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|storemode=property
|title=The Role of Business Capabilities for Future Viability in Enterprise Architecture - A Structured Literature Review
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3855/facete3.pdf
|volume=Vol-3855
|authors=Christoph Rosenau,Kurt Sandkuhl,Benjamin Nast
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==The Role of Business Capabilities for Future Viability in Enterprise Architecture - A Structured Literature Review==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3855/facete3.pdf
The Role of Business Capabilities for Future Viability in
Enterprise Architecture – A Structured Literature Review
Christoph Rosenau1, Kurt Sandkuhl1,2 and Benjamin Nast1
1
Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 22, 18059 Rostock, Germany
2
Jönköping University, Box 1026, 55111 Jönköping, Sweden
Abstract
This paper examines the concept of future viability, or "future-proofing," in Enterprise Architecture, focusing
on how enterprise architecture management (EAM) frameworks, particularly TOGAF, can help
organizations build scalable and flexible systems. Future viability is crucial for ensuring IT systems can adapt
to technological advances and business changes without requiring significant redesigns. The research
underscores the role of business capabilities as essential components in creating modular and adaptable
architectures, using tools like business capability maps to align IT systems with strategic business goals. A
structured literature review highlights existing models for scalability and flexibility in Enterprise
Architecture, while identifying gaps in the practical application of these models across industries. This study
suggests further investigation into industry-specific applications and the development of generalized
capability maps for enhancing scalability and flexibility in IT systems.
Keywords 1
Future viability, Enterprise Architecture, IT Architecture, Enterprise Architecture Management (EAM),
TOGAF, business capabilities, scalability, flexibility, business capability maps, future-proofing, adaptability,
modular IT systems
1. Introduction
This paper examines the concept of future viability, or future-proofing, in Enterprise Architecture
(EA), focusing on how Enterprise Architecture Management (EAM) frameworks can help
organizations build scalable and flexible systems. Future viability is crucial for ensuring IT systems
can adapt to technological advances and business changes without requiring significant redesigns, a
notion supported by academic literature emphasizing adaptability and agility in EA [1,2]. While
industry perspectives explicitly highlight future viability as a key element of modern EA [3], academic
research often embeds this concept within discussions of scalability, flexibility, and adaptability.
The research underscores the critical role of business capabilities in creating modular and
adaptable architectures. By leveraging business capability models and maps, organizations can align
IT systems with strategic business goals, enhancing their ability to respond to change [4]. The
structured literature review presented in this paper highlights existing models and frameworks that
incorporate business capabilities to improve scalability and flexibility in EA. However, it also
identifies gaps in the practical application of these models across industries.
The study concludes that although future-proofing is frequently addressed implicitly in the
literature through the emphasis on scalability and flexibility, there is a need for further investigation
into industry-specific applications of business capabilities in EA. Developing generalized capability
maps could enhance the adaptability of IT systems, ensuring their future viability. The assumption
for the research presented in this paper is that future viability is no characteristic that can be achieved
by design or engineering activities alone but also requires systematic and continuous management.
This management activity must include the identification of organizational capabilities, required roles
Companion Proceedings of the 17th IFIP WG 8.1 Working Conference on the Practice of Enterprise Modeling Forum, M4S,
FACETE, AEM, Tools and Demos co-located with PoEM 2024, Stockholm, Sweden, December 3-5, 2024
christoph.rosenau@uni-rostock.de (A. 1); kurt.sandkuhl@uni-rostock.de (A. 2); benjamin.nast@uni-rostock.de (A. 3)
0000-0002-7431-8412 (A. 2)
© 2024 Copyright for this paper by its authors.
Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)
CEUR
ceur-ws.org
Workshop ISSN 1613-0073
Proceedings
in an enterprise, continuous improvement processes, and criteria or indicators to monitor. It also has
to be integrated into existing organizational management systems, like EAM. Our view is that
managing future viability must be closely linked to the business capabilities of an enterprise as they
represent the essential functions the enterprise is supposed to perform. The aim of this paper is to
investigate how business capabilities contribute to enhancing the scalability and flexibility of EAs,
thereby supporting their future viability. By examining current research, we aim to identify how
integrating business capabilities can make EAs more adaptable and scalable in response to evolving
technological and business landscapes.
The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 summarizes the relevant theoretical background of
our work and defines important terms. Section 3 discusses the research method used for the
systematic literature analysis. Section 4 presents the results of the literature analysis. Section 5
discusses conclusions and the need for future research.
2. Theoretical Background
EAM is a strategic discipline that aligns an organization’s business goals with its IT systems, ensuring
that the architecture is both scalable and adaptable to changing environments. EAM provides a
holistic framework that aligns business processes, information systems, and technology
infrastructure with the organization's strategic objectives, thereby facilitating better decision-making
and enabling adaptability. One of the most widely adopted frameworks for EAM is the TOGAF (The
Open Group Architecture Framework), which offers standardized methods and tools for
designing and managing EAs [5]. IT Architecture is often used synonymously with EA, but it is in
fact a subset, focusing on the technical aspects of architecture, including software systems, networks,
and hardware, and how these components support the organization's objectives [6]. In the literature
review in Section 3, both terms are used to search for relevant papers, as they are closely related and
complement each other, with IT Architecture contributing to the technical foundation and EAM
addressing the broader strategic alignment of business and IT as mentioned in section 1.
A core concept within EAM is business capability. The concept originates from strategic
management [7] and has been introduced to EAM to represent abilities of strategic importance. In
EAM, business capabilities are defined as the organization’s inherent ability to achieve specific
business outcomes through a combination of processes, people, and technology. Business capabilities
represent the essential functions that a business must perform, independent of how they are executed
or who performs them. Integrating business capabilities into EAM allows companies to develop a
modular and flexible architecture that can evolve in response to internal and external changes [8].
Business capability maps are frequently used within EAM frameworks to provide a visual
representation of how capabilities align with IT and other business components. These maps facilitate
better communication between IT and business units, as they illustrate the relationships and
dependencies between business functions and the supporting IT infrastructure. This visualization
helps identify gaps, redundancies, and areas for improvement, ultimately leading to a more flexible
and scalable architecture [9].
Future Viability, in the sense of IT Architecture, can essentially be broken down into the
characteristics of scalability and flexibility. These must be fulfilled by an architecture to meet the
requirements of future business and technological developments. A future-proof system should be
able to integrate new functions and technologies while ensuring stable and reliable performance [10].
Scalability and adaptability in terms of IT Architecture are key features of effective and future-
proof EAM. Scalability ensures that an enterprise’s architecture can handle increased workloads or
expansions without requiring significant redesigns. TOGAF supports this by providing a structured
approach to the continuous improvement of IT systems, ensuring that they remain aligned with
evolving business requirements [11]. The flexibility of the architecture is critical for adapting to new
technologies and market shifts, making it easier to integrate innovations like artificial intelligence or
cloud solutions [12].
In conclusion, EAM, particularly when using frameworks like TOGAF, provides organizations
with the tools and methodologies to build flexible, scalable, and future-proof architectures. By
focusing on business capabilities, enterprises can ensure that their IT systems are aligned with
strategic goals, ready to adapt to technological advances, and capable of supporting business growth
[13].
3. Research Approach
For this research a structured literature review is conducted following a qualitative approach. The
main goal is to understand how business capabilities can play a role in making EA future-proof.
Therefore, theoretical and practical papers are reviewed to get an understanding how EAs can be
built more scalable and flexible.
