=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-3942/S_10_Zaslavskyi
|storemode=property
|title=
The Impact of Climate Change and Military Conflicts on the Safety and Livelihood of Bee Colonies
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3942/S_10_Zaslavskyi.pdf
|volume=Vol-3942
|authors=Volodymyr Zaslavskyi,Ihor Volokhovych
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==
The Impact of Climate Change and Military Conflicts on the Safety and Livelihood of Bee Colonies
==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3942/S_10_Zaslavskyi.pdf
The Impact of Climate Change and Military Conflicts on
the Safety and Livelihood of Bee Colonies⋆
Volodymyr Zaslavskyi1,†, Ihor Volokhovych1∗†
1
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrs'ka str. 64/13, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
Abstract
Beekeeping is one of the most significant activities in the modern world and is a major contributor to
agricultural practices and the wellbeing of the environment due to the services and products made by the
bees. Still, bee colonies experience unprecedented challenges propelled by climate changes and military
conflicts. The availability of nectar is heavily affected by climate change. Moreover, it affects bees foraging
patterns compelling the many species of bees to adapt to the new latitude. Military conflicts impact on
beekeeping practices as a direct threat by destroying the hives, uprooting the beekeepers, and poisoning
the foraging grounds. Despite this, such issues, including the issue of reporting accuracy can be remedied.
Usage of enhanced artificial intelligence tools and satellite analysis can be deployed to solve issues. Such
technologies can be instrumental in analyzing environmental transformations due to conflict and its impact
on bees and their management to reduce risks. The emerging approaches in the incorporation of technology
into beekeeping prove useful in curbing the effect of environmental changes and human disturbances on
bees. It is different and almost impossible to over emphasize that steps are warranted to save the bees from
both threats and continue with their expansion which is critical in keeping the ecosystem and food security
in check.
Keywords
beekeeping, climate change, satellite data, machine learning, automation, biodiversity1
1. Importance of Beekeeping for Pollination and Ecosystem
Preservation
Beekeeping, the practice of managing honeybee colonies, is of vital importance to society and the
economy (Fig. 1). Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are the primary pollinators for many wild plants and
crops, making them crucial for ecosystem stability and agricultural productivity [1,2]. In addition to
pollination services, beekeeping also yields valuable products like honey, beeswax, propolis, royal
jelly and pollen. There are over 20,500 bee species worldwide, but most research and public attention
has focused on the western honeybee, Apis mellifera, due to its extensive use in beekeeping and crop
pollination [3–5]. Honey is the most well-known bee product, with an estimated annual global
production of 1.85 million tons. It has long been used as a natural sweetener and in traditional
medicine for its antibacterial properties [6].
Another important product that could be utilized in the poles would be beeswax as this has a high
potential within the cosmetic, candle making, and even food processing industries. The service
provided by bees in facilitating pollination is of great value as it helps to optimize and expand
ecosystems. About three-quarters of angiosperms are animal-pollinated and bees are the most
important pollen-gathering animals. The reproduction of wild flora is achieved by bearing seeds
which enhance genetic and ecological diversity of the population [7].
8th International Scientific and Practical Conference Applied Information Systems and Technologies in the Digital Society
AISTDS’2024, October 01, 2024, Kyiv, Ukraine
∗
Corresponding author.
†
These authors contributed equally.
zaslavskyi.volodymyr@knu.ua (V. Zaslavskyi); vol_ihor@knu.ua (I. Volokhovych)
0000-0001-6225-1313 (V. Zaslavskyi); 0009-0004-8915-2525 (I. Volokhovych)
© 2024 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR
ceur-ws.org
Workshop ISSN 1613-0073
Proceedings
However, in recent years, there has been growing concern over declines in bee populations
globally. While colony losses are not a new phenomenon, the extent and rate of recent declines,
particularly of wild bee species, is alarming [2,8]. Anthropogenic factors like habitat loss, pesticide
use, climate change, ongoing military actions, chemicals release into the atmosphere and spread of
pests and pathogens are considered major drivers of these declines [1]. To mitigate these threats,
comprehensive measures are needed to protect natural resources and promote sustainable
beekeeping practices.
