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{{Paper
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|title=Data mapping in national libraries (abstract)
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==Data mapping in national libraries (abstract)==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3905/abstract2.pdf
Data mapping in national libraries (abstract)1
Ana Carolina Novaes de Mendonça1,2*, †, Felipe Augusto Arakaki2, 3, †,
Fernanda Farinelli 3,†, Ana Carolina Simionato Arakaki,2,†
1
Brazilian Institute of Science and Technology, SAUS Q 5, L 6, Bl H, Brasília, DF, Brazil
2
Graduate program in Information Science, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
3
Faculty of Information Science, University of Brasilia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro - DF, 70297-400 , Brasilia, Brazil
Abstract
Semantic Web technologies have provided solutions, offering significant opportunities for improving
and optimizing information search and retrieval processes, especially in the bibliographic domain.
Although the representation tools used in the bibliographic universe are already consolidated, many
new information resources have been created, making some guidelines obsolete. Libraries are
therefore faced with the challenge of revising their representation processes and tools to make them
more suitable for the new technological demands. These adjustments and updates require a review
and change of theoretical and methodological paradigms, such as the use of ontologies, which are
essential for organizing and representing knowledge. Ontologies define structured frameworks using
classes and properties, enabling libraries to make their data more interoperable and accessible.
Currently, much bibliographic data is published in formats that limit interlinking with other datasets,
restricting data accessibility. Berners-Lee's core principles, along with best practices from the World
Wide Web Consortium (W3C), emphasize using URIs, standard protocols, and linked data to enable
discovery and connection across datasets. Libraries hold vast amounts of valuable data, but existing
systems often fail to make it accessible on the Web in an open, connected format. In Brazil, no
institutions have yet fully implemented Linked Open Data (LOD) practices to address these
challenges. Research problem: How to structure national library data based on the principles of
connected open data. The aim is to map the data and identify the processes required for the
publication of connected open data by libraries. The research is ongoing and is currently in the phase
of identifying the data and metadata models used by each library. Methodology: This research is
characterized as qualitative, exploratory and theoretical, using the Crosswalk method, proposed by
the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) in 1999, for data analysis. The Crosswalk
method enables interoperability between systems that use heterogeneous metadata standards. It
involves harmonization, semantic mapping, element-to-element mapping, and the organization of
metadata hierarchically. The crosswalk process can encounter challenges, such as one-to-one, one-
to-many, and many-to-one equivalences. To manage these challenges, a general mapping approach
was adopted, focusing on the compatibility of the classes and properties proposed by each of the
analyzed institutions. First, the metadata standards were mapped individually, followed by the
creation of a comprehensive table that presents an overall view of all the standards. In this context,
the metadata from national libraries that share linked open data were mapped. The research universe
was based on a survey that identified eleven national libraries that publish linked open data, including
the Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana (BAV), Biblioteca Nacional de España (BNE), Bibliothèque
Nationale de France (BnF), British National Bibliography (BNB), Deutsche Nationalbibliothek (DNB),
Finnish National Bibliography (FENNICA), Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB), Library Information System
of Swedish National Union (LIBRIS), Library of Congress (LC), National Library of Iran (NLAI),
National Library of Medicine (NLM), and National Széchényi Library (NSZL).The mapping process
began with the identification of each institution’s metadata and its complexities. Property classes
were then separated, and comparisons were made based on each schema's terms and the definitions
provided by the institutions regarding classes and properties. These definitions helped with the
semantic alignment of the terms. In some cases, the terminology and scope of the classes were
Proceedings of the 17th Seminar on Ontology Research in Brazil (ONTOBRAS 2024) and 8th Doctoral and Masters
Consortium on Ontologies (WTDO 2024), Vitória, Brazil, October 7-10, 2024.
∗
Corresponding author.
†
These authors contributed equally.
mnovaesana@gmail.com (A.C.N. Mendonça); felipe.arakaki@unb.br (F.A. Arakaki); fernanda.farinelli@unb.br
(F. Farinelli); acsimionato@ufscar.br (A.C.S. Arakaki)
0009-0004-0285-9932 (A.C.N. Mendonça) 0000-0002-3983-2563 (F.A. Arakaki); 0000-0003-2338-8872 (F. Farinelli);
0000-0002-0140-9110 (A.C.S. Arakaki)
© 2024 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR
ceur-ws.org
Workshop ISSN 1613-0073
Proceedings
identical, which facilitated the creation of an absolute crosswalk. In more complex cases, where
different terminologies but similar scopes of use were observed, a relative crosswalk was applied.
Results: The results so far show that libraries have specialized metadata, reflecting their
particularities, but varying in use and description. Preliminary results show that while most libraries
share core classes, variations in terminology and structure exist. For example, BIBFRAME, presents
a more granular and detailed classification system with numerous subclasses that differentiate
between various bibliographic aspects. This contrasts with institutions like the National Library of
Medicine (NHI), which uses more specialized classes focused on medical concepts, reflecting its
domain-specific needs. Similarly, some libraries, like the Biblioteca Nacional de España (BNE),
prioritize metadata classes related to biographical descriptions and associated images, utilizing
external sources such as Wikipedia for these elements. On the other hand, the Koninklijke Bibliotheek
(KB) in the Netherlands emphasizes classes related to access types, such as those governing the
distribution and access of digital resources. In terms of properties, there are also significant variations.
For example, the National Library of Medicine uses properties like accrual periodicity to indicate the
frequency of item additions, while the Koninklijke Bibliotheek defines accessType properties to
specify the type of access permitted for collections. Final Considerations: In conclusion, while
libraries share common metadata elements, the variation in their use, structure, and descriptions
highlights the influence of each institution's unique context and standards. For effective
harmonization of metadata between different systems, it would be beneficial to develop a common
vocabulary or mappings that explain these variations in scope, as future work on this mapping.
Keywords
Linked Data, Semantic Web, Metadata, Ontology, National Library.
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements of support from the National Council for Scientific and Technological
Development (CNPq) for the projects: Linked data publishing in libraries: theoretical-
methodological proposal for SIBISC, CNPq Universal nº 409407/2021-6, Connected authority
data for libraries: theoretical and methodological proposal for SIBISC, CNPq Universal nº
421178/2023-0 and the Brazilian Institute of Information in Science and Technology (Ibict).