Advances and Recent Applications of BlockChain Technologies: the Model of Blockchain Ecosystem in India

Abstract

Blockchain technologies have been characterized by innovative applications. Several countries adopted these technologies for several purposes. India government launched a specific program for implementing them in several sectors. The paper presents a review of the main applications and related trials for adopting blockchain within the Indian country. It results an overall framework ready for implementing other innovative applications.

Keywords

• eol>Blockchain
• Smart Contract
• Internet Of Things

1. Introduction

of Doing Business" by enabling organizations to communicate via a reliable channel and lowering their reIn the last years blockchain technologies have increased liance on onerous regulatory scrutiny and compliance. their interest in both from scientific and industrial sec- Blockchain could make life easier by empowering cititors [ 1 ]. They have the power to completely transform zens with qualities like accountability, decentralization, citizen-business, government, and corporate interactions and transparency. The main applications and trials dein ways that were unimaginable even ten years ago. Fre- fined in India are Land registration, Blood Bank Public quently associated with other technologies like artificial Distribution System (PDS), Remote Voting, GST chain intelligence (AI) or the Internet of Things (IoT), the tech- [ 8 ]. nology stands out due to its fundamental characteristics.

The evolution of the electronic devices is another important building block for the market success of blockchain 2. Land Registration [ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ]. Several are the sectors impacted by the blockchain, e.g. supply chain, eGovernment, eHealth, etc. In India, property ownership is proven through presumpThe present paper aims to describe the national program tive land titling (RoR), a chain of documents that provide for implementing blockchain technologies and associated evidence of title transfer over time [ 9 ]. The Revenue trials in India. In section 2 the land registration applica- Department maintains land records, which are subject tion is described, and in section 3 the Blood Bank. The to state laws. The system facilitates land mutation, storPublic Distribution System (PDS), Remote Voting, and ing and maintaining information about land ownership, GST Chain are described in sections 4, 5, and 6. Finally, cultivators, crop growth, irrigation sources, rights, and liin section 7 conclusions are drawn abilities [ 10 ]. The Record of Rights document is required

Blockchain can redesign the actual procedures to un- for farmers to obtain government subsidies. Registration cover new sources of eficiency and value, in contrast departments use independent software to upload docuto other technologies that can provide people and other ments, undergo approval processes, and obtain biometstakeholders with whole new services [ 1 ]. Given the rics. The sale deed document is printed, and signatures size, diversity, and complexity of the procedures required are obtained for future issuance of certified copies. in providing a range of public services, Indian governance faces particular dificulties. Blockchain presents 2.1. Challenges special opportunities for resolving problems by enhancing governance. By permitting "self-regulation," India can make significant progress in enhancing the "Ease properties are sold based on tampered records. Multiple purchasers may also keep properties under dark.

3. Blood Bank

3.1. Objective

2.2. Proposed System

BlockChain Technology (BCT) has been used recently

Land records data must be stored on the blockchain, with along with cloud services and AI based algorithm that are approval from Revenue functionaries and digital signa- nowadays commonly implemented in the healthcare and tures. Certificates issued by the Revenue Department educational systems[ 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 5 ]. Expecially can be used by other agencies for verification processes. BCt has been implemented also in blood bank systems Transactions related to change of ownership, such as sale, ensures patient safety by verifying blood quality and exloan, mortgage, or crop updating, require blockchain data piry, excluding unsafe donors, and ensuring availability verification. The registration department retrieves details of blood among stakeholders, thereby providing trust in from the blockchain to verify ownership before initiat- the system [17]. The chain allows for the assessment of ing a sale. Smart contracts can automatically initiate blood quality, donor history, verification of blood details, mutation requests, update rights and liabilities, and fa- maintaining sample integrity, and ensuring availability of cilitate payment of subsidies to farmers. Eligibility can blood from blood banks. In India, 90% of blood donations be ascertained from the blockchain for specific types of are conducted in camps, but unsafe blood can still enter farmers. testing and infect patients. Challenges include donor authentication, identification, and filtration. A centralized platform is needed for blood donors. The National AIDS 2.3. Benefits Control Organization reported 2,234 HIV infections due The proposed system aims to centralize data for faster to bad blood transfusions in the last 16 months, with over disposal of subsidy and mutation requests, eliminate the 14,000 infections in the last 7 years. Lack of a centralized need for trusted authorities, and ensure farmers’ land donor registry and unique identification programs also ownership cannot be changed by spurious individuals. contribute to the problem. Blood Chain aims to align Farmers can obtain loans and update liability details in blood donation drives with regional requirements and the Record of Rights, while the system also ensures that technological advancements by bringing all stakeholdthe same benefits do not reach the same farmer multiple ers on one platform. Blockchain technology provides a times. The system will also provide a repository of trans- shared ledger for business transactions, providing a sinparent, trusted, and tamper-proof property registration gle point of truth and transparency. This distributed and documents, allowing citizens to verify ownership details replicated data structure allows multiple nodes to make and history before purchasing property. transactional changes, ensuring asset provenance and traceability. BlockChain can be applied to any industry and ensures asset provenance and traceability. Hyperledger Sawtooth is an enterprise blockchain platform for building, deploying, and running distributed ledgers. It allows developers to code in their preferred language and separates the core system from the application domain, allowing them to specify transaction rules, permissions, and consensus algorithms. Sawtooth’s use case includes BloodBank, recording transactions from donor registration to hospitals.

