<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Archiving and Interchange DTD v1.0 20120330//EN" "JATS-archivearticle1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
  <front>
    <journal-meta />
    <article-meta>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Privacy to Legacy: Trust in Post-Mortem Social Media Data Management in Sweden</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Johannes Hou Gustafsson</string-name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Emil Wellerup</string-name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Erik Bergström</string-name>
          <email>erik.bergstrom@ju.se</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Ulf Seigerroth</string-name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff0">
          <label>0</label>
          <institution>Department of Computer Science and Informatics, School of Engineering, Jönköping University</institution>
          ,
          <addr-line>Jönköping</addr-line>
          ,
          <country country="SE">Sweden</country>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>In an increasingly socially connected society, the question of how social media data should be managed after death has become both a practical and ethical concern. This study investigated the preferences and trust of Swedish citizens regarding the post-mortem data management of their social media accounts, which was carried out through a quantitative survey of 174 respondents. The study identified trust levels towards users, social media providers, and analysed how demographic factors influenced trust. The study's findings revealed that most participants wished to convert their accounts into memorialised profiles or delete them entirely, with a large majority placing their trust in family members rather than friends or social media platforms to carry out the deceased's wishes. Demographic factors such as age and whether they have children were found to afect trust levels. The study highlights a lack of awareness regarding the possibility of digital wills, pointing out the need for better user education and clearer legacy tools from social media providers. The study concludes by presenting recommendations for users, social media providers, and policymakers to address the legal, ethical, and emotional issues of post-mortem social media management.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Digital inheritance</kwd>
        <kwd>Digital legacy</kwd>
        <kwd>Post-mortem privacy</kwd>
        <kwd>Sweden</kwd>
        <kwd>Social media</kwd>
        <kwd>Trust</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec id="sec-1">
      <title>1. Introduction</title>
      <p>
        In the growing online presence of people all over the world, people leave digital footprints on the
Internet through a wide variety of websites. The trail of digital footprints individuals leave behind
eventually becomes a digital legacy, something social media users may not realise [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1 ref2">1, 2</xref>
        ]. When users
lack awareness of the digital legacy they will leave behind, they cannot make informed decisions about
the post-mortem management of their data. This includes whether it should remain publicly available,
be accessible to close relatives, or be deleted entirely [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>
        ]. Nakagawa and Orita [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>
        ] emphasise that
without clear guidelines or documented preferences, it becomes challenging to honour a deceased
individual’s wishes regarding their digital legacy.
      </p>
      <p>Social networks difer in how they handle the accounts of deceased users. Some platforms allow
either deletion or conversion into a memorial account. For instance, both Facebook and Instagram
ofer</p>
      <p>
        options to either delete the account or memorialise it. When an account is memorialised, friends
and family can share memories, and the deceased’s posts and photos remain visible. These platforms
also lock the account to prevent logins and exclude it from search results [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3 ref4">3, 4</xref>
        ]. In contrast, Mali and
Prakash [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref>
        ] note that X (formerly Twitter), along with Google and Facebook, supports only the complete
removal of a deceased person’s account [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5 ref6">6, 5</xref>
        ].
      </p>
      <p>
        YouTube and other social media providers owned by Google work with post-mortem accounts by
submitting a request through Google to help manage any deceased users’ accounts. In some cases,
family or representatives can get access to content after
careful review. Google, however, prioritises
privacy and doesn’t share passwords. Individuals can plan with the Inactive Account Manager to
designate access or deletion preferences for their account [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">7</xref>
        ].
      </p>
      <p>
        In Sweden, Medieakademin (Media academy) [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>
        ] mentions that public trust in social media platforms
remains generally low. Among platforms like X, Facebook, and Instagram, trust levels are low, with
CEUR
Workshop
      </p>
      <p>
        ISSN1613-0073
only 4%, 5%, and 6% of the respondents expressing high or very high trust in these platforms. As Reeves
et al. [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref>
        ] suggested, having features for post-mortem management could help social media platforms
increase the trust of the general public towards them.
