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				<title level="a" type="main">From Survey to Ontology, the challenges and opportunities in ontologizing questions and answers</title>
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							<persName><forename type="first">Lauren</forename><surname>Chan</surname></persName>
							<email>chanl@oregonstate.edu</email>
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								<orgName type="department">College of Public Health and Human Sciences</orgName>
								<orgName type="institution">Oregon State University</orgName>
								<address>
									<postCode>97331</postCode>
									<settlement>Corvallis</settlement>
									<region>OR</region>
									<country key="US">USA</country>
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							<persName><forename type="first">Jimmy</forename><surname>Phuong</surname></persName>
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								<orgName type="department">Division of Biomedical Health and Informatics</orgName>
								<orgName type="institution">University of Washington Medicine</orgName>
								<address>
									<postCode>98195</postCode>
									<settlement>Seattle</settlement>
									<region>WA</region>
									<country key="US">USA</country>
								</address>
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							<persName><forename type="first">Anne</forename><surname>Thessen</surname></persName>
							<affiliation key="aff2">
								<orgName type="department">Department of Biomedical Informatics</orgName>
								<orgName type="institution">University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus</orgName>
								<address>
									<postCode>80054</postCode>
									<settlement>Aurora</settlement>
									<region>CO</region>
									<country key="US">USA</country>
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							<persName><forename type="first">Stephanie</forename><surname>Hong</surname></persName>
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								<orgName type="department" key="dep1">Section of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science</orgName>
								<orgName type="department" key="dep2">School of Medicine</orgName>
								<orgName type="institution">Johns Hopkins University</orgName>
								<address>
									<postCode>21218</postCode>
									<settlement>Baltimore</settlement>
									<region>MD</region>
									<country key="US">USA</country>
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							<persName><forename type="first">Shahim</forename><surname>Essaid</surname></persName>
							<affiliation key="aff2">
								<orgName type="department">Department of Biomedical Informatics</orgName>
								<orgName type="institution">University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus</orgName>
								<address>
									<postCode>80054</postCode>
									<settlement>Aurora</settlement>
									<region>CO</region>
									<country key="US">USA</country>
								</address>
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							<persName><forename type="first">Melissa</forename><surname>Haendel</surname></persName>
							<affiliation key="aff2">
								<orgName type="department">Department of Biomedical Informatics</orgName>
								<orgName type="institution">University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus</orgName>
								<address>
									<postCode>80054</postCode>
									<settlement>Aurora</settlement>
									<region>CO</region>
									<country key="US">USA</country>
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							<affiliation key="aff4">
								<orgName type="department">International Conference on Biomedical Ontology (ICBO 2022)</orgName>
								<address>
									<addrLine>September 25-28</addrLine>
									<postCode>2022</postCode>
									<settlement>Ann Arbor</settlement>
									<region>Michigan</region>
									<country key="US">USA</country>
								</address>
							</affiliation>
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						<title level="a" type="main">From Survey to Ontology, the challenges and opportunities in ontologizing questions and answers</title>
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						<idno type="ISSN">1613-0073</idno>
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				<keywords>
					<term>ontologies</term>
					<term>survey alignment</term>
					<term>common data elements</term>
					<term>data interoperability</term>
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<div xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><p>Surveys are an essential tool for gathering data from individuals in a wide variety of fields. Common Data Elements (CDEs) are routinely used in surveys to streamline frequently asked questions and support question reuse. While CDEs are a widespread method for collecting survey data, they face a variety of problems including inconsistent file formats, lack of computational encoding, little to no community development standards, and frequent duplication of CDEs across various registries. Alternative approaches such as ontologies can serve as meaningful translation tools to not only support interoperability between similar/duplicate CDEs, but also to coordinate survey data with other ontology aligned data from heterogeneous methodologies including wet lab, clinical, or field research. To capitalize on the extensive data collected using CDEs, we propose a two-step approach of 1) aligning CDEs with ontology terminology to coordinate similar questions based on primary topic and 2) using standardized enumerations for CDE responses that can support data harmonization for meta analytics. Using this approach, greater data integration can support higher powered analytics and coordination of heterogeneous data types which are often difficult to study in tandem.</p></div>
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