3.2. Supply Chain Management

Liquor manufacturers import spirits/alcohol using

Blockchain-certified permits, ensuring details and quantity are available. Transactions are recorded through diferent levels on the Blockchain. The process involves transferring raw materials from truck to warehouse, storing data during blending, bottling, entering liquor cartons, and exiting packed liquor using Blockchain-certified permits. The manufacturing warehouse is now fully integrated with the Blockchain Network.

3.3. Distributed Ledger

Server 2012, sending transactions to the middle layer

node.js API, and creating transactions according to SAWTOOTH at the client level.

Traditionally, Liquor Industry transactions involve trusted third-party entities, but this can lead to trust is- 4. PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION sues and compromised services. Current business ledgers SYSTEM (PDS) are costly, and susceptible to misuse, tampering, and corruption. These uncertainties lead to disputes, costly The public distribution system (PDS) distributes subsirefunds, and delayed reconciliations. Blockchain technol- dized ration to cardholders monthly. However, it lacks ogy in distributed ledger systems uses a unique crypto- accountability throughout the supply chain, leading to graphic signature for each record, creating a permanent leakages. Blockchain technology can help manage this record of all stakeholders’ transactions in a Blockchain by integrating the entire supply chain, from procurement Network. This information is accessible to all stakehold- to disbursement [ 23 ]. ers in the deal. The Distributed Ledger has also a strong impact on other important sectors, e.g. innovative and 4.1. Process Flow interoperable communication networks [18] video applications [ 19 ] or energy systems [ 20, 21, 22 ].

Farmers cultivate food grains, which are procured by the

government under minimum support price (MSP). Millers 3.4. BlockChain Benefits for B2B & B2C collect and hull the grain, which is then distributed to state godowns, block godowns, and fair price shops for The Blockchain Network captures the entire manufac- beneficiary distribution. Government agencies register turing supply chain, allowing consumers to verify the millers, and farmers deposit produce and receive payment quality of liquor directly through Batch No. and QR code based on quantity supplied. Millers process and transport on bottle labels, and buyers to verify permits without the commodities to storage points. third-party trust. BlockChain technology can significantly reduce HIV rates in developing countries by using Node.js as a client application with local RDBMS SQL

4.2. Role of BlockChain

Blockchain technology can eliminate payment delays for farmers based on miller procurement. It ensures nonrepudiation of transactions, sealing data provenance. The decentralized distributed ledger allows stakeholders to make decisions based on local data. Payments can start immediately without waiting for miller hulling, making each transaction non-time critical. This eliminates the need for a public chain with transporters. It can be very useful in the case of multimedia and video applications.

4.3. Current status of POC

The POC application for PDS is a Python web application

with three stakeholders: miller, farmer, and admin user. It interacts with blockchain node and RDBMS, covering PDS procurement processes. Registration modules write registration details to blockchain and database, while data updating modules read and update data.

5. REMOTE VOTING

The remote voting system, a Blockchain-based distributed system, allows migrants and in-service voters to

cast their votes from their work, saving time and money, and boosting voter turnout. The system securely stores remote vote details on a Blockchain, allowing returning oficers to download encrypted votes for counting on the day of counting [17].

7. Conclusions

6. GST CHAIN

The Central Board of Secondary Education has implemented a GST Chain using BlockChain Technology to record transactions and maintain tax liabilities, ensuring transparency and accountability in GST management.

Scientific communities and several companies are interested in implementing blockchain technology in diferent market sectors, including supply chains, e-government, e-health, and automotive. The India country has already implanted diferent applications. From the review presented in this paper a very important framework to be used for developing and implementing other innovative applications. Future works are focused on them.

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