Figure 1: The multifaceted importance of beekeeping: Agriculture, Economy, Environment and
health
The decline of wild bee populations remains an alarming issue that deserves the greatest concern
and tends to be overlooked. Much like honeybee colonies who are also in decline, there are also wild
bees which ought to be given equivalent attention to ensure their non-extinction. Ferocious
pollinators such as bumblebees and singular bees, along with managed Apis differ from wild bees.
As we are stating in this article, there is a need to give a critical analysis to ensure the problem
concerning the disappearance of wild bee population is sufficiently solved. The specific objectives
are:
• Assess the major anthropogenic drivers contributing to losses of wild bee populations,
including habitat disturbance, climate change, pesticide exposure, and spread of pests and
pathogens
• Evaluate how different stressors may interact to impact wild bees at the individual and
population levels. Explore a "holobiont" approach considering bees and their microbiomes
for understanding environmental effects [10]
• Point out what these critical gaps in our knowledge of wild bee declines are, for instance, the
scarcity of toxicological data available on non-Apis species and the limited understanding on
the effects on the population level.
• In line with the above, explain the ecological and economic effects of lowering wild bees’
population including the disruption of plant pollination systems and the negative effects on
the provisioned pollination service for agricultural crops and natural vegetation.
• Emphasize the importance of targeting more attention to wild bees through research,
conservation, and policy responses, and propose ways of how it would be possible to slow
down the observed decline, including restoring habitats, better management practices, and
minimizing the use of pesticides and harmful substances.
This review seeks to highlight a significantly less explored yet more crucial aspect of sustainable
bee conservation through the examination of existing works in relation to the causes and
consequences of bee and other wildlife depletion. The breadth of possibilities stretches even further
considering the intricate interrelations of contributing factors to the issue concerning the well-being
of all bees’ kinds and species. But most crucially, the aim remains to generate interest in appealing
to such profoundly crucial pollinators and ecosystems that are dependent on them, while taking
measures to counteract the collapse in wild bee populations.
2. Impact of Climate Change on Bee Populations, Beekeeping
Practices, and Apicultural Products
Climate change affects beekeeping, bees’ variability around climatic regions, and the production rate
of bee hives. Amid global warming and climate fluctuations, it becomes difficult for bees to settle on
the existing conditions. Climate change may lead to the change of the flowering seasons of the plants
which call for bees and flowers to be there at the same time, a scenario that may not occur when the
flowering times of the plants shift abnormally to the timing of bee emergence. This disparity leads
to low honey yields. Climatic changes also impact the number and distribution of the bee species,
some cannot survive in a warmer temperature. Due to climate change, many of bee nations are
moving to higher altitudes and further north than where they used to reside [11].
Nevertheless, some species might not be such efficient and could cause limited extinction and
decline in the pollinators (Table 1) [12]. Finally, in order to stop the effects of climate change on the
practice of promotion of the beekeeping culture, it will be necessary to apply all sorts of bee varieties
and manage the areas where the particular bees shall be brought to coexist. Following the maximum
diversity principle, high diversity in bee species is beneficial in the strengthening of not only the
pollination service but also an ecosystem that is primarily aimed at the conservation of bees [13]. On
the other side, there is wild bee diversity which can enhance yields hence the necessity to conserve
more bee diversity. These bees are more efficient, in the climates that they were chosen for, to
facilitate pollination within their ranges.
Table 1
Impact of temperature on Bees
Temperature Apis Mellifera Activity Impact on Honey Production
Range (°C)
Below 10°C Minimal to no activity Low production
10°C – 22°C Increasing activity, dependent on light Moderate production
22°C – 25°C Optimal activity High production
25°C – 38°C Activity continues but may decline High production
Above 38°C (38°C) Activity declines Potential decrease in production
The survival of global bee populations and beekeeping is in jeopardy and climate change is the issue
at hand. The environmental balance that bees maintain is being greatly altered by the increasing
temperatures, new precipitation patterns and increasingly harsher weather. The challenges bees
encounter, such as the mismatch between the timing of their flight from colonies and the flowering
of plants, lack of water and food sources and colony over stress all worsen. Therefore, to support
sustainable beekeeping practices the effects of climate change on bees need to be thoroughly
researched and dealt with.
Rising temperatures and unpredictable weather patterns cause bees to adapt more and more
which in turn leads to consequences for Climate change that has a direct and unparalleled influence
on beekeeping, the geographical and climate range of the bees, and honeybee products [14]. There’s
also the problem of the timing when bees emerge not being in sync with flowering plants for bees
to pollinate which is caused due to geo climatic changes [15]. This asynchrony, in turn, leads to the
disruption of the proportional relationship of two separate events. This disruption results from lower
amounts of pollination, less production of honey, and a decrease in the general well-being of the
colony [14].
