=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-40/paper-6
|storemode=property
|title=Conceptual Open Hypermedia = The Semantic Web?
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-40/Goble-et-al.pdf
|volume=Vol-40
}}
==Conceptual Open Hypermedia = The Semantic Web?==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-40/Goble-et-al.pdf
Conceptual Open Hypermedia = The Semantic Web?
Carole Goble, Sean Bechhofer Les Carr, David De Roure, Wendy Hall
Information Management Group Intelligence, Agents, Multimedia
Department of Computer Science Department of Electronics and Computer Science,
University of Manchester University of Southampton,
Oxford Road Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
Manchester M13 9PL, UK +44 23 8059 3255
+44 161 275 2000
{carole, seanb}@cs.man.ac.uk {lac, dder, wh}@ecs.soton.ac.uk
ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION
The Semantic Web is still a web, a collection of linked nodes. The Semantic Web—a web of data defined and linked in such
Navigation of links is currently, and will remain for humans if a way that its meaning is explicitly interpretable by software
not machines, a key mechanism for exploring the space. The processes rather than just being implicitly interpretable by
Semantic Web is viewed by many as a knowledge base, a humans—is a vision held by many and articulated by Tim
database or an indexed and searchable document collection; in Berners Lee [5]. The issues surrounding the implementation
the work discussed here we view it as a hypertext. of the Semantic Web are the focus of much current research.
Much of this work, however, focuses on particular issues such
The aim of the COHSE project is to research into methods to
as the implementation and representation of metadata, for
improve significantly the quality, consistency and breadth of
example the OIL and DAML web languages [12, 15] or the
linking of Web documents at retrieval time (as readers browse
activity of resource discovery, i.e. the finding of relevant
the documents) and authoring time (as authors create the
information.
documents). The objective is link creation rather than
resource discovery; in contrast, many existing projects are Less attention has been paid to the issues surrounding the
concerned primarily with the discovery of resources (reading), delivery of this information once it has been located and the
rather than the construction of hypertexts (authoring). The presentation of results, specifically to humans rather than
project plans to produce a COHSE (Conceptual Open software agents. Tim Berners-Lee’s vision of the Semantic
Hypermedia ServicE) by integrating an ontological reasoning Web is that of a universe of network-accessible information,
service with a Web-based Open Hypermedia link service. This specifically:
will form a Conceptual Hypermedia system enabling •= a means of people-to-people communication through
documents to be linked via metadata describing their contents. shared knowledge, not just to browse but to create; and
The bringing together of Open Hypermedia and Ontology
services can be seen as one particular implementation of the •= a space in which software agents can, through access
Semantic Web. Here we briefly present open and conceptual to a vast amount of everything which is society,
hypermedia, and introduce the architecture being employed science and its problems, become tools to work with
within the COHSE project, and the prototype COHSE us. Machines can become capable of analysing all the
platform we have developed. We present the questions that we data on the Web and collaborations will extend to
now plan to address that surround the Semantic Web when computers.
viewed from the perspective of a hypertext for people. In the recent enthusiasm to move the Web to one that has
machine understandable semantics for automated processing
we are in danger of forgetting that it has been successful not
Keywords only as a machine readable infrastructure but also as one that
open hypermedia, conceptual hypermedia, hypermedia is browsed by humans. In other words, the Semantic Web is
authoring, ontology services, navigation still a web, a collection of linked nodes. Navigation of links is
currently, and will remain for humans if not machines, a key
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for mechanism for exploring the space. This should not be lost.
personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are The Semantic Web is viewed by many as a knowledge base, a
not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that database or an indexed and searchable document collection; in
copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy the work discussed here we view it as a hypertext.
otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists,
The aim of COHSE is to research into methods to
requires prior specific permission by the authors.
significantly improve the quality, consistency and breadth of
Semantic Web Workshop 2001 Hongkong, China linking of Web documents at retrieval time (as readers browse
Copyright by the authors. the documents) and authoring time (as authors create the
documents). The objective is link creation rather than
resource discovery; in contrast, many existing projects are
concerned primarily with the discovery of resources (reading),
rather than the construction of hypertexts (authoring). COHSE
can be seen as a software agent that generates and presents
links on behalf of both the author and the reader. Thus the ultimate client browser. It treats link creation and resolution as
Semantics of the Semantic Web are used for the automation of a service that may be provided by a number of link resolution
link generation, and the support of link navigation by humans. engines that recognise different opportunities for adding
The project plans to produce a COHSE (Conceptual Open various kinds of links to the documents. Thus the DLS creates
Hypermedia ServicE) using three leading-edge technologies, a user-specific navigational overlay that can be used to
two of which are drawn from the hypertext community: superimpose a coherent interface to sets of unlinked or insular
resources (such as the journal archives addressed by the Open
1. an ontological reasoning service which is used to Journals project [16]). Link resolutions include keyword
represent a sophisticated conceptual model of recognition, the names of people and bibliographic citations
document terms and their relationships; as potential link anchors.
