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  <front>
    <journal-meta />
    <article-meta>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Learning under pressure: game-based, AI-driven, and crisis-responsive pedagogies in focus of the 12th Workshop on Cloud Technologies in Education</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Serhiy O. Semerikov</string-name>
          <email>semerikov@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Andrii M. Striuk</string-name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Olha P. Pinchuk</string-name>
          <email>opinchuk100@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Tetiana A. Vakaliuk</string-name>
          <email>tetianavakaliuk@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Olga B. Kanevska</string-name>
          <email>o.b.kanevska@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Oksana A. Ostroushko</string-name>
          <email>ostroushko.oksana@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <string-name>PCWrEooUrckResehdoinpgs ISSNc1e6u1r-3w-0s0.o7r3g</string-name>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff0">
          <label>0</label>
          <institution>Academy of Cognitive and Natural Sciences</institution>
          ,
          <addr-line>54 Universytetskyi Ave., Kryvyi Rih, 50086</addr-line>
          ,
          <country country="UA">Ukraine</country>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution>Institute for Digitalisation of Education of the NAES of Ukraine</institution>
          ,
          <addr-line>9 M. Berlynskoho Str., Kyiv, 04060</addr-line>
          ,
          <country country="UA">Ukraine</country>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution>Kryvyi Rih National University</institution>
          ,
          <addr-line>11 Vitalii Matusevych Str., Kryvyi Rih, 50027</addr-line>
          ,
          <country country="UA">Ukraine</country>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution>Kryvyi Rih State Pedagogical University</institution>
          ,
          <addr-line>54 Universytetskyi Ave., Kryvyi Rih, 50086</addr-line>
          ,
          <country country="UA">Ukraine</country>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution>Zhytomyr Polytechnic State University</institution>
          ,
          <addr-line>103 Chudnivsyka Str., Zhytomyr, 10005</addr-line>
          ,
          <country country="UA">Ukraine</country>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <abstract>
        <p>The 12th Workshop on Cloud Technologies in Education (CTE 2024), co-located with the 6th International Conference on History, Theory and Methodology of Learning (ICHTML 2025), convened on May 12, 2025, in Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine, and showcased 17 peer-reviewed contributions addressing urgent challenges and innovations in digital education. This review synthesizes the proceedings into five thematic clusters: (1) technology-enhanced pedagogical frameworks, (2) interactive and game-based learning, (3) artificial intelligence and automated tools, (4) crisis-driven adaptation and resilience, and (5) systemic issues of curriculum, assessment, and digital leadership. Findings across these clusters demonstrate measurable gains in student engagement, motivation, and digital competencies, with efect sizes ranging from 0.42 to 0.61. At the same time, the contributions reveal critical challenges including post-training sustainability, infrastructural inequities, and the risks of overreliance on AI. Crisis contexts - pandemic-related remote teaching and wartime disruptions - emerged as powerful accelerators of digital adoption but also highlighted systemic vulnerabilities. Collectively, the proceedings underscore the necessity of aligning technological innovation with pedagogical purpose and institutional capacity. This synthesis positions the CTE 2024 contributions within global debates on the future of digital transformation in education, ofering a roadmap for evidence-based, context-sensitive, and human-centered integration of technology into teaching and learning.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>eol&gt;cloud technologies in education</kwd>
        <kwd>digital transformation</kwd>
        <kwd>educational technology</kwd>
        <kwd>game-based learning</kwd>
        <kwd>artificial intelligence in education</kwd>
        <kwd>crisis pedagogy</kwd>
        <kwd>curriculum innovation</kwd>
        <kwd>teacher professional development</kwd>
        <kwd>workshop proceedings</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec id="sec-1">
      <title>1. Introduction</title>
      <p>1.1. CTE 2024 at a glance
Cloud Technologies in Education (CTE) is a peer-reviewed international Computer Science workshop
focusing on research advances and applications of cloud technology in education.</p>
      <p>The workshop considers contributions in all aspects of educational technologies and cloud-based
