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{{Paper
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|title=Intelligent Web system for the management of pre-professional practices in a public university in Lima-Peru, using fuzzy logic in a Smart City environment
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3868/Paper10.pdf
|volume=Vol-3868
|authors=Carlos Claros-Vasquez,Romeo Espinoza-Bustamante,Wilver Auccahuasi
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/scctt/Claros-VasquezE24
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==Intelligent Web system for the management of pre-professional practices in a public university in Lima-Peru, using fuzzy logic in a Smart City environment==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3868/Paper10.pdf
Intelligent Web system for the management of pre-
professional practices in a public university in Lima-Peru,
using fuzzy logic in a Smart City enviroment⋆
Carlos Claros-Vasquez1,†, Romero Espinoza-Bustamante1,† and Wilver Auccahuasi1,†*
1
Universidad Continental, Huancayo, Perú
Abstract
In the university educational processes, one of the final processes is the completion of professional
internships, which allow the student to carry out activities specific to his/her specialty. At the end of the
procedure, a report is sent which is evaluated by 3 professors. The evaluations are mostly carried out
qualitatively, which does not allow a final result for the student. The present research is carried out in
order to analyze the qualitative results and transform them into a quantitative value, related to the
approval or disapproval of the report, for which the fuzzy logic technique is used, with which we obtain a
final grade. The proposal also includes a web system that can support the processes of student
registration, entry of documents and final results, in such a way that they can be accessed without having
to be on the university campus. The documentary processing processes are based on the ISO 25000
standard that ensures compliance with the standards of the University and the degrees and titles office,
which is in charge of issuing conformity in the completion of professional internships. The proposal can
be replicated and scaled to other processes related to the use of fuzzy logic.
Keywords
i Smart Cities, university, process, standard, management, practice, management, practices.
1. Introduction
Managing smart city infrastructures in multi-tenant environments presents challenges in
identifying problems and dysfunctions, as well as in integrating data and services accessible to
different stakeholders. A unified knowledge model was proposed that allows smart city operators
to manage and analyze data more efficiently, facilitating scenario creation and informed decision
making, using data analytics processes, microservices, "what-if" analysis tools, and data storage to
integrate contextual information on traffic, weather, and air quality, as well as critical events,
achieving better traffic prediction and management, allowing operators to suggest alternative
routes and act on road restrictions in real time. In addition, the communication of alerts and
changes was improved through mobile applications and variable message boards; concluding that
the proposed model improves the scalability and maintainability of smart city infrastructures,
allowing more effective collaboration between different entities and optimizing the use of
resources. This lays the foundation for the development of smarter and more reactive applications
in the urban context [1]. The lack of comprehensive studies comparing the implementation of
business models in various smart cities and the advantages they offer in each context, for which a
narrative literature review and a comparative case analysis were used to investigate business
models in smart cities, which are published in academic journals, conferences, books and reports;
in addition, cases from London, Amsterdam and Berlin were analyzed, where several business
models were identified, such as public-private partnerships (PPP), performance-based contracts,
SCCTT-2024: International Symposium on Smart Cities, Challenges, Technologies and Trends, 29th Nov 2024, Delhi, India
∗
Corresponding author. Wilver Auccahuasi; wauccahuasi@continental.edu.pe
†
These authors contributed equally.
cclaros@continental.edu.pe (Carlos Claros-Vasquez); romero Espinoza-Bustamente@continental.edu.pe (Romero
Espinoza-Bustamante); wauccahuasi@continental.edu.pe (Wilver Auccahuasi)
CEUR
0000-0001-8820-4013 (Wilver Auccahuasi)
ceur-ws.org
Workshop ISSN 1613-0073 © 2023 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
Proceedings
community-centered models, innovation centers, and asset monetization strategies, with variations
in their implementation and advantages in each city. Concluding that the study highlights the
importance of adapting business models to the specific context of each city to maximize their
effectiveness. Directions for future research are suggested, including the impact of sustainability
policies and emerging technologies [2].
