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|title=A Literature Mapping of the Congress of Latin American Women in Computing (LAWCC) Papers
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3872/paper2.pdf
|volume=Vol-3872
|authors=Maristela Holanda,M. Elena García-Díaz,Alexandra González-Eras,Carolina González-Süllow,Alicia García-Holgado,Gabriela Marín-Raventós,Donna A. Roper,Germania Rodriguez-Morales,Rosiane de Freitas
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==A Literature Mapping of the Congress of Latin American Women in Computing (LAWCC) Papers==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3872/paper2.pdf
A Literature Mapping of the Congress of Latin American
Women in Computing (LAWCC) Papers⋆
Maristela Holanda1,* , M. Elena García-Díaz2 , Alexandra González-Eras3 ,
Carolina González-Süllow4 , Alicia García-Holgado5 , Gabriela Marín-Raventós6 ,
Donna A. Roper7 , Germania Rodriguez-Morales8 and Rosiane de Freitas9
1
Universidade de Brasília, Brazil
2
Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay
3
Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Ecuador
4
Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay
5
Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
6
Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica
7
Universidad de Panamá, Panamá
3
Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Ecuador
9
Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Brazil
Abstract
The lack of gender diversity in the field of Computer Science and Engineering is a challenge in Latin America
(LA). The Congress of Latin American Women in Computing (LAWCC) has had an important role in publishing
inclusion activities in Latin American countries. This is carried out as part of CLEI (Conferencia Latinoamericana
de Informática, in Spanish). The objective of this paper is to show a historical vision of the 15 years of LAWCC
publications, and how these have reported on the challenge of disseminating the computing field to the female
audience in LA. This would help researchers understand how knowledge has progressed and topics that address
gender disparity. This is one of the reasons why we need to have this information documented. These works are
allowing us to foster collaboration and synergy with other groups, strengthening solidarity among women. The
methodology used for this paper was based on literature mapping of the publications in LAWCC during these
conference years.
Keywords
Women, Latin American, Computing, STEM
1. Introduction
As elsewhere in the world, the computing area in Latin America has been mostly male. To reduce the
gender diversity gap, several countries have developed activities to include more women in computing.
The Latin American Women’s Congress in Computing (LAWCC) is an important space for women
from this region to meet. LAWCC provides a space for discussion, integration, and sharing for women
in computing in Latin America.
In this context, this paper presents a literature mapping of papers published in LAWCC. The papers
were written by more than 240 authors from 15 different countries. Brazil and Costa Rica stand out as
the countries with the highest number of authors.
Proceedings XVI Congress of Latin American Women in Computing 2024, August 12–16, 2024, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
*
Corresponding author.
$ mholanda@unb.br (M. Holanda); mgarcia@pol.una.py (M. E. García-Díaz); acgonzalez@utpl.edu.ec (A. González-Eras);
cgonzalez@pol.una.py (C. González-Süllow); aliciagh@usal.es (A. García-Holgado); gabriela.marin@ucr.ac.cr
(G. Marín-Raventós); donna.roper@up.ac.pa (D. A. Roper); grrodriguez@utpl.edu.ec (G. Rodriguez-Morales);
rosiane@icomp.ufam.edu.br (R. d. Freitas)
0000-0002-0883-2579 (M. Holanda); 0000-0002-3282-8393 (M. E. García-Díaz); 0000-0002-5305-7882 (A. González-Eras);
0009-0008-3602-5003 (C. González-Süllow); 0000-0001-9663-1103 (A. García-Holgado); 0000-0001-6898-0234
(G. Marín-Raventós); 0000-0002-7898-0710 (D. A. Roper); 0000-0001-8932-9213 (G. Rodriguez-Morales); 0000-0002-7608-2052
(R. d. Freitas)
© 2024 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR
ceur-ws.org
Workshop ISSN 1613-0073
Proceedings
Table 1
LAWCC
Edition Year City Country Chair
I 2009 Pelotas Brazil Claudia B. Medeiros and Gabriela Marín Raventós
II 2010 Asunción Paraguay Gabriela Marín Raventós
III 2011 Quito Ecuador María E. Urquhart
IV 2012 Medellín Colombia Gabriela Marín Raventós
V 2013 Naiguatá Venezuela Yudith Cardinale and Maria Carolina Monard
VI 2014 Montevideo Uruguay Andrea Delgado and Yudith Cardinale
VII 2015 Arequipa Perú Raquel E. Patiño Escarcina and Andrea Delgado
VIII 2016 Valparaíso Chile Marcela Varas and Gabriela Marín Raventós
IX 2017 Córdoba Argentina Rosiane de Freitas and Irene Loiseau
X 2018 Sao Paulo Brazil Gabriela Marín Raventós and Rosiane de Freitas
XI 2019 Ciudad de Panamá Panamá Donna Angela Roper and Ariella Quesada
XII 2020 Loja Ecuador Germania Rodríguez and Alicia García-Holgado
XIII 2021 San José Costa Rica María Estrada and Alicia García-Holgado
XIV 2022 Armenia Colombia Maria Elena Garcia-Diaz and Maristela Holanda
XV 2023 La Paz Bolivia María Elena García-Diaz and Veronica Gil-Costa
The rest of this paper is divided into the following sections: Section 2 describes the Methodology,
Section 3 provides the Results, in Section 4 there is the Discussion and finally in Section 5, the conclusions.