learning tools, platforms, paradigms and models, functioning programmes, or papers relevant to modern
engineering and technological decisions in the IT age.</p>
      <p>
        CTE topics of interest since 2012 [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1 ref10 ref11 ref2 ref3 ref4 ref5 ref6 ref7 ref8 ref9">1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12</xref>
        ]:
      </p>
      <sec id="sec-1-1">
        <title>1. Cloud-Powered Learning Platforms &amp; Infrastructure</title>
        <p>• Next-Generation Adaptive Cloud Learning Platforms
• Scalable and Secure Cloud-Based E-Learning
Environments
• Edge Computing for Faster and Smarter Educational</p>
        <p>Applications
• AI-Driven Personalization in Cloud Learning</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec-1-2">
        <title>2. Emerging Technologies in Cloud Education</title>
        <p>3. Data-Driven Educational Insights
• Educational Data Mining &amp; Learning Analytics in the Cloud
• Social Learning Analytics: Tracking Engagement and Performance
• Privacy, Ethics, and Cybersecurity in Cloud-Based Learning
• Federated Learning and Distributed AI in Education
4. Digital Transformation of Education
• Competency-Based &amp; Outcome-Driven Cloud Learning Models
• Smart Campus Technologies and IoT in Cloud Education
• Mobile and Microlearning in Cloud Ecosystems
• Gamification and Adaptive Learning in the Cloud</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec-1-3">
        <title>5. Collaboration, Accessibility &amp; Inclusion</title>
        <p>• Cloud-Powered Remote Learning &amp; Virtual Classrooms
• Cloud-Based Assistive Technologies for Inclusive Education
• Open Educational Resources (OER) and Cloud-Based Content Delivery
• Hybrid &amp; Blended Learning Models Using Cloud Infrastructure</p>
        <p>
          This volume represents the proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Cloud Technologies in Education
(CTE 2024), held in Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine, on May 12, 2025 (postponed due to the war in Ukraine). It
comprises 17 contributed papers that were carefully peer-reviewed and selected from 28 submissions.
Two program committee members reviewed each submission. The accepted papers present a
state-ofthe-art overview of successful cases and provide guidelines for future research.
Additional reviewers
• Oleksandr Burov, Institute for Digitalisation of Education of the NAES of Ukraine, Ukraine[
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">31</xref>
          ]
• Hennadiy Kravtsov, Kherson State University, Ukraine [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">32</xref>
          ]
• Maiia Marienko, Institute for Digitalisation of Education of the NAES of Ukraine, Ukraine [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">33</xref>
          ]
• Pavlo Nechypurenko, Kryvyi Rih State Pedagogical University, Ukraine [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">34</xref>
          ]
• Viacheslav Osadchyi, Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University, Ukraine [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">35</xref>
          ]
• Olha Pinchuk, Institute for Digitalisation of Education of the NAES of Ukraine, Ukraine [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref23">36</xref>
          ]
• Oleksandra Sokolyuk, Institute for Digitalisation of Education of the NAES of Ukraine, Ukraine
[37]
• Andrii Striuk, Kryvyi Rih National University, Ukraine [38]
Organizing committee
• Serhiy Semerikov, Kryvyi Rih State Pedagogical University, Ukraine [39]
• Andrii Striuk, Kryvyi Rih National University, Ukraine [40]
• Mariya Shyshkina, Institute for Digitalisation of Education of the NAES of Ukraine, Ukraine [41]
• Maiia Marienko, Institute for Digitalisation of Education of the NAES of Ukraine, Ukraine [42]
        </p>
        <sec id="sec-1-3-1">
          <title>1.3. Research questions</title>
          <p>
            Digital transformation in education has evolved from incremental innovation to systemic paradigm
shift, catalyzed by global crises including the COVID-19 pandemic [43, 44, 45] and the Ukrainian conflict
[
            <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24 ref25">46, 47, 48, 49</xref>
            ]. These events compressed decades of anticipated change into months, generating a rich
corpus of empirical research on technology integration under pressure.
          </p>
          <p>This review synthesizes 17 studies from the 12th Workshop on Cloud Technologies in Education (CTE
2024) and related venues, selected for their methodological rigor, empirical depth, and relevance to
contemporary digital education challenges. The corpus represents diverse contexts – Ukraine, Turkey,
Israel, Poland – and spans multiple educational levels and domains.</p>
          <p>We address three central research questions:
RQ1: What are the dominant thematic clusters and methodological trends in current digital education
research?