2. a Web-based Open Hypermedia link service that can In the original DLS the link resolvers were hardwired into a
offer a range of different link-providing facilities in a monolithic system or chained sequentially. This inherently
scalable and non-intrusive fashion; synchronous arrangement means that any delay was a delay in
3. the integration of the Ontology Service and the Open the critical path of document delivery, and hence all the
Hypermedia link service to form a Conceptual processing was required to be relatively lightweight and
Hypermedia system to enable documents to be linked tightly coupled.
via metadata describing their contents. In COHSE, the DLS was re-engineered to be a Distributed
COHSE is a system powered by OIL [15] (Ontology Inference Link Resolution Service (DLRS) to allow link resolvers to be
Layer), of which Manchester is a leading developer. A distributed across multiple servers and decoupled from the
prototype infrastructure has already been developed and delivery of the document. Thus complex computation, such as
demonstrated with a museum collection application provided ontological inferencing to add value for document authoring
by a local historical costume gallery. and browsing can be provided without impeding the delivery
of the core document itself.
The bringing together of Open Hypermedia and Ontology
services can be seen as one particular implementation of the 1.1.2 Conceptual Hypermedia Systems
Semantic Web: the ontology service manages the Semantics To achieve the kind of diversity of association required for
and the open hypermedia manages the Web. It is, of course, today’s Web applications, documents need to be linked in
not the implementation of the Semantic Web, as there are many dimensions based on their content. Constructing such
alternative architectures. In this position paper, we briefly links manually is inconsistent and error-prone [14].
present open hypermedia and conceptual hypermedia and Furthermore, it obfuscates one of the chief reasons for
introduce the architecture being employed within the COHSE associating documents; that their contents are similar in some
project. We present the questions that we plan to address in way. Conceptual Hypermedia Systems (also known as
phase two of the project now COHSE’s current state provides Semantic Hypermedia Systems) specify the hypertext structure
a platform on which to experiment and explore the issues and behaviour in terms of a well-defined conceptual schema
surrounding the Semantic Web from the perspective of a [7, 19, 24]. This types documents and links, and includes
hypertext for people. some kind of conceptual domain model used to describe
document content. Consequently, information about the
1.1 The COHSE technologies hypertext is represented explicitly as metadata that can be
COHSE builds upon three pillars: Ontology services for reasoned over, for example using the domain model as a
reasoning about metadata, Open Hypermedia and Conceptual classification structure to classify the documents; documents
Hypermedia. Here we briefly discuss these. that share metadata are deemed to be similar in some way.
1.1.1 Open Hypermedia Systems and Link Authoring links between documents becomes an activity of
authoring with concepts [4]; concepts are linked and hence
Services their associated documents are linked.
Common usage of the Web involves embedding links within
documents in the HTML format; in this sense the Web can be The University of Manchester’s TourisT prototype
considered a ‘closed’ hypermedia system. However, there is experimented with a conceptual hypermedia approach for a
nothing inherent in the Web infrastructure that prevents links Tourism Public Access System [8]. As the relationships
from being abstracted from the documents and managed between the concepts in the domain model evolve so do the
separately, as is made possible by XML’s proposed XLink links; as document concept descriptors change so do the links,
standard [18]. In Open Hypermedia Systems (OHS) links are making this a potentially powerful linking mechanism.
