Modelling temporal healthcare data supports medical professionals to comprehend disease patterns, evaluate patient histories, identify relationships in clinical events, and make informed predictions for improved patient care [1,2]. A number of RDF-based approaches to modelling temporal data in KGs exist, including "standard reification", and "singleton property" [3,4]. However, to the best of our knowledge, the current RDF based temporal data modelling approaches have not been systematically evaluated using a healthcare use case. Existing approaches have produced different results in terms of complexity, and performance which require further evaluation and comparison [5]. In this study, an evaluation framework is proposed to evaluate temporal data modelling approaches in KGs. The evaluation framework components consist of six phases including data modeling approaches identification, use case identification, KG creation, KG hosting, KG deployment, metrics identification and evaluation. The evaluation framework was applied to a healthcare use case that addresses modeling medication data for patients with the rare disease anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) Associated Vasculitis (AAV) in FAIRVASC [6,7] project. The framework will guide data and knowledge engineers in evaluating various temporal data modeling approaches within KGs.

Two well-known approaches for adding temporal data to a KG were chosen including singleton property and standard reification. The evaluation was performed based on the six phases of the evaluation framework and the healthcare use case. The dataset contains a total of 600 patients. The data included details regarding the medications utilized for patients, including both the start and stop dates for each medication. Two ontologies were designed based on identified approaches, RDF data was generated using the R2RML engine. RDF data were imported into a triple store. A competency question was designed and RDF data was queried using SPARQL.

The comparative analysis between the singleton property and standard reification approaches provides insights into their performance and complexity within the realm of RDF data modeling. In terms of modeling complexity, the standard reification approach is more complex than the singleton property approach. While assessing performance metrics, there isn't a notable difference between the two approaches, primarily attributed to the limited size of the dataset. Table 1-Experiments results based on modelling complexity and performance.

This study proposed an evaluation framework for evaluating temporal data modeling approaches in KGs. The framework can guide data and knowledge engineers in evaluating various temporal data modeling approaches within KGs. With this knowledge, they will be able to choose the methods that will best meet their needs when modeling temporal health data in graph databases.