The thermal conditions are also a great factor in determining the existence and the range
distribution of bee species. Many bees have a specific temperature and environment where they live
in. When the temperatures rise due to climate change, certain bee species are forced to relocate to
greater altitudes or farther latitudes to sustain themselves. However, not all species have the ability
to adapt and migrate quickly enough, leading to localized extinctions and a loss of pollination
services in certain areas [16].
For instance, the European honeybee (Apis mellifera) dominates in temperate climates whereas
the hybridization between the species and the Africanized honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata) does
thrive in warmer areas [17]. It is important that this diversity is preserved to ensure the continuity
of pollination services in the future considering the impacts of climate change. For pollination
services, it is critical to preserve a range of bee species to be able to cope across different climates
and landscapes. Changes in weather patterns due to climate change can impact not only the number
of bees but also the amount and quality of bee products.
Increased temperatures may modify the modification of the honey’s composition with the ant
microbial factor thus the honey’s market value may depreciate. In addition, the building of the plants
and the phenology of the plant in relation to nectar production may compromise the honey amounts
produced. Rising temperatures and altered precipitations patterns attributed to climate changes
would affect the productive capacity of beekeeping. Therefore, principles of adaptive management
in the face of climate change as well as sustainable management need to be emphasized. Such
management-oriented practices would include protecting crops from pesticide exposure, monitoring
bee health and within-because involvement of various flower sources [18]. Preserving natural
habitats and establishing pollinator-friendly landscapes can also help maintain bee diversity and
resilience [19].
So, climate change is expected to have very serious effects upon bees, and the activity of beekeeping.
Increasing temperature, changing precipitation and increased frequency of storms and droughts are
accounting for a mass imbalance in the life of bees. Such analytical studies, along with understanding
the particular vulnerabilities of diverse honeybee species, would help in formulating specific and
effective bee conservation policies. Beekeepers have to defend adaptive management planning as the
best principle to defend colonies and develop their handing off evolution into hibernation. Passive
and positive measures have to be taken in order to restore and create biotopes that would appeal to
bees and be good for them. As such, one may envisage the consequences of climate change for bees
and the prospects for specific kinds of beekeeping in order to increase the effectiveness of the
management of system resources and the critical role of bees in ecosystem maintenance.
3. Impact of Military Conflicts on Beekeeping and Bee Populations
Wars and armed conflicts are one of the greatest threats to the practice of beekeeping, the bee
population and the bees’ products. Wars and armed conflicts are described as the destruction of
infrastructure, displacement of population and environmental pollution; all of the above have
destructive and enduring consequences to bees and the practice of beekeeping. Among the other
opportunities availed at bees due to the warfare are chemical weapons, contamination in the form of
heavy metals and loss of proper foraging habitats. It is necessary to rapidly evaluate the
characteristics of military conflicts towards bees and to take actions to save such vital pollinators for
permanent beekeeping in such areas.
Military conflict is likely to bring about dire impacts on bees and beekeeping, and even result in
abusing the bees and their products. Moreover, these effects possess the potential to be enduring as
well. With armed conflict, the infrastructure is usually destroyed, there is mass displacement of the
population, and the environment gets polluted, all of this together hinders beekeeping and the
survival of bees. During military conflict heavy metals and a variety of other pollutants are released
into the atmosphere, and this becomes one of the gravest threats for bees in conflict zones. Chemical
contaminants can seep into bee products, such as honey and beeswax and prove to be detrimental
for humans and the environment. Several research pieces have been published highlighting that
Lead, Cadmium and a range of other toxins are found in honey sourced from countries afflicted by
war [20].
Besides the chemical contaminants, chemical warfare is also a great cause of distress for bees in
regions engulfed in conflict [21]. Bee populations get obliterated when chemical weapons and other
hazardous materials are used during military operations, and that has a devastating influence on
them. These chemicals result in an increase in the likelihood of Bee dying, a reduced tendency to
search or look for food and impacts the immune system in a negative way [21]. The implications that
chemical warfare results in for bees and the overall ecosystem are catastrophic in nature, albeit we
do not fully understand the long-term repercussions of such a conflict.
