=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-3869/p02
|storemode=property
|title=Solar Trees: Harnessing Renewable Energy for Portable
Charging of Low-Capacity Devices
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3869/p02.pdf
|volume=Vol-3869
|authors=Shaimaa H. Kamel,Luttfi A. Al-Haddad,Afraa H. Kamel,Mohsin N Hamzah,Alaa Abdulhady Jaber
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/icyrime/KamelAKHJ24
}}
==Solar Trees: Harnessing Renewable Energy for Portable
Charging of Low-Capacity Devices==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3869/p02.pdf
Solar Trees: Harnessing Renewable Energy for Portable
Charging of Low-Capacity Devices
Shaimaa H. Kamel1,* , Luttfi A. Al-Haddad2 , Afraa H. Kamel3 , Mohsin N Hamzah4 and
Alaa Abdulhady Jaber5
1
Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Technology- Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq
2
Training and Workshops Center, University of Technology- Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq
3
Chemical Engineering Department, University of Technology- Iraq, Alsinaa Street 52, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
4
Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Technology- Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq
5
Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Technology- Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq
Abstract
A solar tree is a structure that incorporates solar energy technology, like the branches of a tree. Solar trees aim to highlight
the vision of solar energy technology, and the main objective of the project is to draw attention to the possibility of exploiting
clean energy, which is one of the important aspects of our daily lives, as phones have become an indispensable element, so
charging them is of the same importance. Given how quickly smartphone batteries run out, the charger has become one of
the most essential items in our bags. We travel with it everywhere and can’t live without it, but it always puts us in a difficult
situation when we are somewhere without access to electricity or are on a long trip and don’t have time to find a place to
charge. We had to devise ways to charge the phone and run low-capacity devices because of the phone and the deteriorating
energy problem. This was no longer limited to thinking but rather came into effect. Because of the current era’s emphasis on
artistic and technological aspects, the shape of the solar tree was specifically chosen. The concept came about because trees
can use sunlight to perform a process known as "photosynthesis," which helps to maintain the ecosystem. With solar cells
affixed to the branches in a manner that allows them to be adjusted in different directions based on the angle at which the
sun’s rays are incident, the construction was modeled after tree branches, an inverter that changes the cell output voltage to
the amount required by the batteries to be charged. To keep these pieces in the proper shape, they were positioned inside a
box representing the tree’s roots. Because of this, we have a portable charger that can run on clean, renewable energy at any
time of day. Additionally, this tree is positioned as close to the window as possible to receive as much sunshine as possible.
The design can be implemented in the form of a large tree on the roads and public areas that add an aesthetic view—phones,
laptops, and operating low-capacity devices.
Keywords
Solar Energy Technology, Renewable Energy Charging Stations, Solar Tree Design, Sustainable Power Solutions, Portable
Solar Chargers.
1. Introduction abrupt shutdown of cell phones owing to low battery
power prohibits individuals from hurrying to their place
Smart devices, such as mobile phones, always switch of employment, market, school, college, office, train, bus,
on, consuming their batteries wherever they are [1, 2, etc. The use of renewable energies are arising in many
3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Mobile phone recharging requires a spe- different applications [14, 15, 16, 17, 18]. It would be cru-
cific time and location and energy is always needing less cial if we could give these individuals the ability to use
consumption [8, 9]. Phones, along with satellites, are renewable energy sources whenever they need it, on the
being used in a heavy manner for the applications of road, to instantly charge smart devices [19]. Numerous
communication and other purposes [10, 11, 12, 13]. The studies have been conducted thus far to address the issue
of offering smart device charging capabilities. A com-
ICYRIME 2024: 9th International Conference of Yearly Reports on mon characteristic of these advances is that they all rely
Informatics, Mathematics, and Engineering. Catania, July 29-August
1, 2024 totally or partially on renewable energy sources, such
*
Corresponding author. as solar, wind, etc., for their power generation [20, 21].
$ shaimaa.h.kamel@uotechnology.edu.iq (S. H. Kamel); Some of these developments are portable, while others
Luttfi.a.alhaddad@uotechnology.edu.iq (L. A. Al-Haddad); are big, stable charging stations. While the majority of
afraa.h.kamel@uotechnology.edu.iq (A. H. Kamel); them are meant for personal use, some may also have
Mohsin.N.Hamzah@uotechnology.edu.iq (M. N. Hamzah);
Alaa.a.jaber@uotechnology.edu.i (A. A. Jaber) commercial uses in mind.