first class objects, stored and managed separately from
documents; like documents, they can be stored, transported,
1.1.3 Ontology services for document metadata
Conceptual hypermedia presumes:
cached and searched, and their use can be instrumented. OHS
have been well researched by the hypermedia community [20] a) The description of nodes (web resources) that is precise
and increasingly Web publishing applications adopt the open and shared. For example all web resources that are about pets
hypermedia approach [23]. use the same terms and adhere to the same notion about what
a pet is. This requires three things:
The University of Southampton’s Distributed Link Service
(DLS) implements an open hypermedia system above the metadata: web resources are marked-up with descriptions of
infrastructure of the World Wide Web [9, 10]. This provides a their content using a common syntax and model such as the
powerful framework to aid navigation and authoring and Resource Description Framework, RDF [17]. However,
solves some of the issues of distributed information marking up is no good unless everyone speaks the same
management [13]. Using an intermediary model [1], the DLS language;
adds links and annotations into documents as they are terminologies provide shared and common vocabularies of a
delivered through a proxy from the original Web server to the domain, allowing search engines, agents, authors and users to
communicate. RDF-Schema, (RDF(S)) [6], provides a sometimes overlooked in favour of concentration on
standard way of defining standard vocabularies but doesn't ontological matters and resource discovery. The DLRS uses a
actually define any. However, using a common vocabulary is Concept Service to recognize concepts referred to in the web
no good unless everyone means the same thing; pages and uses these to link web pages together. The Concept
ontologies provide a shared and common understanding of a Service is composed of two parts: the Ontology Service
domain that can be communicated across people and which provides semantics and world knowledge using a
applications. Ontologies take a variety of forms, from structured vocabulary; and the Resource Service which
hierarchical classification schemes such as the directories such provides resource discovery mapping words or concepts to
as Yahoo!, thesauri, frame-based knowledge models, and web pages. Figure 1 gives an overview of the architecture.
logic-based models. Despite all these forms they all include a COHSE recognizes two sources of metadata describing a web
vocabulary of terms and some specification of the meaning of page’s content:
the terms. 1. Words or word combinations in the textual part of the
b) A mechanism that can use those descriptions to infer resource itself, including XML tags, known to
new, previously undisclosed information about resources. represent a concept. This is implicit ontology use as a
Shared vocabularies based keyword collections do little to word or phrase is used as a surrogate for a concept;
help here. Vocabularies based on ontologies that organize the
2. Concepts added explicitly through some metadata
terms in a form that has clear and explicit semantics can be
annotation process (automatic or manual) using OIL
reasoned over. For example, the metadata annotation of a web
and referring to an OIL ontology. A resource may be
page states "this web page is about poodles”. An ontology
described by multiple metadata descriptions and
states that poodles are kinds of dogs and dogs are kinds of
multiple ontologies. The metadata may be placed
pets. Thus we could infer that this page is also about pets and
within the document itself (e.g. HTML tags
could be interesting to pet food retailers. Most ontologies
or an extended tag) or in some external some
have three major components that can be used in inference: a
metadata repository (e.g. an RDF repository or a
taxonomy, relationships between concepts and axioms (rules).
linkbase). The Metadata Service manages this
Representation languages for describing web resources and activity.
supporting inference over those resources, have been a major
The metadata describing a document are the potential anchor
focus over the last year. Languages include RDF(S) [6],
points for links to web pages containing the same or related
DAML [12] and OIL [15]. These last two have recently come
concepts. If concepts are identified through words, then these
together to form DAML+OIL.
are the anchors. If they are explicitly marked up in the
OIL unifies the epistemologically rich modeling primitives of document, then the location of the markup, or the section of
frames, the formal semantics and efficient reasoning support the document spanned by the markup is the anchor point. If
of description logics and a mapping to the standard Web the metadata is held outside the document then some
metadata language proposals. Past work at Manchester has indication of the scope of the anchor (a line, a paragraph, the
developed ontology servers that use description logics as a whole document etc) is needed along with the concept.
domain and metadata representation language [3]. The
STARCH project has exploited the reasoning capabilities of 2.1 Ontology Service
description logics to describe and query the metadata of a The Ontology Service maintains the ontology, and allows the
collection of stock photography drawn from the Hulton-Getty application to interact with it through a well-defined API.
collection of Getty Images [2]. As OIL is a variant on the Primarily, the Server provides operations relating to the
description logic FaCT we have used previously, it was content of the conceptual model. There are operations to
straightforward to adopt OIL as the COHSE representation extend the ontology, to query it by returning the parents or
language, and we already had the infrastructure to migrate our children of a concept, to return natural language terms for
FaCT-driven ontology servers to OIL-driven ones. concepts and concepts for natural language terms, and to
determine how concepts and roles can be combined to create
2. COHSE ARCHITECTURE new legal composite concepts. Concept requests are made in
COHSE provides a testbed for the exploration of the issues two forms, reflecting their occurrences in resources: words
involved in building an open conceptual hypermedia system. that present concepts and concepts expressed in OIL directly.
