a framework for the economic
system, defining it as social and solidary, to guarantee good living through a balanced relationship
between society, the State, and the market. In this context, the connection between the actions of the
presidents of the savings boxes and constitutional principles is manifested by emphasizing punctuality
in payments as a fundamental commitment. By facilitating easy and quick access, these leaders not only
promote member participation in the economic system but also contribute to improving conditions for
good living.
Furthermore, the orientation of savings boxes towards offering credit-centered services aligns with
the diversity of forms of economic organization. The ease and accessibility of obtaining loans, as
indicated by the interviewed presidents, reflects an active commitment to financial inclusion and
meeting the community’s needs. In this way, the actions of the savings boxes not only align with
constitutional principles but also contribute to strengthening the popular and solidarity economy as a
valid form of economic organization in the country.
According to Avdeenko [23], Cultural norms and values play a significant role in shaping individuals’
attitudes toward money and saving. For instance, in some cultures, saving is seen as a virtue, while
in others, spending may be more emphasized. Understanding these cultural nuances is essential for
designing effective financial education programs that resonate with diverse populations.
Article 90 of the Regulations to the Organic Law of Popular and Solidarity Economy establishes the
characteristics and scope of associative or solidarity entities, savings boxes, and communal banks. In
this framework, it is highlighted that these organizations belong to the Popular and Solidarity Financial
Sector and must operate exclusively in the areas where they are established, financing themselves
with their resources or those from programs linked to the development of their members. There is a
direct connection with the provisions of the regulations. The presidents of the savings boxes emphasize
the importance of members adhering to the regulations and norms established by each savings box,
highlighting the responsibility and commitment in payments to avoid penalties on savings. This
requirement aligns with the need to ensure the financial stability and sustainability of these entities, as
suggested by the regulations.
Additionally, the mention of voluntary insurance as a guarantee for members aligns with the principle
of financial autonomy, as savings boxes seek internal mechanisms to support operations and protect
members’ savings. The proposal of low-interest loans and participation in profits also reflects the
solidarity and participatory nature of the sector, promoted by legislation.
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5. Conclusions
Nineteen savings boxes were georeferenced in the parishes of Carlos Espinoza Larrea and Santa
Rosa in the Salinas canton. This georeferencing process was meticulously conducted using specific
identification codes for security reasons, ensuring the privacy and protection of sensitive data. The
georeferencing allowed for the detailed tracking of the evolution in the number of savings boxes, the
annual growth in membership, capital accumulation, and loan distribution, as well as the operational
mechanisms and resource management of these financial entities. The collected data became funda-
mental to strategic planning, enabling more effective oversight and management of the savings boxes’
activities, and helping stakeholders to make informed decisions that support financial growth and
security within the community.
The adoption of advanced technological tools, such as Google Maps and Power BI, played a crucial role
in ensuring the integrity, confidentiality, and efficient organization of the collected data. These platforms
not only facilitated the visualization and mapping of the savings boxes’ geographical distribution but
also contributed to the overall trust in the management of sensitive information. By offering clear,
real-time insights into the financial landscape of the region, these tools established a precedent for
best practices in future georeferencing initiatives, allowing for greater transparency and accuracy in
data reporting. The combination of these technologies also enhanced the capacity for data-driven
decision-making, making it easier to identify trends, risks, and opportunities within the local financial
ecosystem.
In this analysis, key variables were identified and examined, allowing for a comprehensive under-
standing of the dynamics that drive the operations of the savings boxes. The study highlighted the
pivotal role of savings as a foundational factor in these systems, as well as the critical importance of
financial inclusion and regulation in fostering long-term sustainability. Patterns in savings behavior,
such as the amounts saved and the perceptions of savers regarding the benefits and challenges of these
financial tools, were identified, providing crucial insights for policymakers and financial institutions
alike.
These findings are essential for informed decision-making at both the local and regional levels. By
offering a clear view of the population’s economic participation, the analysis lays the groundwork for
the development of strategies aimed at promoting sustainable economic growth and financial inclusion
within the Salinas canton. It further underscores the need for continued investment in technology
and regulatory frameworks that support the effective operation of savings boxes, ensuring they can
continue to serve as vital pillars of community development and economic resilience.
6. Recomendations
Regulatory bodies should establish a robust system for continuous monitoring and updating of
critical information, enabling more informed decision-making and facilitating the inclusion of broader,
more impactful benefits. By maintaining up-to-date data on the evolving economic and social landscape,
regulators can ensure that savings groups and financial institutions are better equipped to adapt to
emerging challenges and opportunities. This proactive approach not only benefits the regulatory
system but also provides recipients of financial services with the necessary tools and resources to foster
entrepreneurship and innovation. As a result, individuals are empowered to enhance their economic
independence, leading to improvements in the quality of life for both their collaborators and the wider
community in a relatively short time.
Furthermore, exploring collaboration opportunities with academic institutions and private sector
companies could significantly enhance the resources available for strengthening financial education.
Such partnerships would provide valuable insights, tools, and expertise, allowing beneficiaries to develop
a deeper understanding of financial systems and opportunities. These alliances should also help raise
awareness about current regulations and foster a more dynamic learning environment, ensuring that
individuals and organizations can better adapt to and comply with financial regulations. The shared
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knowledge generated from these collaborations would support the creation of innovative solutions to
regulatory challenges, contributing to a more efficient and inclusive financial sector.
Additionally, the adoption of advanced, customized technological tools should be seriously considered
to perform comprehensive analyses of the economic, social, and legal factors that influence financial
inclusion. These technological solutions could enable more precise assessments of the issues facing
local savings groups and other financial entities, providing detailed insights into the unique needs and
circumstances of the community. By leveraging cutting-edge data analytics and artificial intelligence,
regulators and policymakers can design more effective public policies tailored to the specific challenges
of the parishes of Carlos Espinoza Larrea and Santa Rosa in the Salinas canton. This proposal aims
to strengthen public policy initiatives, ensuring that they have a positive, sustainable impact on the
population, fostering greater economic resilience, and driving long-term development in these regions.
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