2. History of LAWCC
LAWCC has been held since 2009 as an associated Centro Latinoamericano de Estudios en Informática
(CLEI) conference. The main objective is to highlight the research, interest, and achievements of women
in the various areas of computing to encourage the active participation of more women. With this
effort, it is expected to identify the challenges of women in the area of Information Technology and
Telecommunications (ICT), in teaching, in the labor market, and research. It seeks to find ways to
address recurring problems related to gender and interaction with society in this context.
Table 1 presents all LAWCC editions. Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador hosted the conference twice.
Professor Gabriela Marín Raventós stands out as having participated in the organization of LAWCC
five times.
3. Methodology
This literature mapping used the LAWCC public proceedings. The LAWCC papers were distributed on
the event’s edition websites since its first edition in 2009. We searched the internet to find papers from
2009 to 2019. Starting with the 2020 edition, the proceedings were indexed in CEUR and Scopus. All the
papers presented in this paper are open-access. This mapping aims to answer the following questions:
• RQ1: How many papers were published by year?
• RQ2: Which languages are used to write the papers?
• RQ3: Which countries published in LAWCC?
• RQ4: Who are the authors with the highest number of published papers?
• RQ5: What topics do the paper cover?
4. Results
4.1. RQ1: How many papers were published by year?
Figure 1 shows the number of papers published yearly in LAWCC. The first edition of LAWCC was in
2009, but in 2012 articles began to be published. The average number of papers published in the last six
years was 13.5, with the year 2023, having the highest number of papers, 19.
Figure 1: Number of papers by years.
4.2. RQ2: Which languages are used to write the papers?
LAWCC papers can be written in Portuguese, English, and Spanish. Most papers were written in English
(39.2%), Portuguese (32%), and Spanish (28.8%). The countries of Latin America have Spanish as their first
language, except Brazil, which has Portuguese as its language, Figure 2 presents the papers’ languages
by year. Papers written in English had a constant growth from 2019. In the 2021 edition, all papers
were written in English and in 2022 and 2023, there were no papers written in Spanish. The increase in
articles in English happened because LAWCC has made an effort to increase the dissemination of work
carried out in LA, and the publication of papers in CEUR encouraged the writing of papers in English.
Figure 2: Number of papers by Years.
4.3. RQ3: Which countries published on the LAWCC?
The papers were written by authors from 14 countries in Latin America. Three papers had a collaboration
with authors from Spain. Brazil and Costa Rica had the highest number of papers. Table 2 presents the
countries with their papers.
Table 2
Countries and Paper
Countries Quantity Papers
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]
[13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23][24]
Brazil 50
[25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35][36]
[37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50]
[51][52][53][54][55][56][57] [58][59][60][61][62]
Costa Rica 26
[63][64][65][66] [67][68][69] [70][71][72][73][74] [75] [50]
Ecuador 7 [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] [82]
Colombia 5 [83] [84] [85] [86] [87]
Bolivia 5 [88] [89] [90] [91] [87]
El Salvador 5 [92] [93] [94] [95] [96]
Paraguay 5 [97] [98] [99] [100] [101]
Argentina 4 [102] [103] [104] [105]
Panama 4 [106] [107] [108] [50]
Uruguay 4 [109] [110] [111] [112]
Spain 3 [72] [113] [86]
Venezuela 2 [114] [115]
Chile 2 [116] [117]
Cuba 1 [118]
Mexico 1 [119]
4.4. RQ4: Who are the authors with the highest number of published papers?
More than 240 authors wrote LAWCC papers. Table 3 presents the authors with at least four papers.