RQ2: How do digital tools afect learning outcomes, engagement, and psychological needs?
RQ3: What gaps and future directions emerge from the synthesis?</p>
          <p>By integrating findings across disparate studies, this review provides a meta-perspective on digital
transformation, identifying patterns, contradictions, and actionable insights.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-2">
      <title>2. Methodology of the synthesis</title>
      <p>All 17 studies (table 1) were included in the thematic analysis; 12 were empirical (quasi-experimental,
survey, or mixed-methods), 5 were development or theoretical.</p>
      <p>We employed a thematic synthesis approach combining:
1. Content coding identified key technologies, pedagogies, outcomes
2. Methodological assessment evaluated design quality and limitations
3. Cross-study comparison mapped findings across contexts and tools
4. Gap analysis identified understudied areas and methodological weaknesses</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-3">
      <title>3. Thematic analysis</title>
      <sec id="sec-3-1">
        <title>3.1. Theme 1: Technology-enhanced pedagogical frameworks</title>
        <p>
          Four studies (Tkachuk et al. [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref26">50</xref>
          ], Lavrentieva et al. [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">52</xref>
          ], Overko and Oleksiuk [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">53</xref>
          ], Skvortsova et al.
[
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">55</xref>
          ]) demonstrate the evolution of integrated, scafolded pedagogies enabled by digital tools.
        </p>
        <p>
          Tkachuk et al. [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref26">50</xref>
          ] report a 17.65% improvement in academic performance using MCU 8051 IDE,
STC-ISP, and PROTEUS DESIGN, with gains in:
• Problem-solving: +22.54%
This reflects a shift from isolated lab work to simulation-to-hardware progression, aligning with
engineering education best practices [67, 68].
        </p>
        <p>
          Skvortsova et al. [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">55</xref>
          ] developed an ICT competency module for pre-service teachers, achieving
significant gains in digital skills but revealing sustainability concerns – only 38% of participants
maintained tool use post-training. This highlights the need for ongoing support systems.
        </p>
        <p>
          Overko and Oleksiuk [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">53</xref>
          ] designed a nine-session video creation course, enhancing both technical
skills and creative expression through project-based learning. This aligns with constructionist pedagogy
[69], where creation drives learning.
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec-3-2">
        <title>3.2. Theme 2: Interactive and game-based learning</title>
        <p>
          Four studies (Voievoda et al. [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref30">54</xref>
          ], Pozniakov and Merzlykin [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">56</xref>
          ], Midak et al. [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref34">58</xref>
          ], Küçükali [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">63</xref>
          ])
explore gamification and interactivity.
        </p>
        <p>
          Küçükali [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">63</xref>
          ] conducted a mixed-methods study comparing Kahoot, Jeopardy, and Bamboozle
through Self-Determination Theory (SDT) [70]. Results show:
• Kahoot: 91% reported increased motivation (autonomy + competence)
• Jeopardy: 82% found it efective for review (structure + clarity)
• Bamboozle: 84% reported stress reduction (relatedness + emotional regulation)
Structural equation modeling confirmed that platform choice mediates learning outcomes (  = 0.42,
 &lt; .001), supporting SDT predictions.
        </p>
        <p>
          Midak et al. [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref34">58</xref>
          ] used Wordwall to create 8 interactive chemistry exercises, reporting high
engagement and usability. The platform’s flexibility allowed adaptation to diverse learning styles and
paces.
        </p>
        <p>
          Pozniakov and Merzlykin [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">56</xref>
          ] leveraged game development in Python to teach programming to
junior students, combining motivation and skill development – a dual-purpose pedagogy.
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec-3-3">
        <title>3.3. Theme 3: AI integration and critical perspectives</title>
        <p>
          Two studies (Lukianova and Symela [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref40">64</xref>
          ], Khrystych et al. [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">65</xref>
          ]) examine AI’s dual role: assistant vs.
dependency risk.
        </p>
        <p>
          Khrystych et al. [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">65</xref>
          ] studied Grammarly use among pre-service teachers. While students appreciated
time savings and vocabulary suggestions, they struggled with developing independent writing
strategies. The authors warn against AI overreliance, advocating for teacher-AI co-feedback models
[71, 72].