In addition to chemical exposure, other sociocultural and geographical aspects such as bees’
limitless accessibility to flowers - which could prove detrimental during a violent military
confrontation - must be taken into account too, as these factors can easily strain the ecosystem.
Forest degradation, and the use of farmland during a conflict can have brutal consequences in the
scope and location where bees gather pollen. Taking into consideration wars in Europe, especially
in the territories of Western Balkan, it had been impossible to find and work with local bee colonies
due to environmental challenges. Beekeepers usually return alongside armed conflicts and other
uncontrolled scenarios, proving to be a problem as well because they tend to forget beekeeping
techniques, turning beekeeping and bees into more troubled entities.
On the flipside, narrowly defined military conflicts can lead to increases in bee populations. The
example of the Korean War is quite relevant because it involved a no-man's land between two
militaries, allowing certain currently endangered species of bees to extend their habitat into the
warzone, which became a biodiversity reserve due to the absence of humanity and landmines,
creating a biological niche in which bees and other animals thrived [22].
Notwithstanding the conflicting elements induced by military warfare, apiculture practices can
equally take part in post war rebuilding and in peace processes. By embedding beekeeping initiatives
into humanitarian and development programs, communities can rebuild their agricultural
foundations, restore ecological balance, and support the livelihoods of those affected by conflict,
thereby strengthening trust and cooperation across previously divided groups. There seems to be a
need to formulate conflict sensitive strategies in relation to the protection of bees and sustenance of
the beekeeping practice in order to mitigate conflicts effects on this practice and the bee population.
These strategies may include the creation of buffer zones where bees can survive in spite of
ongoing military activities, the continuing promotion and improvement of both local and modern
best beekeeping practices and educating the masses on the different functions of pollinators in
economic development, food security, and cultural preservation. It will also be essential to take
measures towards strengthening interstate relations, including international cooperation towards
these environmental issues, which cut across borders therefore making it possible to promote respect
and co-management of the natural resources in war affected areas.
Furthermore, reaching out to already existing strong networks of beekeepers, researchers, policy
makers and non-governmental organizations will be highly critical in ensuring that the best
approaches as well as the support. The existing and new monitoring and decision support systems
based on modern technology enable reporting and detection of new and expected threats in a timely
manner in order to prevent delayed responses and actions. In this way, more sophisticated satellite
imaging, predictive modelling with the aid of artificial intelligence as well as automated sensors for
hives can all help in the establishment of an early warning system designed to assist local
communities in making timely and preventive rather than corrective decisions.
Further, measures have to be put in place to ensure that legal and enforcement mechanisms are
effective and deter the deliberate destruction of hives and nesting sites so that the perpetrators are
punished in a suitably harsh manner. Implementing codified prohibitions against the intentional
destruction of animal facilities and habitats, while facilitating the proper implementation of
procedures and proper support for fair legal adjudication can reduce such actions and enhance
confidence in the agencies working to protect the environment and the people. As such, the best
interests and concerns of the relevant social and economic stakeholders speaking to protection of
bees during wars, are not purely ecological but humanitarian in nature as they relate to food security
and economies as well as peoples’ cultures who are dependent on these pollinators.
Apiculture presents itself as a melting pot irrespective of socio-political borders, strengthening
farming systems and representing a resolve towards the ecosystem’s basic web of life even in the
time of war. Through developing a vision for a sustainable future and an enabling environment for
dialogue and actions, it becomes possible to restore the balance between humanity and the natural
environment even in the challenging regions. Such a comprehensive vision that is oriented towards
rational government decisions, advanced technologies and multiparty approaches makes it possible
to expect that the synergetic sound made by bee hives can mend the wounds of war, allowing people
of today and tomorrow to believe that they will prosper.