As may be seen, all authors are from Brazil or Costa Rica. This answer is related to the previous one,
where Brazil and Costa Rica are the countries with the highest number of papers. Cristiano Maciel (9
papers), Rosiane de Freitas Rodrigues (8 papers) and Aleteia Patrícia F. de Araújo (7 papers), Gabriela
Marín Raventós (7 papers), and Maristela Holanda (7 papers) are the authors with the highest number
of papers.
Table 3
Authors, Papers and Country
Author Quantity Country
Cristiano Maciel 9 Brazil
Rosiane de Freitas Rodrigues 8 Brazil
Gabriela Marín Raventós 7 Costa Rica
Aleteia Patrícia F. de Araújo 7 Brazil
Maristela Holanda 7 Brazil
Karen da Silva Figueiredo Medeiros 6 Brazil
Ariella Quesada Rosales 6 Costa Rica
Iyubanit Rodríguez Ramírez 5 Costa Rica
Luciana Bolan Frigo 4 Brazil
Eliane Pozzebon 4 Brazil
4.5. RQ5: What topics do the paper cover?
To comprehensively analyze the covered topics in the papers, we established 11 categories based on
the themes addressed by the papers, which were analyzed by a Text Mining analysis. These categories
were identified through a review of the papers by deep learning algorithms and LLM models, to capture
the diversity and complexity of the topics discussed. Finally, the results were analyzed and validated by
experts. The categories are:
1. Women’s Participation in Education and the Tech Industry
2. Gender Studies and Analysis in Computer Science and Technology
3. Initiatives and Programs for Women’s Inclusion and Promotion in STEM
4. Analysis of Public Policies and Institutional Strategies
5. Professional Development and Entrepreneurship in Computing for Women
6. Experiences and Case Studies in Education and the Tech Industry
7. Reflections and Perspectives on Women’s Participation in STEM
8. Sociocultural Analysis and Studies in the Context of ICT
9. Early STEM Education and Awareness
10. Research on Female Participation in Computer Science and Technology
11. Challenges and Opportunities in Career and Job Market
As observed in Figure 3, the largest number of articles are found in category 3, which present
various initiatives and programs aimed at promoting the inclusion [63, 33, 41], advancement, and
empowerment of women in STEM fields [6, 4, 87]. It covers a wide range of efforts, including mentorship
programs [21, 43, 111, 80, 112], outreach initiatives [4, 5, 18, 77, 36, 113], and advocacy campaigns
[13, 109, 119, 45, 120].
Figure 3: Research category.
Secondly, there is category 10 which involves academic research specifically dedicated to understand-
ing and analyzing the factors influencing female participation in computer science and technology
fields [88, 1], including quantitative and qualitative studies investigating barriers [2, 3, 30, 79, 24, 74],
motivations [61, 106, 92, 97], and trends [8, 65, 94, 65] related to women in these domains.
Thirdly, category 9 comprises articles emphasizing initiatives and efforts aimed at introducing
STEM education [11, 28, 29, 69, 91] and fostering awareness among young learners [17, 25, 32, 78, 44],
particularly focusing on encouraging girls’ interest and participation in STEM from an early age
[10, 23, 39, 12].
Fourthly, categories 2 and 7 where the category 2 is focus on academic research and analysis regarding
gender dynamics within the fields of computer science and technology [114, 103, 72], involving studies
examining gender disparities [14, 104], biases [102, 15, 16], and perceptions in these areas [53, 118, 20, 67].
Otherwise category 7 encompasses reflective pieces and diverse perspectives on women’s participation
in STEM fields [89, 116, 105], including personal narratives [37, 116, 34], opinion pieces [90, 76, 35], and
scholarly reflections on the status, challenges, and opportunities for women in STEM [42, 70, 81].
In fifth place is category 6 which involves sharing and analyzing real-life experiences and case studies
related to education and employment in the tech industry, with a focus on women’s perspectives
[83, 121, 46, 98, 93]. It provides insights into challenges, successes, and best practices in promoting
gender diversity and inclusion [26, 66, 71, 110, 84]. In sixth place is category 5 which addresses the
professional growth and entrepreneurial endeavors of women in computing, including discussions on
career advancement opportunities [57, 58, 62, 47], skill development programs [75, 82], and initiatives
supporting women-led startups in the tech industry [108, 99]. In seventh place is category 8 delves
into the sociocultural aspects influencing ICT (Information and Communication Technology) adoption
and usage, with a specific focus on gender dynamics [36, 31, 98], examining societal norms, cultural
perceptions, and social structures shaping women’s engagement with ICT [68, 19, 117, 100].