3.1. Conducting a Structured Literature Review
To analyze the current state of research regarding the future viability of EA, a structured literature
review is being conducted. This approach was chosen as it is specifically designed to assess published
work in each research field, compare existing studies, and identify potential research gaps. To
enhance this process, the traditional approach as suggested by Kitchenham [14] is slightly modified
by utilizing an AI-powered search database, which allows for more comprehensive and efficient
literature discovery. This method provides faster access to a broader range of sources and ensures
that emerging trends and relevant studies are identified more effectively than through conventional
search methods.
The first step requires the formulation of an overall research question. In exploring the field of
EAM, an observation was made regarding a gap in the current research. While there is extensive
literature on its present-day applications, the focus on how EAM can evolve for future viability is
noticeably limited. Given the rapid pace of technological advancement, it is evident that EAs must
adapt to keep pace with the ever faster changing market conditions, yet long-term strategies for this
evolution are underexplored. This realization led to the need for research on how business capabilities
can be leveraged to make EAs future-proof. A thorough review of the existing research will serve to
highlight this gap and provide the foundation for further investigation. Based on these prerequisites,
the following research question is being conducted for the paper:
How do business capabilities contribute to enhancing the scalability and flexibility of Enterprise
Architectures to achieve future viability?
The literature search was conducted using the Consensus AI-powered research tool. Consensus is
an AI-driven academic search engine that accesses a wide range of peer-reviewed publications across
multiple disciplines. It utilizes natural language processing to interpret complex queries and provide
summarized insights, enhancing the efficiency and depth of literature searches. The Consensus tool
was selected for its ability to understand nuanced queries and context, enabling the retrieval of
relevant and high-quality documents that might be overlooked by traditional keyword-based
searches. Its AI capabilities allow for the interpretation of broader concepts and complex relationships
between terms, which is essential for a comprehensive review of the interdisciplinary topic at hand.
Unlike basic keyword searches, which may rely on rigid terms such as TITLE-ABS-KEY("future
viability") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY("enterprise architecture"), the AI-driven search engine understands
the underlying context and logic of the query. It can interpret broader concepts, break down complex
relationships between terms, and deliver more relevant, high-quality documents. This not only speeds
up access to crucial sources but also ensures that emerging trends and cutting-edge studies, which
might be overlooked in conventional searches, are considered. As a result, this method is superior,
providing a more comprehensive view of the field while effectively identifying gaps in the research.
The search process began with the formulation of initial search queries based on the main concepts
of the research question. These queries were then refined by incorporating synonyms and related
terms to expand the scope and capture a comprehensive set of relevant studies.
Initial Search Queries:
1. "Future Viability of Enterprise Architecture"
2. "Future-Proofness of Enterprise Architecture"
To enrich the search and ensure thorough coverage, the following key terms, synonyms, and
associated terms were identified and used:
Future Viability: Future-Proofness, Adaptability, Scalability, Flexibility
Enterprise Architecture: EA, IT Architecture, Business Architecture
Business Capabilities: Core Competencies, Functional Capabilities, Capability Mapping, Process
Optimization, Strategic Alignment, Business Agility
3.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
To ensure the selection of studies that are most relevant and contribute meaningfully to the
research question, specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were established.
Inclusion Criteria:
• Relevance to Research Question:
Studies that investigate the role of business capabilities in enhancing the scalability and
flexibility of EA.
Papers that address future viability or future-proofing in the context of EA and business
capabilities.
• Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers to ensure academic rigor and
credibility.
• Publication Date:
Studies published from 2005 onwards to capture contemporary developments in
technology and business environments.
• Language:
Publications in English to maintain consistency in analysis.
Exclusion Criteria:
• Irrelevant Focus:
Studies focusing on environmental sustainability or other topics not directly related to
the research question.
• Non-Peer-Reviewed Sources:
Editorials, opinion pieces, book chapters, and non-academic articles were excluded to
maintain academic standards.
• Duplicate Studies:
Duplicates identified across different search queries were removed to avoid redundancy.
Clarification on Criteria:
The inclusion and exclusion criteria were carefully defined to avoid redundancy and confusion.