      </p>
      <p>
        For European citizens, the General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR) exist to protect personal
data [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref>
        ] and do not cover the data of deceased people [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref11">11</xref>
        ]. This shows that there is a void in what
manner companies should handle user accounts post-mortem and has the potential to create a confusing
situation for family members on how to best handle the account [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref>
        ].
      </p>
      <p>These factors show that it is increasingly important to ensure that privacy concerns are met even
after death. Therefore, this study aims to investigate Swedish citizens’ perception of digital legacy and
to give recommendations for companies, policy makers and users on how to honour the wishes of their
deceased users. This will be achieved by answering the following research questions (RQ):</p>
      <p>RQ1: How do Swedish citizens want their social media accounts to be managed after their passing?
This question explores citizens’ perceptions, as literature has shown that most citizens have not actively
planned for their digital legacy and may be unaware of features such as account memorialisation.
We explore this to understand whether current platform options align with users’ unarticulated but
important preferences.</p>
      <p>RQ2: Who do Swedish citizens trust to manage their social media data after death?
This question assumes that trust is not evenly distributed among family, friends, or social media
providers, and that emotional bonds may matter more than technical competence. By examining trust
dynamics, we seek to clarify which actors are perceived as legitimate custodians of post-mortem data.</p>
      <p>RQ3: How do demographic factors influence Swedish citizens’ trust in diferent entities to manage their
social media data?
This question assumes that preferences and trust are socially situated, and that age, family situation,
and social media literacy shape not only what users want, but also whom they trust.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-2">
      <title>2. Background</title>
      <p>The concept of post-mortem privacy is central to understanding how personal data should be managed
after death. Harbinja [ 12] defines post-mortem privacy as the protection of personal data after an
individual’s death, emphasising the need to respect the deceased’s wishes as expressed through wills
or digital tools. This notion extends beyond traditional inheritance laws, which often fail to account
for the complexities, namely the large amount of data present and the variety of information a user
posts online, which Öhman and Floridi discuss [13]. The idea of ”informational immortality” is also
pertinent, where the deceased’s data can be utilised to create a digital persona that may be interacted
with by the living, raising questions about dignity and the commercialisation of memory [13].</p>
      <sec id="sec-2-1">
        <title>2.1. Digital Legacy</title>
        <p>Digital footprints are small bits of our online identity that we leave behind on the Internet, separated
into active and passive as described by Kaku [14]. Active footprints are data that users create themselves,
including social media posts and other uploaded user-created content, while passive footprints include
IP addresses and cookies [14]. The active digital footprints individuals leave behind ultimately form a
digital legacy that remains after their passing. This raises critical questions about how this content
should be preserved, managed, or removed, emphasising the growing importance of establishing a
personal legacy plan to address these concerns [15].</p>
        <p>
          The issue with persistent digital data and lack of knowledge is that it can lead to companies using
the digital legacy of the deceased individual to create personas that create monetary gain for the
company, which is discussed by Nakagawa[
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>
          ]. The ethical issues surrounding the commercialisation
of digital data from deceased individuals are increasing in significant ways. One key concern is the
management of personal data post-mortem, which raises questions about maintaining the dignity of
deceased individuals and adhering to their wishes. Öhman &amp; Floridi [13] identify commercial enterprises
as among the first to recognise the challenges associated with post-mortem data, particularly in light of
the increasing number of deceased Internet users. Initially, businesses faced dificulties in handling the
data of deceased users, but new services were quickly developed to address this issue. However, these
solutions also introduced new ethical problems, such as the commercialisation of digital personas. The
use of images and personal data from deceased individuals is used for entertainment or profit, which
presents ethical dilemmas with respect to consent and the potential exploitation of their identities [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>
          ].
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec-2-2">
        <title>2.2. Digital will</title>
        <p>The absence of a will that addresses digital assets raises significant ethical concerns, particularly
regarding who has the right to access and manage a deceased person’s social media accounts. Morse
and Birnhack [16] discuss how this ambiguity afects decisions about which family members can view
the deceased’s posts and photos, as well as how platforms may use such data for their own purposes.
