During the last decades, quantum cryptography has been a subject of information security and rapid communications progress. It is extending into devices industry and commercial products. Quantum satellite transmissions have a great potential to become the key technology for assuring the confidentiality and the privacy of the communications in the future commercial networks for a world-width coverage, and thus, to become the driver for the success of the military services, the field of banks, and many others domains. In cellular access networks, the user mobility is a serious problem. Generally, users may, during the same call, go through several diferent base stations, which generate the mechanisms of inter-cell handover or intra-cellular handover. In order to guarantee the higher reliability in quantum information, it is necessary to use the satellite technology in long distance transmission systems. In the present research, free space quantum satellite theory is proved and the scheme of quantum constellation based on handover inter-satellite domain is presented. Based on the several schemes of quantum repeating, a novel idea and new quantum satellite communication system is presented and discussed. The main goal of the present research is to present diferent scenarios and requires the necessary material in the satellite and base station for securing the information or the transmitted signal between the users.
Quantum communications [
A fascinating technological challenge is the establishment of a quantum communication network, which eventually allows quantum communication on a global scale. Most existing implementations of quantum communication schemes are based on the transmission and detection of single photon or entangled photons pairs. With the present technology, the distance that can be bridged is limited, basically by atmospheric attenuation and detected background noise, to some hundred kilometers for both fiber systems and free-space transmission through the atmosphere near the Earth’s surface.
These limitations could be overcome by the use of space and satellite technology [
This is achieved thanks to the satellite and cryptography team in the LSIACIO laboratory in University
of Constantine 1, and thanks to the sets of work of my end-of-cycle Master students. In this article, a
simplified pattern with two planes is considered: the first one, on the satellite side. The satellite sends
the photons to the ground station whatever its position in the sky. While the second one, on the ground
station. It receives the photons and, wherever they come from, sends them to the polarization analysis
device [
The use of satellites for the quantum distribution is our objective (see figure 1). The transmission
of photons using satellites can be considered as a solution for long distance transmissions [
Quantum scenarios involving some problems based on Earth allows sharing quantum transmission between the ground station and the satellite, between two ground stations, or even between two satellites, and thus communicates with terminals using such quantum communication protocols. In the simplest case, a direct uplink to a satellite receiver can be used to perform quantum key distribution (QKD) between the transmitter and the receiver station. also be used to implement a secret key for the transmission of qubits from base stations to satellite, or from satellite to another. The practical challenges that will have to be met in order to implement quantum satellite repeaters and quantum teleportation over large distances will be discussed.
The establishment of quantum communications in space and, subsequently, its use for fundamental
quantum physics experiments and quantum communication applications requires three experimental
operations [
In today’s quantum communications systems, there are two major issues under consideration, that are
the need to extend transmission and control distance, and even more to increase throughput which is
key in secure communication [
The use of LEO satellite constellations, as global communication networks [
The communication system allows the optical link between two terminals mounted respectively on a LEO satellite which is in a low earth orbit (LEO) and a dedicate other satellite which is in a geostationary one (GEO), the distance between the two terminals is about 45,000 km (in the worst case). The mission scenario foresees an optical link from LEO to GEO /or LEO to LEO and an optical link and/or from GEO to ground station. Our objectives with this scheme are coupled quantum cryptography transmission or BB84 protocol with the main survey of networks by a demonstration of satellite constellations constitutions and the diferent interfering factors: the satellites number in each orbit, modeling the handover problems or diferent handovers satellite probability (blocking) In order not to lose the information, to make sure to maintain the communication uninterrupted between two satellite zones, the handover inter-domain should be continuously present in satellite networks [16].
While, the realization of such schemes is a routine work in our laboratory, non-trivial problems emerge in long-distance applications. At present, the only suitable system for long-distance quantum communication is photons. The essential work carried out in our research laboratory propose approaches in the software development of implement Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Networks with LEO satellites and reduce the telecommunication interruption risks and this will provide, indeed, a better communication quality and to make sure of data information security with quantum cryptography [17].