        </p>
        <p>
          Lukianova and Symela [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref40">64</xref>
          ] ofers a philosophical critique, advocating for critical technological
wisdom – balancing AI’s eficiency with preservation of human judgment, creativity, and ethical
reasoning. This echoes broader calls for human-centered AI in education [73].
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec-3-4">
        <title>3.4. Theme 4: Crisis response and educational resilience</title>
        <p>
          Two studies (Vakaliuk et al. [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref36">60</xref>
          ], Ivaniuk and Pinchuk [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">62</xref>
          ]) document emergency-driven innovation.
        </p>
        <p>
          Vakaliuk et al. [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref36">60</xref>
          ] reports a three-wave digital training program during the pandemic, achieving
an 816 completions (54.4% completion rate) among 1,500 teachers. Despite 5-day cycles, participants
demonstrated rapid skill acquisition, suggesting that necessity drives adoption more than perceived ease
of use [74].
        </p>
        <p>
          Ivaniuk and Pinchuk [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">62</xref>
          ] examines Ukrainian parents’ digital engagement during wartime. While
involvement increased, technical and pedagogical gaps emerged, with 67% reporting dificulty
supporting children’s digital learning. This reveals a critical need for parental digital literacy programs
in crisis contexts.
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec-3-5">
        <title>3.5. Theme 5: Curriculum, assessment, and leadership</title>
        <p>
          Five studies (Lytvynova and Rashevska [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref27">51</xref>
          ], Shakotko et al. [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref33">57</xref>
          ], Mintii et al. [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">59</xref>
          ], Hrytsenchuk et al.
[
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">61</xref>
          ], Korniienko [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref42">66</xref>
          ]) address systemic dimensions.
        </p>
        <p>
          Hrytsenchuk et al. [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">61</xref>
          ] propose a 5D digital leadership model: digital competence, digital culture,
diferentiation, digital management, and advocacy. This framework supports distributed leadership,
where digital skills are cultivated across organizational roles.
        </p>
        <p>
          Mintii et al. [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">59</xref>
          ] use computational linguistics to analyze computer science terminology in textbooks,
revealing significant gaps between curriculum expectations and content – highlighting the need for
terminological standardization.
        </p>
        <p>
          Korniienko [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref42">66</xref>
          ] conducts a PRISMA-compliant review of digital history pedagogy, finding consistent
engagement gains but limited knowledge transfer, suggesting engagement ̸= learning.
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-4">
      <title>4. Methodological overview and quality assessment</title>
      <p>
        The reviewed corpus comprises seventeen studies employing diverse research designs (table 2). Tkachuk
et al. [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref26">50</xref>
        ] conducted a quasi-experimental study with 68 participants over one semester, applying
quantitative analysis to establish causal relationships. Lytvynova and Rashevska [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref27">51</xref>
        ] surveyed 500
participants in a cross-sectional design using descriptive statistics. Several studies adopted theoretical
approaches without empirical data collection, including Lavrentieva et al.’s [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">52</xref>
        ] conceptual framework
development and Hrytsenchuk et al.’s [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">61</xref>
        ] leadership model construction.
      </p>
      <p>
        Mixed-methods research appeared in multiple studies. Overko and Oleksiuk [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">53</xref>
        ] developed a video
creation course tested with 15 participants across nine sessions. Vakaliuk et al. [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref36">60</xref>
        ] examined
crisisdriven digital adoption with 1,500 participants over five days. Küçükali [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">63</xref>
        ] combined survey and
interview data from 45 students to validate self-determination theory applications.
      </p>
      <p>The corpus demonstrates methodological diversity alongside several constraints. Most studies limited
data collection to single semesters or shorter periods. Only two investigations extended beyond six
months. Geographic representation skewed heavily toward Ukrainian contexts, with eleven of seventeen
studies originating there. Outcome metrics varied significantly across studies, complicating cross-study
comparisons.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-5">
      <title>5. Empirical findings and theoretical developments</title>
      <p>Digital platform engagement increased in all studies measuring this variable, with efect sizes ranging
from 0.42 for game-based platforms to 0.61 for microcontroller laboratories. Teacher training programs
achieved rapid initial competency gains, though sustained support proved necessary for long-term
implementation.</p>
      <p>
        Three theoretical frameworks emerged from the research. Küçükali [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">63</xref>
        ] demonstrated how
selfdetermination theory explains diferential platform efects based on psychological need satisfaction.