The lack of practical application of Smart Heritage in heritage sites at area level, using open access
data, for which a case study was conducted in Melbourne's Chinatown, using open access data and
global best practices for Smart Heritage, where open data from the City of Melbourne were used,
such as 3D models, pedestrian counting, and smart tourism practices from the European Smart
Tourism Competition (ECST), where ways in which open data can support smart heritage
transformation were identified, improving urban heritage management and visitor experience,
concluding that open access data is essential for heritage conservation in urban contexts and can
foster the sustainable development of historic areas [3].
The vulnerability of urban communities to natural disasters due to climate change and the lack of
international standards for resilient infrastructure, for which existing ISO standards were reviewed
and analyzed and highlighted the need for a holistic framework for smart and resilient community
infrastructure, they employed an analysis of ISO and IEC standards, including those on emergency
management, smart infrastructure and resilience, where gaps in standards coverage were identified
in areas such as financing, information management, and lack of a comprehensive framework for
resilient smart cities, concluding that international standardization can improve urban resilience to
disasters, and the development of new standards can close critical gaps in disaster preparedness
and response [4].
The need to better understand urban lifestyle patterns using mobile network data, while
maintaining user privacy, for which the LEAF framework was created, which analyzes anonymous
mobility data and integrates it with geographic and ontological information to model urban
lifestyles, where mobility data from mobile networks, points of interest (PoI), and spatial analysis
using a vector model were used, having as results the LEAF framework allowed to accurately
model lifestyle patterns in urban areas, showing high consistency with survey data and an RMSE of
5.167, concluding that LEAF is a robust and accurate tool to understand the dynamics of urban
lifestyles and support informed decision making in urban planning and resource allocation [5].
Concentrated loading areas in urban areas present challenges in logistics, such as the lack of
adequate and optimized spaces for loading and unloading in cities, for which the integration of
smart devices in loading areas was analyzed and proposed, including reservations, real-time
monitoring and temporary storage, to improve efficiency and sustainability, with the incorporation
of examples of technologies such as reservation systems, occupancy and load monitoring devices,
and lockers for temporary storage in loading areas, resulting in the implementation of these
technologies in urban loading areas improving space management, reducing unauthorized use and
optimizing loading and unloading, favoring sustainability, concluding that the integration of smart
devices in loading areas is key to improving urban logistics, but a unified regulatory framework
and support in data collection are needed to optimize its operation [6].
The need to validate smart city interfaces from a user-centered design perspective, comparing low
and high fidelity prototypes in physical and virtual reality environments, for which low fidelity
physical prototype field tests and high fidelity tests in virtual reality environments were compared
to evaluate realism, interactivity, presence and task difficulty, through the implementation of low
and high fidelity prototypes, qualitative interviews and presence and interactivity analysis tools
were used, involving design students and experts to obtain insights, resulting in that virtual reality
improves visual realism and discussion of user flows, although it has limitations to replicate
realistic interactions and social contexts, compared to field tests, concluding that virtual reality is
useful in the design process to visualize procedures and test complex user flows, but must be
complemented with field tests to capture the context and real user interaction [7].
By reviewing various publications that focus on the use of the fuzzy logic technique for different
problematic situations, we describe below the uses and applications, such as the application in the
area of commercial law and corporate governance in Mexico, as well as in other international
contexts. Key works are mentioned such as "Derecho Mercantil. Parte General y Sociedades" by
Paredes and Meade, and "Ley General de Sociedades Mercantiles" by Macedo, which provide a solid
foundation on Mexican commercial legislation. In addition, corporate governance issues are
discussed, including the importance of internal control and best corporate practices, the research
includes analysis on strategic diversification and business performance in Mexico, highlighting the
relevance of corporate governance for risk mitigation in private companies. International
principles and standards are cited, such as the OECD Principles of Corporate Governance and the
Auditing Standards and Procedures of the Mexican Institute of Public Accountants, which
underline the importance of transparency and responsibility in business management [8].