Each criterion serves a distinct purpose:
• Relevance to Research Question ensures that only studies directly addressing the key aspects
of scalability, flexibility, and business capabilities in EA are included.
• Publication Type focuses on peer-reviewed work to guarantee the reliability of sources.
• Publication Date ensures that the review encompasses the most current and relevant research.
• Language criterion is set to English to maintain consistency and feasibility in analysis.
By separating inclusion and exclusion criteria and clearly defining them, we eliminated overlaps
and potential confusion.
3.3. Screening and Selection Process
Step 1: Initial Screening
• Title, Abstract and AI-Generated Summaries Review:
The titles, abstracts and AI-generated summaries provided by Consensus were reviewed
against the inclusion criteria.
Papers that clearly did not meet the criteria were excluded at this stage.
Step 2: Full-Text Assessment
• Full-Text Retrieval:
Papers that passed the initial screening were retrieved in full text for a detailed evaluation.
• Detailed Evaluation:
Each paper was assessed thoroughly to ensure it met all the inclusion criteria and none of the
exclusion criteria.
Step 3: Final Selection
• Selection Outcome:
A total of 77 papers were identified through the Consensus search. After removing duplicates
and applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 papers were selected for inclusion in
the literature review. The table below is populated with the final papers represented through
the corresponding number from the reference section and mapped to research relevant topics
they are covering.
Table 2.
Documents mapped with search term
Search
String 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Scala-
bility x x x x x x x x x x x
Flexi-
bility x x x x x x x x
Future
Via- x x x x x x
bility
4. Results of the Literature Review
Ionita emphasizes the importance of generating multiple architecture options that are resilient to
future changes. He develops the SODA method (Scenario-Based Options for Developing
Architectures), which makes it possible to design architecture options that are resilient to future
changes in the business environment. The options are then evaluated quantitatively, particularly in
terms of quality, cost and risk. These approaches help architects to make informed decisions and
design future-proof systems [15]. Ionita's research shows that the ability to anticipate future
developments is essential for sustainability.
In 2007, Brits et al. developed a conceptual framework for modeling business capabilities that helps
companies to make their IT Architecture adaptable and agile. This methodology emphasizes the
importance of analyzing and visualizing business processes and capabilities to support an agile EA.
By clearly defining and structuring business capabilities, companies can react quickly to market
changes and ensure their long-term competitiveness. Its framework includes two feedback loops that
incorporate organizational and innovative feedback to ensure continuous improvement and
adaptation of the IT Architecture [16].
Nowobilska et al. extend the approach of Brits et al. by analyzing the dependencies between the
business capabilities and other elements of the EA, which provides a deeper insight into the structural
connections and their optimization. They present a method for systematically identifying
dependencies between business capabilities and other elements of the EA. This method is based on
the mapping of business units to business capabilities and the development of visualizations such as
business and information ownership maps. By analyzing these dependencies, companies can better
understand how their capabilities are linked and how they can adapt the IT Architecture accordingly
to increase flexibility and adaptability. This approach is critical to avoid redundancy and ensure
efficient use of resources [17].
Khosroshahi et al. close the circle by emphasizing the practical application of business capability
maps, which serve as a visual tool to improve the efficiency and adaptability of enterprise
architecture. In doing so, they show how these maps can increase the efficiency and flexibility of EA.
Through interviews with 25 organizations and the evaluation of 14 use cases, it is made clear that
business capability maps are experiencing increasing acceptance in practice. These maps provide a
visual representation of business and IT components, enabling organizations to make better strategic
decisions and quickly adapt their IT Architecture to new business requirements. The paper
emphasizes that business capability maps help to close the communication gap between business and
IT departments and thus improve the overall performance of the organization [13].
4.1. Scalability
Scalability is a key criterion for the future viability of EAs. It describes the ability of a system to
grow or shrink efficiently to cope with changing requirements and loads. The system can integrate
or remove additional resources such as processors or memory without making significant changes to
the basic architecture. A scalable system keeps resource utilization per unit of capacity constant and
expands the dimensions of processing, memory and connectivity without causing bottlenecks or
performance degradation [18].