The current prototype has four components, an ontology A word necessitates an extra text-based resolution process to
service, a resource service, a metadata service and a resolve the word to an appropriate concept. The Ontology
distributed link resolution service. Each of these components Service manages multiple ontologies.
contributes an essential piece of the functionality required for
In the pilot the ontology is a simple hierarchical thesaurus
an implementation of the Semantic Web. We do not propose
providing a number of terms (concepts), along with a
COHSE as the definitive architecture for the Semantic Web,
broader/narrower term hierarchy, related term links and
however, the components described here provide at least the
synonyms. Although this is a simple model, the provision of
minimum functionality that we consider is required.
hierarchical relationships has enabled us to conduct some
In COHSE the Distributed Link Resolution Service client initial experiments into the interaction between the DLRS and
agent provides presentation and delivery of results, the Ontology Service.
linkbase
Unlinked
Document in
Metadata
Service
Ontology
Parser Service
Link
DLRS Generator
Reconstructor
ontology
Editorial
Knowledge
Resource
Service
Linked
Document out
Figure 1 Architecture
The full Ontology Service uses ontologies represented in OIL. components: a link generator that promiscuously proposes
One of the benefits of OIL is that the expressivity of the linking opportunities and an editorial component that controls
model can be as simple or as complex as desired, and the the linking opportunities by the application of filters, user
migration of the simple thesauri to OIL is straightforward. profiles, similarity matrices etc, and the use of the ontology
More sophisticated expressive models benefit from the OIL’s services provided by the ontology server. These are the “do it”
subsumption reasoning capabilities to use the ontology as a services of the DLRS.
semantic index capable of supporting imprecise and abstract The DLRS agent receives the document and parses it into a
conceptual concepts, organising concepts in an inclusion DOM. The link generator examines the document, seeking
classification scheme and supporting concept specialisation linking opportunities within that document by examining the
and generalisation. metadata associated with the document. For example, it
contacts the Ontology Service for language terms that are used
2.2 Resource Service to represent the concepts in the ontology and recognizes a
The Resource Service maps concepts to resources.
concept occurrence using the terms. It may also contact the
2.3 Metadata Service Metadata Service for metadata held on the document in an
external linkbase.
The Metadata Service allows documents to be decorated with
metadata: concept expressions from a specific ontology. The Figure 1 shows the architecture of the system. The Ontology
service can either harvest specific tags from the documents Service manages the domain model of content and maps
themselves or apply external “metadata links” to read-only between natural language terms and the ontology. The
documents from an independent linkbase. The effect is to Resource Service obtains web pages representing the
declare that a whole document, or any range within it, should concepts. The Link generator uses the ontology terms to make
be processed with a specific ontology, or that a particular links. Editorial knowledge is used to prune or expand the
region in the content corresponds to a particular term in the links using the ontology
ontology. Having identified a concept, and hence determined a linking
opportunity, the Resource Service is queried to retrieve
2.4 DLRS Client Agent possible destinations for the link, i.e. resources that contain
The DLRS Client Agent controls the user's interaction with instances of this concept. At this point, the DLRS may use
the Ontology Service and Resource Service. It consists of two ontological or semantic knowledge in order to make informed
parts. decisions about the links to choose. A number of destinations
The low level component deals with interaction with the have been identified for a particular link anchor and the
underlying representation of the document being viewed, i.e. editorial module evaluates the number and quality of potential
the Document Object Model (DOM) object and interacts with links obtained from the generator. If the number of links is not
the web browser. These are the “in and out” services of the consistent with the formation of a well-linked web page, it
DLRS. will choose to request more general or more specific concepts
The high level component is responsible for communication from the ontology service in order to expand or cull the set of
with the Ontology Service and Resource Service. This has two anchor destinations.
Screen 1 Screen 3
The third screen illustrates the links available from the anchor
Once all potential anchors have been explored, the concept "wool". Following the fifth link results in the
reconstructor adds hypertext links with particular presentation browser refocusing to a page. Note that the ontology has been
styles and behaviours to the web page. applied to this page, adding further links. In the next screen
we can see that too many links were retrieved, so the editorial
component has requested narrower (more specific terms) in a
bid to reduce the number of links. The system is shown
operating in debugging mode here, so all the initial links
found are still being shown.
Screen 2
We developed a lightweight prototype COHSE for a costume
museum application to see if the architecture was appropriate.