0000-0003-4261-6500 (S. H. Kamel); 0000-0001-7832-1048 Due to the ongoing power outages and the rising cost
(L. A. Al-Haddad); 0000-0002-3976-7116 (A. H. Kamel); of oil extraction, solar energy has emerged as the most
0000-0002-5974-5301 (M. N. Hamzah); 0000-0001-5709-195X popular energy source [22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. Anyone may
(A. A. Jaber)
© 2024 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License use solar chargers because they are easy to use, portable,
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
9
CEUR
ceur-ws.org
Workshop ISSN 1613-0073
Proceedings
Shaimaa H. Kamel et al. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 9–18
and readily available, especially in remote places. Fuel 2. Experimental Approach
reliance is an issue that can be resolved with the usage of
solar energy [27, 28]. Especially for charging the phone 2.1. Experimental Parts
and operating low-power devices. The "Solar PV Tree"
2.1.1. Photovoltaic modules
idea combines art and technology in a novel way to create
solar PV. This novel concept was regarded as an attempt Silicon solar cells have recorded maximum efficiencies for
to combine artistic beauty with cutting-edge solar en- home and commercial use, and it is estimated that 80% of
ergy technology. In essence, the solar tree is a decorative all solar panels sold worldwide are made of silicon [36].
method of generating clean energy. It features a struc- The first generation of solar cell technology included
ture shaped like a tree with panels placed like leaves monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar cells, while the
on a power tree’s limbs. A solar tree is a structure that second generation consisted of amorphous silicon and
has solar panels covering it to capture solar radiation thin film technologies. The third generation introduces
and use it to power laptops, cell phones, and other tiny some new and exciting solar PV module technologies like
electrical devices. The solar PV tree can capture inci- copper, zinc, and tin sulphide (CZTS) solar cells, dye solar
dent sunlight throughout the day, regardless of the sun’s cells, organic solar cells, polymer solar cells, quantum dot
location, because the panels are set at different angles solar cells, etc. though modern technologies are being
[29, 30, 31, 32]. developed Silicon continues to be the most widely used
The goal of this paper is to create a mobile solar charger solar cell technology.
that can be used anywhere. Simply put, a solar-powered
mobile phone charger is an electronic energy device that 2.1.2. Cables for connecting modules
uses solar radiation to create electrical current, which can
then be used to power low-power gadgets and recharge PV modules are subject to atmospheric conditions such
mobile phone batteries. There will be a thorough and in- as rainfall, snow accumulation, solar radiation, and high
depth discussion of a few experiments that were utilized temperatures. For secure connections between modules,
in the various solar tree designs. Although there have cables with excellent mechanical strength are needed
been technologies employed in the past, they are very for use in conditions of high mechanical stress, dry and
different from the technology utilized in this research. humid conditions, high-temperature conditions, and high
There are other approaches and concepts for creating the solar insolation.
solar tree, and we were unable to locate any that were
comparable to the research that is currently in use. 2.1.3. Inverter
Atique Sheikh’s research focuses on installing solar PV
The main use of an inverter is to convert direct current
modules on a pole and attaching branches to tilt them at
to alternating current for the solar panel. Efficiency is
a 40-45 angle for better sunlight [33]. Six branches with
also the most important for energy optimization.
solar panels and a pole with one rotating panel provide
power for small households. The solar tree, with seven
panels, produces 25 volts and 1.71 amps, making it ideal 2.1.4. Batteries
for parks and schools. The system is rotated using a DC Deep-cycle batteries have been used in renewable and
motor. Moreover, K. Ramesh Kumar and his group [34], sustainable energy applications around the world for
designed a tree structure based on a natural tree, with decades. Some commonly used batteries in solar PV
a sturdy base and solar panels positioned at 30° and 45° system applications are: lead acid batteries, lithium-
tilt angles. The structure maximizes sunshine production ion batteries, lithium-ion polymer batteries, and nickel-
while preventing panel shadows. The tree’s branches cadmium batteries.
must be sturdy enough to support the weight of the pan-
els, ensuring stability and capturing more sunlight. This 2.1.5. Structure
design is effective in conserving land and generating
electricity. There is no standard structure for a solar tree, it can be
Solar PV modules are installed on a 12-foot high, 3- designed creatively to make it look appealing to the eye
inch diameter pole made of galvanized iron pipe [35]. and consume less space while avoiding the shading effect
The tree features eleven square branches angled between on the leaves/panels.