Hrytsenchuk et al. [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">61</xref>
        ] developed a five-dimensional leadership model integrating organizational change
processes with digital transformation. Lukianova and Symela [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref40">64</xref>
        ] proposed a critical technological
wisdom framework balancing innovation with ethical considerations.
      </p>
      <p>
        Practical innovations included eight interactive chemistry templates developed by Midak et al. [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref34">58</xref>
        ],
a nine-session video creation curriculum from Overko and Oleksiuk [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">53</xref>
        ], and Vakaliuk et al.’s [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref36">60</xref>
        ]
ifve-day intensive teacher training protocol designed for emergency contexts.
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-6">
      <title>6. Persistent challenges and research gaps</title>
      <p>The relationship between engagement and learning remains complex. High platform engagement did
not consistently translate to improved knowledge acquisition or skill development. Diferent digital
tools served distinct psychological and pedagogical functions, requiring careful matching to learning
objectives. Crisis contexts accelerated adoption rates while simultaneously revealing infrastructure
limitations and competency gaps.</p>
      <p>Several populations remain underrepresented in current research. Students with learning disabilities
appeared in only one study. Rural learners, adult education participants, and indigenous
communities received no dedicated investigation. Geographic bias toward Eastern European contexts limits
generalizability to other regions, particularly Global South settings.</p>
      <p>Methodological improvements could strengthen future research. Longitudinal designs tracking skill
retention over two or more years would clarify durability of interventions. Randomized controlled trials
comparing multiple platforms could establish relative efectiveness. Mixed-methods approaches
combining quantitative outcomes with ethnographic observation would capture implementation nuances
often missed by survey research alone.</p>
      <p>Emerging technologies present new research opportunities. Adaptive tutoring systems using artificial
intelligence require evaluation for personalization efectiveness and ethical implications. Virtual and
augmented reality applications in science and history education need assessment of learning transfer
and cost-efectiveness. Blockchain credentialing systems raise questions about portfolio portability and
employer acceptance. Afective computing applications demand scrutiny regarding privacy, consent,
and emotional manipulation risks.</p>
      <p>
        The evidence base would benefit from replication studies across diverse contexts, standardized
outcome measures enabling meta-analysis, and attention to unintended consequences such as the
dependency efects observed by Khrystych et al. [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">65</xref>
        ] regarding automated writing assistance tools.
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-7">
      <title>7. Conclusion</title>
      <p>Digital transformation in education is neither uniform nor inevitable – it is a complex,
contextsensitive process shaped by pedagogy, culture, infrastructure, and crisis. This synthesis of 17 studies
reveals that while digital tools consistently enhance engagement and enable new pedagogies, their
educational value depends on thoughtful integration.</p>
      <p>Key takeaways:
• Efectiveness is conditional : Tools must align with learning objectives and psychological needs.
• Crisis drives innovation: Emergency contexts can catalyze rapid but sustainable change.
• AI requires balance: Eficiency gains must not come at the cost of autonomy.</p>
      <p>• Systemic change is essential: Leadership, curriculum, and assessment must co-evolve.</p>
      <p>
        As Lukianova and Symela [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref40">64</xref>
        ] remind us: “The question is not whether AI will transform education –
that transformation is already underway – but how we can guide it to serve humanity’s highest aspirations.”
This review provides a roadmap for that guidance: evidence-based, context-aware, and human-centered.
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-8">
      <title>Declaration on Generative AI</title>
      <p>This work was completed with assistance from generative LLMs: claude-opus-4-1-20250805,
grok-40709, and gpt-oss-120b. These models were used for initial brainstorming, structural organization,
and editing support. All substantive content, analysis, and conclusions represent the author’s original
thinking and have been thoroughly reviewed and verified for accuracy. Grammarly served primarily as
a writing assistant to improve clarity and flow rather than as a source of ideas or research findings.</p>
      <p>Specific uses included:
• Grammatical and stylistic refinement
• Reorganization of existing content for improved coherence
• Generation of alternative phrasings for complex concepts
• Identification of potential gaps in argumentation</p>
      <p>The author maintains full responsibility for all content, including any errors or misrepresentations.
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