In this pilot:
•= the DLRS is integrated into the browser client, and Screen 4
consists of a Java applet that monitors the user’s interaction
with the browser together with a set of Javascript functions to Finally, we see the effect of applying a different ontology
manipulate the HTML DOM. The components of the link (here a collection of geographical terms) to the initial page.
service are brought to bear on the web page as soon as it has By changing the link basis we have changed the hypertext.
been received by the browser. Once the set of links has been
chosen the page is refreshed and redisplayed. 2.5 Discussion
•= the Ontology Service uses hierarchical thesauri of broader The intention of COHSE is to use metadata annotations to
and narrower terms, related terms and synonyms. Queries and build and construct hypertexts. This is different from
results are mediated through a simple XML document type. providing metadata for resource discovery, where an agent
(person or machine) queries metadata in order to find some
•= The metadata used to identify concepts in the documents resources and is presented with a list of results. Here, the
are natural language terms in the web page. metadata’s role is to advertise the resources content and allow
•= The Resource Service is a simple database mapping terms others to locate it. Adding metadata in an Open Hypermedia
to web pages. framework not only describes how to link to a resource but
how to link from a resource too. The metadata both advertises
The screenshots show how links are added to an example
the resource and indicates where you can go from here, thus
document. The first shows a page about clothes. In the
inducing links both in and out of the resource. The induction
second, the page is shown linked against the clothing ontology
of links out of a resource is hypertext authoring. Of course,
(the small circle/arrow icons indicate anchor points).
sophisticated model of roles and axioms rather than a simple
static tree, choosing a concept becomes an expression
construction exercise.
The Karina project [11] uses descriptions (in a conceptual
graph formalism) of resources to organize teaching materials
in a hypertext setting. Resources are pulled together and
presented in a ranked order (based on a number of factors
such as prerequisites and time available). COHSE proposes a
more general framework — source anchors and links can be
being applied to any existing documents to build the
hypertext.
Staab et. al. [21] discuss the construction of Community Web
Portals using ontologies. The ontology is used to structure and
present information and allows users to share a common
language. A community web portal is, however, a very
specific kind of structure in the Web, and this can be seen as
more of a resource discovery than a link creation exercise.
Screen 5 Shah and Sheth [22] describe an approach using MREFs —
resource discovery is still implicitly taking place as the targets Metadata REFerence links, which allow the conceptual
for links must be obtained from the associated metadata. markup of resources. What they decribe is still a closed
system (in hypermedia terms) though, with the metadata
marked up within the documents. Although the COHSE
From a hypertext authoring point of view, the novel part of prototype discussed here uses words and markup within the
the link resolution process is the use of the editorial document, the use of the open hypermedia pardigm within the
knowledge component to take advantage of the implicit general COHSE architecture will allow the separation of such
structure of the ontology to make informed decisions about metadata annotations from the resources, providing greater
the kind of links to choose. By making a selection from a set flexibility.
of more specific concepts the list of links can be usefully Other issues that we intend to address in the next phase of
reduced whilst broadening the recognized concept can be used COHSE are: how can the reasoning services provided by OIL
as a strategy to increase the number of links. However, how be best exploited by COHSE? does the combination of an
do we inform the user of potential links between documents Open Hypermedia framework and an OIL-based Ontology
through shared or related concepts? Currently links are listed, Services help to support change and evolution in the Semantic
Web? The whole issue of how a person browses a hypertext
that is generated “just in time” from metadata needs to be
investigated. How should histories be maintained? What is the
role of the back button? Bigger questions include: what is the
role of document context and hypertext rhetoric in a COHSE,
and is there a difference between querying and link following?
COHSE is now sufficiently developed to form a test-bed for a
set of experiments to examine these questions, and to test the
hypthosis that a Conceptual Open Hypertext = Semantic Web,
or at least that Conceptual Open Hypertext ⊂ Semantic Web.
2.6 Acknowledgements
The work was supported by EPSRC grant GR/M75426.
3. REFERENCES
[1] Barrett, R. and Maglio, P. P., Intermediaries: new
places for producing and manipulating web
Screen 6 content, in Seventh WWW Conference. 1998:
Brisbane.
but this looks like a search result. To look more like a
hypertext perhaps only one candidate link should be [2] Bechhofer, S. and Goble, C., Classification Based
presented, but then how to make that editorial choice? The Navigation for Picture Archives, in IFIP WG2.6
ranking of concepts based on their similarity is tricky when Conference on Data Semantics, DS8. 1999, Kluwer
concepts are defined by their descriptive properties as they Academic Publishing: Rotorua, New Zealand. p.
can be in OIL [2]. Strategies for link culling and expansion 291--310.
need to be investigated that maintain the uniform appearance [3] Bechhofer, S. K., Goble, C. A., Rector, A. L.,
of the hypertext but do not preclude serendipitous link Solomon, W. D., and Nowlan, W. A.,
discovery. Terminologies and Terminology Servers for
Some Conceptual Hypermedia systems expose the ontology Information Environments, in Eighth International
and make it explicitly navigable, e.g. [19]; others make the Workshop on Software Technology and Engineering
classification scheme more implicit [24]. Should the ontology Practice -- STEP97. 1997, IEEE Computer Society:
be visible during linking? When the ontology becomes a London. p. 484 -- 497.