Öhman and Floridi [13] point out that most user-generated content is co-owned by the platform that
hosts it, meaning that internet companies can potentially claim full rights to a person’s digital remains.
Unlike physical possessions, digital assets and accounts are rarely included in wills, and there are few
legal guidelines for doing so [16]. This creates ethical challenges related to preserving the dignity and
privacy of the deceased. As digital data continues to exist online, questions persist about who has the
authority to manage it and how such data might influence the memory or posthumous reputation of
the individual [17].</p>
        <p>
          Previous research indicates that most users have not considered creating a digital will to manage
their digital data after death. A survey by Reeves et al. [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref>
          ] conducted in Australia found that the vast
majority of respondents did not have a digital will or any formal instructions for handling their digital
data post-mortem. The survey also explored users’ preferences for posthumous data management, with
the most common choices being “Remove all content” and “Share some content with family and friends”
[
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref>
          ]. At the same time, a report from eMarketer [18] shows a steady decline in users’ trust in social
media platforms to safeguard their personal data and privacy. Although few users actively plan for
their digital legacy, concerns about how platforms handle personal data remain prominent. Facebook,
for instance, was the most trusted platform, yet only 31% of respondents reported trusting it.
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec-2-3">
        <title>2.3. Current landscape in Sweden</title>
        <p>As previously noted, internet usage in Sweden is widespread across individuals and businesses, with
minimal disparities related to age, education, income, or business size. This places Sweden among the
most digitally inclusive countries in the OECD [19]. However, despite its leading role in digital adoption,
Swedish inheritance law does not distinguish between tangible and intangible property. According to
Lavendla [20], there is currently no specific legislation in Sweden governing the inheritance of digital
assets, such as social media accounts. In the absence of such regulation, the standard inheritance order
may conflict with the terms of service agreed to when the account was created. As a result, disputes
could arise between heirs and platform providers over who has the legal right to access or control the
digital property. Lavendla [20] also notes that this legal ambiguity has not yet been tested in Swedish
courts.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec-2-4">
        <title>2.4. Stakeholder perspective</title>
        <p>When discussing ”citizens” in this study, it is important to recognise that they do not represent a uniform
perspective. Diferent stakeholders engage with the problem of post-mortem data management in
diferent ways. For individuals, the concern may be about dignity, privacy, or continuity of memory. For
family members, the issue is often emotional closure and maintaining access to memories. For social
media providers, the focus lies on liability, compliance, and user trust. For policymakers, the emphasis
is on regulation and protecting rights. By highlighting these diferent viewpoints, we acknowledge that
what counts as a “problem” or an “appropriate solution” varies across groups. These varied perspectives
highlight digital legacy as a socio-technical challenge rather than simply a personal choice.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-3">
      <title>3. Method</title>
      <p>This study employed a quantitative approach, using a survey to collect data. Quantitative methods
rely on statistical analysis to produce generalisable and reliable findings, in contrast to qualitative
methods that explore more complex and nuanced understandings of human behaviour [21, 22, 23]. Klapp
[21] emphasises that statistics help demonstrate results that are not due to chance, while Säfsten and
Gustavsson [24] note their value in identifying patterns within collected data. This approach enables a
systematic mapping of general opinions and is particularly suited to examining user preferences on
how social media data should be handled after death. By grounding the analysis in empirical evidence,
the study contributes to a broader understanding of the research problem [25].</p>
      <p>To ensure credibility, key concepts were clearly defined to help respondents understand the questions,
reducing the risk of irrelevant responses. The survey was conducted in Swedish to target Swedish
citizens and to ensure clarity and accessibility. Measures were also taken to enhance validity by
designing the survey to minimise external influences and ensure a clear relationship between variables
[26]. Keeping the survey brief further reduced the risk of fatigue or disengagement among participants.</p>
      <p>
        The responses and statistics collected from the participants were analysed, as discussed in Section
3.2, to explore the perspectives of individuals in Sweden, aged 18 and older, regarding post-mortem
data management, with a specific focus on social media platforms. A similar approach was successfully
employed in the study by Reeves et al. [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref>
        ].