40-45 degrees for more sunlight. A tilt mechanism allows
the single solar panel to be angled at different times of 2.2. Detailed components of the solar tree
the day. According to Ayneendra B1 and his group made
designed and manufactured:
a design that benefits the environment, saves money, and
is inexpensive for homes, increasing power by 50% and 1. Solar cells and the dimensions of the solar cell (45
extending sunlight collection time by up to 50% [35]. mm x 45 mm) as in Figure (1).
10
Shaimaa H. Kamel et al. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 9–18
4. 7805 Regulator to convert the fluctuating voltages
of the voltage source into fixed and stable voltages
as in Figure (4).
Figure 1: Solar cell
2. A solar controller (Mppt solar controller) to re-
ceive the voltage from the solar cells and convert
it to charge the battery at a more appropriate
level, as in Figure (2).
Figure 4: Regulator 7805
5. Dual USB port (5 volts, 1 amp) as in Figure (5).
Figure 2: Solar controller
Figure 5: Dual USB port
3. 2S Battery monitoring system to collect and dis-
play useful data such as battery voltage, power 6. Lithium battery (3.7 V, 10,000 mAh) as in Figure
consumption, estimated remaining operating (6).
time, current consumption, battery temperature,
and more as in Figure (3).
Figure 3: 2S battery monitoring system
Figure 6: Lithium battery
11
Shaimaa H. Kamel et al. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 9–18
7. Pinned wires, as in Figure (7).
Figure 7: Striped wires Figure 8: Structure of the solar tree
8. Solar tree structure the structure is made of tree-
shaped strings to achieve an artistic and modern 3.1. Data Visualization and Experimental
look. This structure was first formulated using Results
finite element approaches and then printed using
A. Solar cell characteristics:
3D printers [37, 38]. This structure consists of a
Using the PV analyzer, we found:
pole with 12 branches similar to the shape of tree
Vopen = 2.11 v
branches. Each branch is connected to a frame
Ishort = 80.1 mA
that holds the cell by a ball joint. This ball joint
Imax = 79.1 mA
provides the possibility of directing the cell at
B. Power of one cell:
different angles according to solar radiation. The
Using a photoelectric analyzer, we found:
structure is installed over a box designed to hide
P= I*V
the previously mentioned parts, as in Figure (8).
at an optimum angle (Angle = 90∘ )
solar radiation = 963 Wh/m²
3. Calculations and Theoretical P= 0.079 * 2.11= 0.1659W
𝜂𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 15.65 %
Work C. Average solar radiation:
The Baghdad region enjoys more than 3,000 hours of
The terms are explained in Table (1):
bright sunlight throughout the year and receives more
than 5 kW/m2 of solar radiation on average per year.
Table 1 D. The capacity of the used battery:
Terminology Characteristics of the battery used:
Symbol Description
i. D.O.D = 40%
ii. Battery voltage = 3.7V
V Voltages iii. 𝜂 = 95%
I The current Using (2) 3.7V, 10000mAh lithium batteries and con-
P Ability
necting them in parallel we get a total capacity of
E Intensity of solar radiation
𝜂 Efficiency 20000mAh
Depth of discharge (DoD) refers to the percent- In parallel:
D.O.D age of the battery that has been discharged VT = V1 = V2
relative to the total capacity of the battery. IT = I1 + I2
A The angle of incidence of sunlight VT = 3.7 V
However, the power is capacity x voltage, so it is
(20,000 mA x 3.7 V) / 1,000 = 74 watt
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Shaimaa H. Kamel et al. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 9–18
E. Charging rate:
We used 12 cells, connected every 6 cells in series, and
merged them in parallel:
The total voltage is 12.6 v
And current 160.2 mA
Charging rate = 2.016 w
F. Battery charge time:
• Battery power: 74Wh
• Charging rate: 2.016W
Charging time = (battery power × D.O.D) / (charging
rate× battery efficiency)
(74Wh×40%) ÷ (2.016×95%) = 15hr 45min
The connection was made as in Figure (9), which shows
the electronic circuit diagram.
Figure 10: The final form of the solar tree
Figure 9: Electronic circuit diagram
The final appearance of the solar tree is as in Figure Figure 11: Charging the phone using the solar tree
(10), Figure (11), and Figure (12) shows how to charge the
phone using the solar tree.