The application of the fuzzy model to assess the cost overruns in the healthcare sector due to
treatment delays, in a context of the COVID-19 pandemic, where delays in healthcare have been
significant. The proposed model uses fuzzy logic to handle the uncertainty and ambiguity inherent
in cost assessment in complex and variable situations. The model describes the implementation of
the model, such as the need for experts for quantification and the difficulty of obtaining accurate
data. To mitigate these problems, a final stage is suggested in which the data is automatically
updated each time the model is applied. This proposal seeks to improve accuracy and reduce the
costs associated with the involvement of experts, thus facilitating a more efficient and continuous
assessment of the cost overruns in the healthcare sector due to treatment delays [9].
In the study of algorithm efficiency and challenges in evaluating technological solutions due to the
possible inclusion of closed source code and the need for laborious research, a basic model of a
virtual environment used for decision making is proposed for specific experimental studies. In
evaluating technological solutions, the importance of classifying resource consumption into
qualitative categories such as "high", "medium" or "low" is highlighted instead of focusing on
specific metrics such as bytes or microseconds. This significantly simplifies the evaluation by
grouping technological solutions into a reduced number of classes based on resource consumption.
In addition, various methodologies and formal models for software component optimization and
selection are mentioned, underlining the relevance of multi-objective approaches and evolutionary
optimization in cloud service composition [10]
.
The study discusses smart grids (SG) and their associated technologies, including distributed
energy resources (DER), power electronics components, electric vehicles (EV), and communication
and cybersecurity issues. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques such as fuzzy logic, knowledge-
based systems, and artificial neural networks, as well as Internet of Things (IoT) architecture for
applications in SG, are highlighted. Furthermore, IoT and blockchain (BC)-enabled services, such as
secure and traceable digital transactions, and the improvement of SG services through AI-based
analytics, are discussed. The importance of promoting local DERs, especially renewable energy
resources (RER), to achieve stable, reliable, sustainable, and affordable electricity is proposed. The
progress of DERs in the global SG context and the support for emerging EV technology to reduce
the transportation sector's dependence on oil are discussed. With digital advancements, SG services
have been significantly enhanced, especially through the use of AI, IoT and BC, enabling
automated services and real-time monitoring of the power grid in terms of reliability, availability,
resilience, stability, security and sustainability [11].
In software requirements risk assessment, the goal is to minimize maintenance time and promote
customer value. The novelty of the work lies in improving requirements risk assessment and
handling developers' subjective judgments on multiple conflicting criteria to provide robust
solutions within the cloud computing framework that includes information about responsible
persons, their rationale, their assumptions, and their initial and final decision values, to support
software requirements reuse in distributed/global development [12].
In the transformation of maintenance strategies in recent decades, moving from a corrective
approach to a proactive or predictive one. This evolution is crucial due to the increasing
complexity of industrial systems and their impact on the competitiveness and productivity of
companies. The research proposes the inclusion of fuzzy logic in the mining industry. In addition, a
new approach to risk-based maintenance is presented, detailing an algorithm for risk assessment
and estimation, exploring various implementation possibilities of the developed method and
discussing the results obtained and their implications [13].
In the evaluation of waste sorting systems, a multi-criteria model based on fuzzy logic is identified
for evaluating municipal waste treatment systems, defining parameters such as membership
functions, inference rules and fine-tuning functions, based on expert opinion. An evaluation model
is implemented in a case study of the Wrocław sorting facility for selectively collected waste (metal
and plastic), analyzing the evaluation of the sorting line in seven selected cases. The system
evaluation level and sorting efficiency are presented as results, a two-step evaluation method based
on fuzzy theory is developed for evaluating the efficiency of the waste sorting system and its
impact on the energy quality of the RDF and sorting efficiency is analyzed [14].