We consider various scenarios for entanglement quantum communication. While, it is already an interesting and outstanding experimental challenge, there are various specific novel opportunities which such a technology would ofer. First and foremost, from a technological perspective, our study gives the possibilities to establish a secure and eficient communication using the methods of entanglement based quantum cryptography. As we explained above, one of them could not only establish a secure communication link between two arbitrary locations on Earth. It would also be possible to establish a secure communication from Earth to satellites, or between satellites. This would certainly increase the security and control of the range of the signal that propagates depending on the distance from the satellite, which currently constitutes a very sensitive area and a technical problem so far unresolved.
Using diferent scenarios of secure key exchange in the free space, it is not dificult to exchange the key between two points. The problem suggested here is the coverage of a huge space. Therefore, we need networks of satellite constellations since the satellite constellations guarantee a global communication routing [18].
The Quantum distribution of the key information in the satellite constellation coverage may require that exchange cellular domain into shorter segments [19]. The problem with this concept is that the required quantum transmitters are still beyond the scope of present day technology. Thus, the technique of transferring cells to cover large distances consists of using optical satellite constellations in free space [20].
By exploiting this technique, free space optical communication systems could enable the realization
of secure key exchange between two widely separated locations on the globe [16] via inter-satellite links
[
In the present study, the main problem consists of the fact that when a user changes its positions,
the communication link switches from a satellite to another. This occurs when the first satellite
cannot cover the user as he enters in the next satellite zone [16]. This technical operation consisting
in a communication exchange from a satellite to another is called the handover. Up to now, many
surveys talk about Inter-cellular domain have been carried out to improve this technical operation [
A handover management strategy is proposed to eficiently manage the channel resource of a cell in a multi-beam mobile satellite system (MSS) and improves its quality of service by reducing the inter-beam handover failure rate (Ph1) caused by limited number of communication channels. The handover triggering probability in a source cell for any communication is given by: ℎ1 = 1 − exp−
ℎ2 = exp− =
orb · The handover blocking triggering probability of transit cell for any communication is given by: is the movement factor: (1) (2) (3) where cell :hexagon half circle,: call duration,orb: the satellite speed in an orbit. orb = ︂(
+ cell where = 3,9861014 m3 · s− 2, where is the gravitation factor.
= ℎ1 1 − ℎ1
with, = 3.9861014 m3 · s− 2, cell = 100 km, and = 5 minutes (300 s). (4) (5) handover triggering probability.
The handover efective value uses the various probabilities as upper and lower values, so that the information reaching the user. Communication earth station followed by transfer to the comparison between the two values, when the level of a user binds to a station that is less than the actual value, there is an outbreak or more out of the box was covering the satellite and tries another nearby area, which gives the two stations of the communication exchange. There are many researches for better regulations have an efective approach for decreasing this operation, to avoid the risk of breaking down links and enhance the quality factor services.
In Quantum Communication access networks, the problem of user security is crucial. Generally, they may, during the same call, go through several diferent base stations, thus generating procedures of the mechanism are inter-cell handover or intra-cellular handover. We used them to size the better network and ensure a good Quality of Service given to users. We studied and simulated an evolution approximate the probability of failure and trigger handover to a change of satellite to base station, or satellite to another one, and describe the probability of the handover by planning an approach under some last research conditions. We classify the diferent parameters afecting the stability of our system, with a demonstration of a model which manages quantum cellular operator, as examples of explanations. To see a simulation by diferent probabilities, this is a description and analysis of the team of our laboratory. We are interested in the influential parameters in the mechanism of handover in inter-satellite domain to achieve a well detailed report on the Quality of Services (QoS) of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). These points are the primary aim of our study. We will try to highlight our next research papers to calculate some diferent probabilities. There are a lot of researches to arrive at an efective one way to reduce this, and partly to avoid the risk of outages links between BTS - User and to improve the quality factor of services. 10. Declaration on Generative AI
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