The performance of a system is closely linked to its scalability. A system is considered scalable if
it can increase its performance in proportion to the number of resources added, such as processors.
Poor scalability, on the other hand, leads to inefficient use of resources and performance problems
[19]. Several factors influence the scalability of a system, including hardware architecture, application
software and communication protocols. Hardware bottlenecks or inefficient software algorithms are
common challenges. Solutions include improving parallelism and optimizing resource utilization [20].
Modern approaches to improving scalability include the use of hierarchical structures and load
balancing across multiple nodes. Technologies such as Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and
Network Function Virtualization (NFV) make it possible to use resources dynamically and efficiently,
which significantly improves scalability [21]. A practical example of the successful implementation
of scalability is Facebook's architecture. This platform combines horizontal and vertical scaling to
serve millions of users simultaneously [22].
The scalability of EAs is crucial for the adaptability and long-term survival of companies in a
rapidly changing business world. Business capabilities play a central role in this by enabling
companies to design their business models flexibly and efficiently. By integrating scalable business
models and utilizing advanced technologies, companies can not only expand their operational
capabilities, but also strengthen their market position and promote sustainable growth [1]. In the
following it is explained how the improvement of scalability can be realized using business
capabilities, based on various scientific studies and practical applications.
Developing scalable business models is an essential step for companies to remain competitive in a
dynamic business environment. Nielsen and Lund (2018) show that companies can achieve significant
economies of scale by implementing new distribution channels, overcoming traditional capacity
constraints and outsourcing capital investments to strategic partners. These approaches enable
companies to realize profitable growth and adapt their business models to changing market
requirements. They also emphasize the link between business capabilities and scalability. They
suggest that the most successful companies are those that are able to achieve exponential increases
in revenue through scalable business models. They argue that understanding and implementing
business capabilities is critical to achieving this scalability and ensuring long-term business success
[23].
Another important aspect of scalability is the development of sustainable business models in
hybrid organizations. Jabłoński (2016) emphasizes that a company's ability to sustain its performance
in the long term is supported by a scalable business model that integrates economic and social goals.
Such models enable companies to operate more efficiently and increase their capacity in line with
demand, resulting in improved adaptability and performance [24]
Ashrafi et al. (2019) highlight the importance of business analytics (BA) capabilities that can
increase the agility and performance of organizations through improved information quality and
innovation capabilities. These capabilities are crucial to increase adaptability to market and
technological turbulence and promote scalability [25].
In the field of consulting services, Werth and Greff (2018) analyze how digital technologies can
contribute to the scalability of business models. They examine tools that have successfully contributed
to scalability in other industries and transfer them to the consulting industry. Their research shows
that digitalization and the implementation of scalable business models are crucial to increasing the
efficiency and competitiveness of consulting firms [26].
4.2. Flexibility
Alongside scalability, flexibility is a key characteristic for ensuring the future viability of EAs. It
describes the ability of a system to adapt quickly and efficiently to changing requirements and
technologies. This characteristic includes aspects such as adaptability, integrability, configurability
and modularization. Flexible EAs enable companies to continuously optimize and expand their
systems without the need for extensive new developments [27].
An example can be found in the field of telemedicine: the use of loosely coupled modules and
international standards such as HL7 FHIR enables high reusability and interoperability, facilitating
the flexible integration of new and existing services [28].
Reconfigurable nodes also play an important role in the flexibility of future networks. Keller et al.
(2010) describe an architecture that makes it possible to divide network functions into modular blocks
and recombine them as required at runtime. This allows dynamic adaptation of the network nodes by
combining software and hardware components [29]. Another approach to improving flexibility is the
development of modular control and data transmission levels. By defining open interfaces and
programmability via policies, adaptation to new scenarios or functions can be achieved with minimal
cost and disruption [30].