Decision support systems for assessing agricultural vulnerability and risk of sugarcane to climate
change using a multi-agent model. The proposal involves a dynamic model of industrial systems
and the digitalization of the sugarcane field in Mexico to achieve precision agriculture of
sugarcane. The implementation applies fuzzy logic and its implementation in MATLAB,
highlighting the importance of these tools in the research and development of agricultural models
[15].
In assessing the risk in power transformer fleets, the technical condition is considered as the
strategic importance of the units, the analysis was performed on a fleet of 19 units and the results
demonstrated the viability of the proposed approach. In addition, a new method based on fuzzy
logic was developed to improve the accuracy and consistency in the estimation of transformer
insulation, the approach based on fuzzy logic showed an accurate assessment of the state of the
insulating paper, although it presented some inelasticity that can be reduced by using a larger
number of membership functions or replacing the trapezoidal distributions with triangular or
Gaussian ones [16].
Integrating COVID-19 pandemic-inspired behaviors into agent-based modeling (ABM) to respond
to pollution in water distribution systems. The study uses a modeling framework developed in
MATLAB, which is coupled in real-time with the EPANET hydraulic simulation software, allowing
instant synchronization and optimization problem solving during simulation. The research focuses
on a medium-sized water network model, Net3, to demonstrate the capture of emergent
phenomena and the effectiveness of the proposed approach. It details how consumer behaviors,
influenced by the pandemic, can be modeled deterministically, eliminating the need for uncertainty
analysis. The results show the actions taken by different types of societies over 24 hours, evenly
distributed due to the lack of geographic information on pollution [17].
In this work, we developed a method to evaluate pre-professional internship reports in a public
university in Peru, where evaluations are often carried out in a qualitative manner, such as good,
average or low, which makes it difficult to determine whether the report is approved. We
developed the traditional evaluation method through a web system and how this can also be
complemented with the use of the Fuzzi Logic model, which allows us to evaluate whether the
student passed their pre-professional internship report.
2. Methodology
Pre-professional internships are an essential component of the training of students at public
universities in Peru, who begin their insertion into the labor market for a specific period of time,
thus building a bridge between theory and practice, between the training stage and entry into the
labor market. In this sense, pre-professional internships are a critical aspect for students at public
universities, since they allow them to acquire work experience in their area of study and establish
important contacts in the working world. In the public university, where there are a large number
of students and companies involved in this process, the management of pre-professional
internships can be complex. When implementing a web-based system to manage the pre-
professional internship process, a series of challenges and problems arise that hinder its effective
implementation and proper use.
Consequently, if we consider that public universities in the Lima region have a varied student
population between the ten semesters of study, it is estimated that everyone at some point will take
the pre-professional internship course, since this course is included between the ninth and tenth
cycle of the study plan and the school management must be prepared to be able to generate a
process in the most perfect way possible. In this sense, we should mention that for different
reasons the professional schools do not have a system that automates the management process of
pre-professional practices, which is why it becomes an object of study in this thesis.
The materials and methods are described by the presentation of the processes necessary to be able
to replicate the methodology.
Figure 1: Block diagram of the proposal.
Figure 1, presents the block diagram that represents the method of the proposal, starting with the
description of the problem, followed by the description of the methodology and ending with the
uses and applications.
2.1. Description of the problematic reality
The description of the problematic reality is described in the conditions that are needed to be able
to start and to be able to conclude the pre-professional practices processes. We begin by indicating
that the pre-professional practices are an indispensable requirement to be able to obtain the
bachelor's degree for the students, which is why there is a need for the students to be able to pass
this evaluation, which consists of the review of the practice report that the student made and that
must be approved.
The mechanism of review and approval of the practice report consists of the detailed review of the
report by three teachers, each of them evaluates the report and according to their
recommendations, the report is approved or disapproved. The report is sent to 3 teachers, after the
student registers in the Web System for the exclusive use of students and the degree and title
office.