Finally, in eighth place are categories 11, 4, and 1, where the category 11 focuses on examining
the involvement and representation of women in educational settings related to technology and their
participation in the tech industry [56, 59, 60], emphasizing the educational and professional pathways
for women in the tech sector [38, 107, 95]. Otherwise, category 4 analyzing governmental policies
and institutional strategies aimed at promoting gender diversity and equality in STEM fields [55, 64,
73], assessing the effectiveness of existing policies and recommending improvements [27, 86, 100].
Finally, category 1 addresses the challenges and opportunities encountered by women in pursuing
careers in STEM fields and navigating the job market [52, 7, 22], exploring issues such as gender-based
discrimination, work-life balance, and career advancement prospects [51, 54, 85].
4.6. Publication trend of the topics over time
Figure 4 shows the publication trend of the topics and the number of articles in each category over the
years; as can be observed, the category Women’s Participation in Education and the Tech Industry has
a total of 6 publications over the years, concentrated in the years 2012, 2017, 2018, and 2023, with a
single publication in each of them; the category Gender Studies and Analysis in Computer Science and
Technology has 14 publications, increasing from the year 2016, with a peak in 2018 with 4 publications.
In the category Initiatives and Programs for Women’s Inclusion and Promotion in STEM, there are 23
publications, with a steady increase from 2014 to 2020, with a maximum of 4 publications in 2017, 2020,
and 2023. The category Analysis of Public Policies and Institutional Strategies has 6 publications, which
are irregularly distributed, with peaks in 2018 and 2023 with 2 publications.
5. Discussion
Since 2018, the LAWCC conference has maintained an average number of papers published at 13.5 per
year. In this way, the LAWCC, with its 15 years of the edition, has shown its importance in disseminating
publications of actions to include women in computing in Latin American countries.
LAWCC has expanded the publication of papers in English since 2018. In the year 2021, all published
papers were in English. Writing an paper in English facilitates access to the world of actions carried
out in Latin America on the subject.
Brazil and Costa Rica have the most publications. Brazil is the largest country in Latin America and
has a project by the Brazilian Society of Computing called Digital Girls, which justifies being first on
this list. Regarding Costa Rica, it is possible to observe that the researcher Gabriela Marín Raventós has
carried out many actions in Costa Rica for the inclusion of women in Computing.
Regarding the authors who published the most in LAWCC, all of them are involved with the inclusion
project of women in Computing in their countries. A highlight for Professor Cristiano Maciel who was
one of the co-founder the Digital Girls project of Sociedade Brasileira de Computação.
Regarding the topics covered by the analyzed articles, it can be observed that the categories "Initiatives
and Programs for Women’s Inclusion and Promotion in STEM" and "Professional Development and
Figure 4: Trend of the topics.
Entrepreneurship in Computing for Women" show a steady increase in publications over the years. This
suggests a growing interest in developing programs and policies aimed at fostering women’s participa-
tion in STEM and promoting their professional development in the field of technology. Additionally, the
category "Gender Studies and Analysis in Computer Science and Technology" also shows an increase
in publications starting from the year 2016, indicating a heightened interest in understanding and
addressing gender issues in the field of computer science and technology.
Similarly, categories such as "Research on Female Participation in Computer Science and Technology"
and "Experiences and Case Studies in Education and the Tech Industry" demonstrate a more even
distribution of publications over the years, suggesting a continuous focus on researching and analyzing
women’s participation in computing and technology. On the other hand, although categories like
"Analysis of Public Policies and Institutional Strategies" and "Challenges and Opportunities in Career
and Job Market" have fewer publications compared to other categories, they still reflect the importance of
addressing policies and institutional strategies to foster gender equity in STEM and overcome challenges
in the job market.
6. Conclusion
This paper presents a mapping of papers published at LAWCC, the Latin American congress that
works to disseminate Latin American work on the topic of women in computing. During the 15 years
of publication, 120 papers were published from 14 countries in Latin America, and three papers in
collaboration with researchers from Spain. In terms of the topics addressed by the articles, these
categories reflect a comprehensive exploration of various aspects related to women’s participation in
STEM. This ranges from academic research and analysis to practical initiatives and policy considerations.
Additionally, they demonstrate a trend suggesting a growing interest and commitment to addressing
women’s participation in computing and technology, as well as developing initiatives and programs to
promote inclusion and professional development for women in STEM. However, there are still areas
that require more attention and focus, such as the development of policies and institutional strategies
to address the specific challenges faced by women in the field of technology.
In future work, an analysis of published papers will be carried out to have a literature review of the
effective actions for including women in computing. To conduct a deeper exploration of the topics and
the impact of the analyzed articles, aiming to identify specific themes and trends for potential research
topics, through content analysis strategies.
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