      </p>
      <sec id="sec-3-1">
        <title>3.1. Data Collection</title>
        <p>
          The survey included structured single- and multiple-choice questions, along with a few open-ended
questions to explore respondent reasoning. The survey platform used was Microsoft Forms, and the
questions asked were designed to address the three research questions, plus a set of questions to collect
demographic data. The complete survey is included in Appendix A. Participants were Swedish residents
aged 18 and older with active social media accounts. To ensure representativeness, the survey captured
a range of demographic variables: gender, age, education level, marital status, employment, social media
usage, and presence of children or dependents. These were selected based on Reeves et al. [
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref>
          ] to enable
comparisons between demographic factors and trust in digital platforms across Swedish and Australian
contexts. Collecting demographic data helps ensure the sample reflects the population of interest and
provides a reliable foundation for future trend analysis [27].
        </p>
        <p>Surveys were chosen for their suitability as self-completion tools, allowing respondents to answer
independently. According to Bryman [28], such surveys are generally easier to follow, less prone
to fatigue, and more concise than interviews. They also enable broader reach and larger sample
sizes, increasing data collection [29]. A Likert scale was used to measure trust levels and attitudes, as
recommended by Wohlin [26] and Magalhães et al. [30], for its efectiveness in capturing respondent
perspectives across varied contexts.</p>
        <p>A pilot test was conducted to refine the survey and ensure clarity. After revisions, the survey was
distributed via social media platforms like Facebook and LinkedIn to reach active users and encourage
wider sharing. When responses declined after a week, 50 additional responses were purchased via
Prolific, targeting underrepresented respondents aged 35–75+. All the data collection was performed
during the spring of 2025.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec-3-2">
        <title>3.2. Data Analysis</title>
        <p>The data was analysed following the process outlined by Albers [25], beginning with exploratory
analysis, followed by statistical testing and reflection on unexpected or noteworthy findings in an
iterative process. Exploratory analysis was the first step in the analytical process. The exploratory
phase involved assessing data quality, running basic statistical tests, and visualising distributions using
descriptive statistics and graphs to identify patterns or anomalies [25]. Each result was then interpreted
in light of the research questions.</p>
        <p>The open-ended responses were analysed thematically to identify patterns in participant reasoning.
According to Braun and Clarke [22], thematic analysis is efective for identifying and reporting recurring
themes in qualitative data. In this study, responses were systematically coded and grouped to uncover
underlying motivations and attitudes.</p>
        <p>To examine how demographic variables influence trust in family, friends, and social media providers, a
linear regression analysis was conducted [31]. In this model, demographic factors served as independent
variables, while trust-related measures were the dependent variables. This analysis provided insight
into the influence of demographic diferences on trust, helping address RQ3.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-4">
      <title>4. Results</title>
      <p>The study gathered 174 Swedish respondents and explored their preferences on how their social media
data should be handled post-mortem. The quantitative data collected through the survey were analysed,
and the results is be presented below, starting with the demographics of the respondents, followed by
the results of each RQ.</p>
      <sec id="sec-4-1">
        <title>4.1. Demographics</title>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec-4-2">
        <title>4.2. Results from research questions</title>
        <p>The survey was designed to ensure alignment with the research questions. To investigate RQ1,
respondents were asked about their preferences for post-mortem management of their social media accounts
and if they had created any form of digital will for their social media accounts. RQ2 was addressed
through questions that identified who participants would trust to be responsible for the management
of their social media data. The trust levels were then examined, and the distribution of trust levels
between diferent social groups was examined. RQ3 looked at demographic factors, analysing variables
such as age, gender, marital status, education level, children, employment, and social media usage to
determine whether they afected trust levels in diferent entities.</p>
        <sec id="sec-4-2-1">
          <title>4.2.1. How do Swedish citizens want their social media accounts to be managed after their passing?</title>
          <p>To investigate RQ1, the respondents were asked what they would prefer to happen to their social media
accounts after their passing. In Figure 1, the responses are displayed, and Convert it into a memorial
account was the most popular choice, followed by complete deletion of their account. Respondents
were asked what type of data they considered particularly important to protect and preserve as an
open-ended question. Among all responses, 86 participants specifically mentioned their pictures as
especially important. 12 other respondents mentioned that preserving the confidentiality of their
private messages was important, where one respondent reasoned that ”these things you don’t really
want others to read, both hackers, but also other people who would have access to my account after death ”.