Below we present the main processes of the pre-professional internship system:
1. Management of pre-professional internships
The management of pre-professional practices encompasses the development,
programming, coordination, control and assessment of internship plans, with the purpose
of ensuring an adequate education for students and an effective connection with the work
environment.
Pre-professional internship management involves the planning, coordination and
evaluation of practical learning opportunities for students, in order to combine theory and
practice, boost the development of skills and competencies, and facilitate the transition to
employment.
2. Selection process
The selection process comprises a series of organized and consecutive stages that are
carried out for the purpose of collecting data on candidates, analyzing their capabilities and
competencies, and making informed decisions about their suitability for a given position.
The selection process encompasses a set of methods and tools used to recognize and assess
suitable candidates, with the goal of determining who will be hired to fill a position,
thereby ensuring a fair and unbiased selection.
3. Number of students practicing
Refers to the number of students who are carrying out internships in an organization or
company as part of their academic or pre-professional training. These numbers may vary
depending on the context and policies of the university and the organization receiving the
internship.
4. Percentage of students practicing
Refers to the percentage of students who are carrying out internships in an organization or
company as part of their academic or pre-professional training. These percentages may
vary depending on the context and policies of the university and the organization receiving
the internship.
5. Supervision
Supervision encompasses the act of observing, guiding, and leading the work of
subordinates for the purpose of ensuring that established objectives are achieved and
required performance standards are met.
6. Number of supervisory visits
Refers to the number of times a supervisor visits or inspects the internship center to
monitor and evaluate its performance. These supervisory visits are part of a monitoring and
follow-up process designed to ensure that quality standards, established objectives, and
university policies and procedures are being met.
7. Communication
Communication refers to the process by which information and meaning are transferred
and exchanged between two or more individuals, for the purpose of sharing knowledge,
ideas, feelings, and coordinating actions effectively. Communication involves conveying
information, ideas, emotions, and meanings using both verbal and nonverbal symbols for
the purpose of exerting influence on other people's thinking and behavior.
8. Number of students who recommend taking the pre-professional internships
Refers to the number of students who recommend to other students to carry out an
internship in an organization or company as part of their academic or pre-professional
training. These numbers may vary depending on the context and policies of the university
and the organization receiving the internship.
2.2. Description of the methodology
The description of the methodology is related to the description of the tools used to implement the
web system and the intelligent part, which consists of working through fuzzy logic, for which the
Matlab tool has been used. Below we describe the architecture of the application.
Figure 2: Description of the architecture of the development proposal.
Figure 2 presents the architecture of the implemented solution; for the implementation of the web
system, where the use of the PHP programming language in version 8 with Laravel in version 9.19
is used, the chosen database is MySQL and as the HTTP client Guzzle for PHP, the intelligent
component is developed in Matlab using the Fuzzi Logic tool.
Figure 3: Description of the evaluation method for pre-professional practice reports.
In Figure 3, the evaluation mode of the practice reports is presented, the process begins with the
sending of the report to three teachers, each one evaluates according to their perception and
experience, the result of the evaluation is a grade that in many cases is a qualitative grade, which
can have the values of "High", "medium" or "Low", which makes it difficult to obtain the final result
of the evaluation that is approved or failed; For this task, we resort to the use of the intelligent
component that is the use of fuzzy logic, for which the values of the teachers' grades are evaluated,
and the final evaluation value is returned.
Figure 4: Pseudocode of the we system.
In Figure 4, the pseudocode of the intelligent component is presented, where it is described how
the web system and the Matlab tool work, in order to have the final result of the evaluation, this
process is carried out manually, as a demonstration mode, where the evaluation value of each
teacher is taken, loading it into the Matlab application and the result is loaded into the web system,
with which the process is closed, with the final evaluation values which are "Passed" or "Failed".
2.3. Uses and applications
The uses and applications are related to the way of using the implemented web system, where the
intelligent component that performs the calculation of the evaluation of the partial results stands
out; in the implemented test model the process is carried out manually, with the intention of being
able to carry it out automatically by presenting a function that converses the Matlab function with
PHP.