1. Home charging: The basic application is a dedicated
4. Methodology Implementation charging within the home. Users can easily charge their
low-power devices such as smartphones, tablets, smart-
4.1. Applications watches, and wireless headphones.
2. Office and Workplace: The indoor solar tree can be
An indoor solar tree designed to charge low-power de-
placed in offices, workplaces, or home offices to provide a
vices has a wide range of potential applications within a
sustainable charging solution for electronic devices used
residential or indoor environment. Here are some appli-
while working.
cations where this device can be used effectively:
13
Shaimaa H. Kamel et al. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 9–18
while enjoying a meal or coffee.
7. Conferences and Trade Shows: Organizers can use
these trees to provide charging solutions at conferences,
trade shows, and exhibitions where attendees often need
to recharge their devices.
8. Exhibits and museums: In cultural institutions,
solar-powered trees can provide a way for visitors to
charge smartphones used in guided tours and interactive
exhibits.
9. Residential complexes: Residential complexes, con-
dominiums, and apartment buildings can install indoor
solar trees in common areas so that residents can charge
their devices.
10. Environmental education: Educational institu-
tions and environmentally concerned organizations can
use the solar tree as an educational tool to demonstrate
the benefits of renewable energy and sustainable tech-
nology.
11. Emergency charging: During a power outage or
emergency, a solar-powered tree can serve as a reliable
source of power for essential appliances such as flash-
lights, radios, and emergency phones.
12. Sustainable technology exhibitions: Companies
specializing in renewable energy and sustainable tech-
nology can use the solar tree as a display piece in their
showrooms or at trade shows.
4.2. Features
1- Integrating highly efficient solar panels into the design
to capture and convert light into electricity.
2- It includes a built-in battery storage system to store
excess power generated during the day, ensuring contin-
uous charging of the device during low light conditions
or at night.
3- Install a variety of charging ports to accommodate
different types of devices, such as USB-A, USB-C, wireless
Figure 12: Powering the Light Pad using the solar tree charging pads, and even traditional power outlets for
versatility.
4- Implement an easy-to-use interface with indicators,
3. Schools and educational institutions: These so- touch screens, or LEDs to display battery status, available
lar trees can be installed in schools and libraries, allow- charging slots, and power generation data.
ing students to charge their devices such as laptops and 5- The tree is designed with movable and rotatable solar
tablets while studying or researching. panels so that we can move it towards internal lighting
4. Public spaces: In indoor public spaces such as malls, sources to obtain maximum energy capture.
airports, and libraries, these solar-powered trees can pro- 6- Safety features such as surge protection, over-current
vide a convenient charging option for visitors and travel- protection, and temperature monitoring to ensure safe
ers. charging.
5. Hotels and Hospitality: Luxury hotels can use these 7- Create an attractive and decorative design that comple-
trees in their lobby areas or guest rooms to provide guests ments the interior spaces, incorporating elements such
with a unique and environmentally friendly shipping as branches, leaves, and aesthetic finishes.
experience. 8- Improving the energy efficiency of the system to re-
6. Restaurants and cafes: Placing indoor solar trees duce energy loss during charging and storage.
in dining areas allows customers to charge their devices 9- Use durable materials that can withstand indoor con-
ditions and provide a long-lasting charging solution.
14
Shaimaa H. Kamel et al. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 9–18
10- Provides users with insights into their energy con- Table 2
sumption and the environmental impact of using the Values of (E, I, V, P) before connecting the solar controller to
solar tree. the system
11- The possibility of exploiting clean energy is one of
E (w/m) I (A) V (v) P (w) 𝛼(∘ )
the important aspects of our daily life, as phones have
become indispensable items, and therefore charging them 208 0 2.3 0 90
is of the same importance. 281 0 3.4 0 90
12- Choosing the shape of the solar tree in particular due 362 0.01 5.3 0.053 90
572 0.08 9.2 0.736 90
to the importance of the artistic aspect as much as the
709 0.12 12.1 1.45 90
technological aspect in the current era. The idea was 890 0.14 12.5 1.75 90
inspired by the ability of trees to carry out the process of
“photosynthesis” using sunlight, which would contribute
to preserving the environment. Table 3
13- Light-weight and small-sized batteries were used, Values of (E, I, V, P) when connecting the solar controller
which allows the solar tree to be transported to any place
E (w/m) I (A) V (v) P (W) 𝛼(∘ )
to store solar energy and benefit from it at times of weak
sunlight, in addition to the inverter that converts the 248 0 0 0 90
voltage coming out of the cells into the value that the 276 0 1.3 0 90
373 0.01 3.4 0.034 90
batteries need for charging. By incorporating these fea-
642 0.06 3.7 0.22 90
tures into our solar-powered indoor tree, we can create 780 0.082 4.3 0.35 90
an easy-to-use and efficient device that not only charges 932 0.091 4.5 0.4 90
low-power devices but also promotes sustainability and
environmental awareness indoors.