4. Leveraging Technology for Monitoring and Mitigating Impacts on
Bees
Technological improvements such as satellite information, AI, and automation are likely to increase
the ability to mitigate the consequences of climate change and military action for bees and
beekeeping. Such technologies allow the development of more complex systems for beehive
monitoring with alerting, ensuring optimal placement of beehives, and thus enhancing beekeeping
effectiveness (Fig. 2). It is worth mentioning that proposed architecture includes both visual detection
of bees’ well-being, optimal beehive placement algorithms and analysis services to be able to track
changes in bee’s appearance and availability of harmful diseases. On the other hand, audio service is
proposed to track behavioral changes in each hive. A separate monitoring service, using reactive
instruments, is able to present to the beekeeper all insights and helpful information about each hive,
health and behavior state of bees and alarm about dangerous and unpleasant situations that can put
bees at risk. Accordingly, researchers and conservationists are now able to defend against any loss
of the bees and their surroundings more effectively. Satellite images and remote sensing techniques
aid assessment of the impact of global climate change and wars on the number and the state of the
bee colonies. Such technologies make it possible to observe environmental shifts on a wide scale and
gather essential information on depletion of habitats, shifts in vegetation, and other elements that
are likely to affect bee populations. For instance, satellite-controlled remote sensing can detect
variations in land usage and vegetative coverage that are instrumental in foraging strategy to bees.
Figure 2: A proposed architecture of the IT solution, designed to improve beekeeping efficiency.
By analyzing environmental data such as satellite images, machine learning and artificial
intelligence can be employed to model the reaction of bees towards climate change and war. Such
technologies have the capability of identifying shifts and making predictions regarding the colonies
of the bees which helps in determining the distribution of plants and their impacts on the native bee
species. AI algorithms are capable of processing large amounts of data allowing them to pinpoint
trends and anomalies, consequently making it easier to establish the influence of climate change on
the habitats and behavior patterns of the bee population.
The technologies assist in recognizing trends and forecasting future shifts in the colonies of bees,
which aids the evaluation of the dispersal of alien species and their consequences on indigenous bee
species. The AI algorithms can handle vast volumes of data to identify patterns and anomalies, which
can aid in identifying the overall trend of impact of climate change on habitats and behavioral
characteristics of the bee populations.
AI has been utilized to track the wellbeing and movements of bees through the evaluation of
camera footage along with sensor data attached to hives. This method allows closer and more
informative insight regarding bees from a colony level instead of an individual level, thus aiding in
formulating and determining what might pose a threat to the health of a bee. As a result, AI can assist
in determining both habitat loss and habitat gain which is especially important for conservation.
Integrating automation coupled with digitalization allows for bee population trends in a wider
context of global changes such as warfare and climate change to be better understood. With the aid
of multifaceted drones, information can be collected to determine and identify events affecting the
bee population to help in addressing potential environmental problems. This is extremely useful
when aiming to detect threats or develop long-term conservation goals. In this context, predictive
analytics are useful in answering the likelihood of a specific species becoming endangered in case of
deteriorating global conditions.
Artificial Intelligence especially serves as a great resource in determining environmental and
human elements that can threaten bees along with other conservationists. It is also possible to come
up with measures targeted at saving particular populations should any irregularities arise.
Automated technologies like electronic monitoring of hives and drones, for example, can greatly
improve the evaluation of bee states and activities in real time. With these technologies, different
stress-related threatening factors in a bee colony can be identified at the early stage, making it
possible to carry out remedial actions, thus ensuring that great loss of the colonies does not occur.
With the latest electronic monitoring devices and cameras, conditions within a beehive such as
temperature, humidity as well as the levels of bee activity can be monitored wirelessly. These systems
collect a stream of data that can be analyzed for abnormalities that may point to imminent threats
aimed at bee health [24].
Drones fitted with cameras in addition to sensors can get pictures of hives and the surroundings
and detect changes in land use patterns or vegetation in the area that may be detrimental to the
survival of bees [24]. There are increasing reports that deep learning models for agricultural field
segmentation are helpful in precision beekeeping. Such models can determine the optimal locations
for placing beehives by modelling various environmental parameters and forecasting where hives
would flourish best [24]. Climate change and military activity effects on global bee populations can
also be modelled using deep learning technologies via the usage of time series and satellite imagery
which can provide information on how these variables influence bee habitats and even their
behaviors [24].
Real-time assessment of the state and actions of a bee colony can be done using automated
systems that include electronic monitoring of hives and the use of drones that have a real-time view
of hive activities. These devices would assist beekeepers and scientists in monitoring the traces of
stress for the colonies, thus enabling loss prevention. It is also worth mentioning the construction of
agriculture field segmentation products applying deep learning methods for the purpose of solving
tasks in precision beekeeping, such as optimized beehive location [25].