[4] Beitner, N., Hall, W., and Goble, C. A., Putting the [20] Osterbye, K. and Wiil, U., The Flag Taxonomy of
media into hypermedia, in SPIE Multimedia Open Hypermedia Systems, in ACM Hypertext
Networking (1995). 1995. Conference. 1996. p. 129--139.
[5] Berners-Lee, T., Weaving the Web. 1999: Orion [21] S.Staab. J.Angele, S.Decker, M.Erdmann. A.Hotho,
Business. A.Maedche H.-P.Schnurr R.Studer ,Y.Sure
[6] Brickley, D. and Guha, V. R., Resource Description Semantic Community Web Portals in Proceedings
Framework Schema Specification 1.0. 2000, WWW WWW9, the ninth Conference on the World Wide
Consortium: W3C Candidate Recommendation Web, Amsterdam 2000
www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema. [22] K. Shah and A. Sheth Logical Information
[7] Bruza, P. D., Hyperindices; a novel aid for Modelling of Web-accessible Heterogeneous Digital
searching in Hypermedia, in Proceedings of the Assets in Proceedings of ADL 98, Advances in
ACM European Conference on Hypermedia Digital Libraries, Santa Barbara, CA, 1998
Technology. 1990. p. 109 -- 122. [23] Thistlethwaite, P., Automatic Construction and
[8] Bullock, J. and Goble, C., TourisT: The Application Management of Large Open Webs. Information
of a Description Logic based Semantic Hypermedia Processing &Management, 1997. 33(2): p. 161--
System for Tourism, in Ninth ACM Hypertext 173.
Conference, Pittsburgh. 1998. [24] Tudhope, D. and Taylor, C., Navigation via
[9] Carr, L., De Roure, D., Hall, W., and Hill, G., The similarity: automatic linking based on semantic
Distributed Link Service: A Tool for Publishers, closeness. Information Processing & Management,
Authors and Readers. World Wide Web Journal, 1997. 33(2): p. 233--242.
1995. 1(1): p. 647-656.
[10] Carr, L., Hall, W., and Hitchcock, S., Link Services
or Link Agents?, in Ninth ACM Hypertext
Conference. 1998, ACM Press: Pittsburgh. p. 113--
122.
[11] Crampes, M. and Ranwez, S., Ontology-Supported
and Ontology-Driven Conceptual Navigation on the
World Wide Web, in 11th ACM Hypertext
Conference, May 30 -- June 4. 2000, ACM Press:
San Antonio, Texas. p. 191--199.
[12] DAML, Darpa Agent Markup Language,
http://www.daml.org.
[13] De Roure, D., Carr, L., Hall, W., and Hill, G., A
Distributed Hypermedia Link Service, in SDNE96.
1996, IEEE Computer Society Press.
[14] Ellis, D., Furner, J., and Willett, P., On the creation
of hypertext links in full-text documents -
measurement of retrieval effectiveness. Journal of
the American Society for Information Science
(JASIS), 1996. 47(4): p. 287--300.
[15] Fensel, D., Horrocks, I., van Harmelen, F., Decker,
S., Erdmann, M., and Klein, M., OIL in a Nutshell,
in European Knowledge Acquisition Conference.
2000, Springer-Verlag.
[16] Hitchcock, S., Quek, F., Carr, L., Hall, W.,
Witbrock, A., and Tarr, I., Towards Universal
Linking for Electronic Journals. Serials review,
1998. 24(1): p. 21--33.
[17] Lassila, O. and Swick, R. R., Resource Description
Framework (RDF) Model and Syntax Specification.
1999, W3C: Proposed Recommendation (January
1999) http://www.w3.org/TR/PR-rdf-syntax
[18] Maler, E. and De Rose, S., XML Linking Language
(XLink). 1998, WWW Consortium: Working Draft
http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/WD-xlink-
19980303.
[19] Nanard, J. and Nanard, M., Using Structured Types
to Incorporate Knowledge in Hypertext, in ACM
Hypertext Conference. 1991, ACM Press. p. 392--
342.