5. Results and Discussion
Readings of both solar radiation intensity, current, and
voltage were taken using a solar irradiator and multime-
ter to calculate the output power of the system and the
time it takes to charge the battery, which indicates the
effect of the solar controller on the system and the results
obtained will be discussed.
We took readings in two cases to show the effect of Figure 13: The relationship between solar radiation intensity
the solar controller and energy before connecting the solar controller to the sys-
Case (1) Table (2) below represents the values of (E, I, tem
V, P) Before connecting the solar controller to the system,
the maximum voltage in this case (12.5) must be reduced
to the battery voltage. For this reason, the solar energy
controller must be used as in Table (2).
Case (2) Table (3) When the solar controller is con-
nected, the maximum voltage will be reduced to (4.5)
and the current will decrease despite the lower voltage,
resulting in the voltage and current being regulated at
the same time as in Table (3).
The relationship between solar radiation intensity and
energy, as shown in Figures (13) and (14), can be ex-
plained by considering the basic principles of physics Figure 14: The relationship between the intensity of solar
radiation and energy when connecting the solar controller
and the nature of electromagnetic radiation.
Solar radiation emitted by the Sun consists of elec-
tromagnetic waves that carry energy. Solar radiation
intensity refers to the amount of energy carried by ra- On the other hand, energy is the rate at which energy
diation per unit area per unit time, usually measured in is transferred or delivered per unit of time. In the context
watts per square meter (W/m²). It represents the flow of of solar radiation, power is often referred to as solar
energy at the surface. radiation and is also measured in watts per square meter
15
Shaimaa H. Kamel et al. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 9–18
(W/m²). 6. Conclusions
The relationship between power and force is direct
and proportional. Mathematically, it can be expressed as This study successfully designed and implemented a solar
follows: tree that integrates aesthetic and functional elements to
Force = Intensity x Area provide a renewable energy solution for charging low-
where: power devices such as smartphones and laptops. The
Power: represents the total amount of power received innovative design, inspired by the natural process of
per unit time (watts). photosynthesis, employs strategically placed solar panels
Intensity: Density represents the amount of energy per on branch-like structures to maximize sunlight capture
unit area per unit time (watts per square meter). throughout the day. Through rigorous testing, the system
Area: The area represents the surface area over which demonstrated the ability to maintain continuous power
radiation is received (in square meters). supply as it effectively managed solar energy capture and
This relationship shows that the energy received from storage. Key findings included the solar tree’s capacity to
solar radiation depends on the intensity of the radiation adjust panel angles dynamically for optimal sun exposure
and the size of the surface area that intercepts the radi- with a noted significant enhancement in the charging
ation. If the intensity of solar radiation doubles while efficiency. The study also confirmed the practicality of
the area remains the same, the energy received will also the solar tree in various indoor settings, showcasing its
double. potential to blend into urban environments while offering
It is important to note that this relationship assumes substantial power output.
that the receiving surface is perpendicular to the incom- Future research should focus on improving the effi-
ing radiation and that there are no losses or interactions ciency and scalability of the solar tree design to further
between the radiation and the receiving surface. its application in diverse environments. Exploring ad-
In short, the energy received from solar radiation is vanced materials for solar panels and battery storage
directly proportional to the radiation intensity and the could enhance the system’s performance and durability.
size of the receiving surface area. Additionally, the integration of smart technology to track
The graphs show the relationship between power and sun movement and optimize panel angles automatically
solar radiation intensity in each case, and we can see could increase the energy efficiency and user convenience
in case (1) the power is higher than in case (2) due to of the solar tree. Considering the rapid advancement in
the lower voltage and current after connecting the solar photovoltaic technology, subsequent studies might also
controller. evaluate the integration of newer solar cell types that
The time to obtain a fully charged battery depends on could offer higher efficiencies or better aesthetic inte-
the intensity of solar radiation, which varies depending gration. Lastly, expanding the scope to include outdoor
on the time of the day. Table (4), will show the time applications could help in understanding the environ-
required to obtain a full charge (6) time within one day. mental impacts and benefits of deploying solar trees in
The average time needed to get a full battery charge is larger public spaces.
(17 hours), when compared to theoretical calculations, it
takes an additional 1 hour and 15 minutes for an actual
full charge which causes the battery efficiency to not
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