Some respondents emphasised the importance of protecting their personal data, with 14 participants
expressing this as a concern. One respondent stated, ”possibly personal data referring to my relatives, or
otherwise traceable to people I know who are still alive”. The remaining 64 respondents indicated that
there was nothing in particular they wished to protect or manage after their death.</p>
          <p>As indicated in Figure 2, the majority would prefer that another person have access to their social
media accounts after their passing, but notably, there are many who are unsure. The respondents
were also asked to explain their reasoning in an open-ended question. 59 respondents raised privacy
concerns and trust issues as their primary reasons, expressing fears that someone might post on their</p>
        </sec>
        <sec id="sec-4-2-2">
          <title>Category</title>
          <p>Age
Gender
Marital Status
Education
Children
Employment
Social Media Usage
behalf or misuse their accounts. One respondent said that it ”feels uncomfortable if someone else would
post in my name” and another one mentioned ”so that it is not used for the wrong purpose”. The majority
of the 59 respondents also expressed the desire for their accounts to be permanently deleted after their
death in order to protect their privacy. Others reasoned that they want someone else to have access
to turn it into a memorial account, as mentioned by 49 of the respondents. In this group, one said
”so that someone can keep my memories” and another one saw it as a ”digital archive for children and
grandchildren”. The remaining 68 respondents indicated that they had no clear opinions or had not
previously considered how they wanted their social media accounts to be handled post-mortem.</p>
          <p>Figure 3 presents the results of a question asking respondents whether they had made any decisions
about how their social media accounts should be managed after death, either through a digital will or
by adjusting account settings. The vast majority of respondents were either unaware that such options
existed or had not taken any action. Only a small number had actively made decisions to ensure their
accounts were handled according to their wishes.</p>
          <p>When asked why they had not created a digital will or adjusted settings for the management of
their social media accounts after death, 72 respondents provided open-ended explanations. The most
common reason, mentioned in 52 out of 72 responses, was simply that they had not thought about it.</p>
          <p>I didn't know it was possible</p>
          <p>No</p>
          <p>Yes
Typical comments included ”I haven’t thought about it” and ”that thought has never crossed my mind”.