Improving the flexibility of EAs through logical structuring by means of business capabilities is
particularly useful for making companies more adaptable and resilient to rapidly changing market
requirements. Business capabilities that strengthen the connection between people, processes and
information enable organizations to respond more efficiently and quickly to dynamic environments
and stakeholder requirements. Erol et al (2009) emphasize that the integration of IT and business goals
through a well-defined EA plays a key role. This architecture aims to create a consolidated view and
access to all available resources in the organization, which increases flexibility and responsiveness
[31].
In addition, Kim et al. (2011) examine how IT flexibility affects an organization's process-oriented
dynamic capabilities. They find that IT human resource expertise and flexible IT infrastructures
improve a firm's ability to adapt and reconfigure business processes, which ultimately enhances the
firm's financial performance [32]. Mikalef, Pateli and Wetering (2020) add that the flexibility of IT
Architecture, supported by decentralized IT governance, promotes the formation of IT-enabled
dynamic capabilities. These capabilities are crucial for maintaining competitiveness, especially in
uncertain environments [33].
5. Conclusion and Future Work
The objective of this paper is to investigate how business capabilities can contribute to the
scalability and flexibility of EAs regarding attaining future viability. A structured literature review,
together with support by the Consensus AI-powered research tool, was performed for a fit between
theoretical frameworks and practical applications. It reveals that business capabilities integrated into
EA do make a great contribution in making the IT system much more scalable and flexible. With
modeling and mapping, one may align the IT infrastructure to strategic business objectives for which
easier responses to technological advancement and market changes are possible. Such an alignment
shall indeed support the making of modular and adaptive architectures that will be required for
future-proofing IT systems. It is achieved through developing scalable business models that use the
business capabilities to overcome traditional constraints in capacity. Works such as Nielsen and Lund
(2018) feature strategies of new distribution channels, strategic partnerships allowing exponential
growth, and emphasize the importance of understanding and applying business capabilities for
scaling effectively. In a related perspective, the work of Jabłoński, 2016, indicates that economic and
social objectives combined in scalable business models increase the capacity of organizations to
operate effectively and expand their capacities according to demand. Further flexibility is achieved
through business capability modeling to bring out adaptive and modular architectures. A study by
Brits et al., 2007, shows that well-defined and organized capabilities about business enable
organizations to respond quickly to changes in markets with diverse demands, hence ensuring long-
term competitiveness. In addition, Nowobilska et al. (2011) extend this by discussing dependencies
between business capabilities and other aspects of the EA for deeper insights into structural
connections that can be optimized toward ensuring high flexibility. The practical applications of
these, as discussed by Khosroshahi et al. (2018), highlight how business capability maps create a basis
for visual tools in enhancing efficiency and adaptability within EAs by alignment of business and IT
components. The ability to answer the research question shows that business capabilities are key to
increasing the scalability and flexibility of EAs and, therefore, creating viability into the future. In
integrating the business capability approach within EA practices, organizations have been able to
develop IT systems that are congruent not only with current strategic goals but also are flexible
enough to adapt with future needs without requiring major system redesigns. This will provide for
the integration of emergent technologies and positively avail appropriate responses to changes within
market conditions. Such initiatives provide advantage sustenance.
These findings therefore leave room for further investigation: how these models have been
implemented remains understudied; empirical works should be conducted to establish how business
capability integration into EA would work in natural settings. The development of industry-specific
frameworks and best practices in this regard would, therefore, be a great deal of benefit to
organizations desirous of migrating from rigid traditional IT architectures into more open and
modular systems. In that respect, the integration of business capabilities into EAs provides
considerable scalability and flexibility that form an essential part of its viability for the future. By
focusing on these elements, organizations are empowered to develop resilient IT systems that adapt
to continuous change and support growth in an ever-changing technological and business landscape.
needs that keep it competitive and coherent for the future.
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