Satellite image analysis and time series data, together with modern technologies such as machine
learning and artificial intelligence, can be efficiently utilized in addressing the threats presented by
climate change and military activities to the bees. To begin addressing such problems, for example,
there is currently a project that develops a platform that incorporates drones and deep learning
techniques with satellite images to monitor bee health and beekeeping in war areas. Such approaches
allow global conservation programs to define more accurately what parts of the earth should have
their ecology saved.
However, the importance of assuring that bees are sufficiently insulated against the potential
military and combat activities and adverse climatic conditions cannot be understated.
As much as technological resolutions are important, it must be acknowledged that factors such as
climate change and military missions leave an impact on the populations of bees, which require
concurrent efforts managed by researchers, practitioners, and local communities. Strategically
beneficial measures are for instance, improving land ecology, creating conservation areas, and raising
public awareness about the relevance of bees for economy and biodiversity [24]. This joint approach
helps to make sure that the conservation and protection measures are holistic and cover active and
ongoing processes.
The combination of modern electronic monitoring and UAV drones, deep learning technologies,
drones and UAVs guarantee rapid monitoring and management of bee population in any location.
These technologies improve our potential to anticipate stress in bees, properly arrange hives and
check the health of bees in different climates. Nevertheless, these successful conservation efforts
also require combined action of all interested people to ensure the appropriate use of emerging
technologies to safeguard bees and their environment.
5. Conclusion
As a last remark, it needs to be reiterated that beekeeping is very important; it ensures food
security to all world citizens, allows for biological diversity, and facilitates various functions of an
ecosystem biology. There are crops which need bees, have them as pollinators and yield products,
thereby enhancing agricultural productivity and natural ecology’s balance. But, alas, bees and the
beekeeping business face real obstacles including global warming, military conflicts, and other
societal influences. The potential influence of global warming could harm the distribution and
dynamics of bee populations, interfere with plant-bee synergies, and, ultimately, lower the output
and efficacy of bee related resources. Military conflicts could severely damage the storage and
processing of plants, bees or beekeepers. These trends are more vividly illustrated in Ukraine, where
such military conflicts have caused systemic and catalytic instability of relations between pollinators,
plants and agriculture, highlighting the need for active measures to be taken.
These challenges are abundant, yet they have the capacity to, however, be alleviated by ensuring
appropriate technological interventions and the promotion of bee diversity. Existing technologies,
especially satellites, usage of modern AI tools, and automation might play a key role and foster the
preservation and stability of the beekeeping industry. Such technologies permit operating
beekeeping under an expanded framework by enabling timely risk factor recognition and integrating
the idea and execution of the information and its processing.
Combat practitioners should also utilize geographic intelligence systems and predictive analytics
to undertake regular monitoring. Information which is collected in conflict-affected areas should also
be employed to identify threats and efficiently utilize resources while being able to better plan for
disaster reversals which is stronger and more adaptive.
For instance, AI assistants can take control of hives by predicting external factors and enhancing
certain decision-making processes in a beneficial manner. Integrating these technological
approaches with policy initiatives and active societal participation is crucial. Where conventional
governance systems might be absent due to the ruptures caused by conflict, the mentioned
integration is critical for rehabilitating and creating the necessary economic and ecological
foundation for sustainable agricultural practices to exist and be durable.
The preservation of bees and their surroundings in the modern world can only be accomplished
by scientists, conservationists and politicians if they cooperate. This involves promoting appropriate
land use policies, establishing national parks and reserves, and fostering appreciation among the
public of the ecological and economic worth of bee colonies. Whereas the information obtained from
impact evaluation can act as a guideline for national level policy formulation it can also inform
specific actions in areas that are most affected so that countries such as Ukraine can benefit from
knowledge and technology in restoring their ecosystems.
Most importantly, invasive bee protection and the ecosystem services dependent on them is a
shared responsibility. This important species and the global food systems that it sustains must be
protected by the beekeeping community, scientists, governmental structures and society as a whole.
Such an integrated strategy, coupled with modern scientific innovations, will ensure beekeeping
practices and biodiversity conservation in the future. Emphasizing these strategies, especially in
today’s context where there is great risk of climate change, social or political instability and even
wars, is encouraging because it suggests a possibility of collective actions that will help ensure a
healthy future for both bees and human beings.
Declaration on Generative AI
During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatGPT, Grammarly in order to:
Grammar and spelling check, and Citation management. After using these tools/services,
the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the
publication’s content.
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