3. Results
The results we describe are related to being able to describe how the web system and the
intelligent component work, analyzing the main processes of the system, such as the student
registration process and the evaluation with the Matlab tool.
Figure 5: Implementation design.
In Figure 5, the registration screen of the proposed system is presented, where the entry is
evidenced through a user registration, having to enter with its corresponding password.
Figure 6: Data entry form.
Figure 6 shows the main form for data entry by students. The data entered includes the specialty
that the student is studying, the place where he/she did his/her internship, and most importantly,
the entry of the report made, where the information on the internship process is found.
3.1.1. Smart component
When quantitative results are obtained, evaluation is carried out using Fuzzi Logic techniques, with
which a report is evaluated by 3 teachers, so its result must be approved and disapproved, the
evaluators' review values are "good", "regular", and "bad". Below we present the generated model,
considering an output with "approved" and "failed" values.
Figure 7: Fuzzi Logic Model.
In Figure 7, the fuzzy logic model is presented where there are 3 inputs that correspond to the
evaluators and an output that corresponds to the result of the evaluation.
Figure 8: Interpretation of the rules.
Figure 8 presents the roles considered in the evaluation, where there is a general condition, the
student is approved if at least the reviewers' evaluations correspond to the regular value, higher
values guarantee approval and a bad value ensures failure.
Figure 9: Analysis of results.
In Figure 9, the interpretation of the rules is presented, considering a value of bad ensures
disapproval, and a minimum approval value is when the 3 evaluators consider it as regular, higher
combinations ensure approval of the report.
Figure 10: Fuzzi logic model 3D.
Figure 10 shows the 3D model, where the minimum approval values are evident; values greater
than 0.5, which corresponds to the "regular" value of the evaluation, ensure approval and lower
values are considered as failure.
4. Conclusions
In conclusion, with the use of fuzzy logic, embedded in a web application, an increase from 40.52%
to 82.76% was achieved, which allowed validating that the use of fuzzy logic, implemented in a web
system, is favorable for the indicator number of practicing students.
It is concluded that for the indicator number of supervised visits to the pre-professional internship
center there was an increase of visits to the pre-professional internship centers by the pre-
professional internship supervisors quite considerable equivalent to 42.24% since at the beginning
the supervised visits were on average 40.52% per semester and after the implementation of the
software the sales were on average 82.76%.
It is concluded that the indicators number of students practicing and the number of supervised
visits to the center of pre-professional practices allow a favorable measurement for the
management of pre-professional practices validating that these are concluded in a correct way and
that they increase in quantity and therefore there will be more graduates for the university.
It is recommended to optimize the internship computer system by developing a new project
solution following the MVC (Model View Controller View) software architecture pattern that will
help to separate the data and business logic of the internship system, thus facilitating maintenance,
component reuse and scalability of the application.
It is also recommended to improve the organization of the employability workshops to be more
precise the workshop of Induction of pre-professional practices, it could be considered the use of
the google calendar for the scheduling of the workshops mentioned on the website and other
media that the Communications office uses for the dissemination of our event thus informing
students the schedule of the workshops in a timely manner for their registration and participation.
It is recommended to continue conducting periodic studies on the satisfaction of students who are
doing internships, since in many surveys the suggestions presented by the students show which
changes or problems are the most critical in order to address them in a timely manner, even more
so if they are related to the internship computer system.
Finally, it is also recommended to make an evaluation about the programming language to be used
in a future new version of the internship computer system, since the public universities can use the
reculate framework for the projects that are developed in the corporation can also adopt the
Python programming language that has additional advantages to the language used in the present
pre-professional internship system (PHP) since most of the web applications used in the
corporation and also in the development industries that use Python with R.
When evaluators provide qualitative values, we resort to the use of evaluation tools using the fuzzy
logic technique, resulting in a result that can be worked on, as is the case with the evaluation of
reports, where a report result is required, for which the fuzzy logic technique is very helpful.
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