The second most cited reason, noted by 12 respondents, related to young age or the perception of death
as a distant event. One participant stated, ”I haven’t thought about what will happen after my death,
probably because of my young age”. Lastly, some respondents attributed their inaction to a fear of death,
which led them to avoid planning altogether. One explained, ”death scares me so I try to keep the subject
at a distance, thinking of wills included”.</p>
          <p>Yes</p>
          <p>No</p>
          <p>I don't know
160
140
120
tsn100
e
ond 80
p
seR 60
40
20
0</p>
          <p>Family member Friend</p>
          <p>Social media
providers</p>
          <p>Lawyer</p>
          <p>Other</p>
          <p>To understand what qualities respondents value in a person entrusted with managing their social
media accounts after death, they were asked to identify the most important factors in making this
choice. Both the personal relationship and the individual’s expertise were considered. As shown in
Figure 5, the most important factor was trust in the individual, followed by family connection and
technical competence. Respondents were allowed to select up to three factors they considered most
important.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec id="sec-4-2-3">
          <title>4.2.2. Who do Swedish citizens trust to manage their social media data after death?</title>
          <p>To answer RQ2, Swedish citizens were asked who they trust to manage their social media accounts
after their death. In Figure 4, respondents were asked: Who would you trust to follow your instructions
for your data after your death? As shown in the figure, 141 out of 174 respondents indicated that they
would trust a family member to carry out their wishes. The other options were selected only five to ten
times each.</p>
          <p>One respondent explained their choice by stating, ”It is the family that is most afected by death. Not
having access to the account can be very dificult when you are grieving.” Another respondent added, ”A
family member should take over my account after death to ensure that my online presence is handled with
care and respect, and reflects my true self.”</p>
          <p>Trust toward Family ties Technical Knowledge of Legal
indiviudal competence your wishes competence</p>
          <p>Other</p>
          <p>Respondents were asked to indicate their level of trust in diferent parties to manage their social
media accounts after death, using a Likert scale from 1 (lowest trust) to 5 (highest trust). As shown in
Figure 6, trust in family members was the highest, with 5 being the most frequently selected option,
followed by 4.</p>
          <p>When asked about their trust in a friend, the most common response was 4, closely followed by 5,
with 3 indicating a slightly more neutral position.</p>
          <p>Finally, participants rated their trust in social media providers to manage their data through built-in
tools or settings. In contrast to trust in personal contacts, the responses here reflected lower levels of
trust. Ratings of 2 and 3 were nearly equal and most common, indicating average to below-average
confidence in platforms themselves.</p>
          <p>Family
114
40</p>
        </sec>
        <sec id="sec-4-2-4">
          <title>4.2.3. How do demographic factors influence Swedish citizens’ trust in diferent entities to manage their social media data?</title>
          <p>The third research question was about how diferent demographic factors play a role in the trust of
Swedish citizens in diferent entities in relation to their social media accounts. Table 2 presents the
results of a regression coeficient table that predicts diferent forms of autonomy. Age plays a part in the
trust level for the diferent options, with it having a negative efect on ”Trust in friends”, and borders
on afecting trust in family in a positive manner. However, it can be seen that when it comes to the
children factor, trust in both friends and family is statistically significant. Trust in friends is positively
associated with greater autonomy in both child-related decisions and social media usage, while trust in
family is linked to reduced autonomy in matters concerning children.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-5">
      <title>5. Discussion</title>
      <p>This study surveyed 174 Swedish respondents to explore their preferences for managing their social
media accounts after death—specifically, what should happen to their accounts and who should manage
them.</p>
      <p>
        Most respondents preferred to have their accounts memorialised, followed by complete deletion.
This aligns with Morse and Birnhack [16], who found that many people appreciate the idea of keeping
public accounts accessible for grieving. Graham et al. [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>
        ] also noted the role of memorialised profiles in
the mourning process. However, unlike Morse and Birnhack, our study highlights a tension between
preserving a digital legacy and controlling the post-mortem narrative, especially when the wishes of
the deceased conflict with those of family members or platforms.
      </p>
      <p>
        Reeves et al. [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref>
        ] investigated the same question in their study, but from the point of view of the
Australian population. Although their questions and response alternatives difer from ours, it shows
that Australians are far more inclined to let another person get control of their account after their
passing, to a varying extent. Graham et al. [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>
        ] investigated the topic of other people having access to
a deceased person’s account, where the people interviewed feared that information that was private
would become public if someone managed another person’s account and could change others view of
the deceased, which matched some of our respondents’ reasoning [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>
        ].
      </p>
      <p>
        Although respondents expressed opinions about what should happen to their accounts, most had not
taken concrete steps or were unaware of the available options. This mirrors findings by Reeves et al.
[
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref>
        ], Mali and Prakash [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref>
        ], and Nakagawa [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>
        ], who found that most people lack digital wills or plans,
leaving companies to act without clear guidance.
      </p>
      <p>
        Respondents overwhelmingly trusted family members to manage their accounts post-mortem, citing
emotional closeness and shared understanding over technical competence. One respondent said, ”It is
the family that is most afected by a death, ” highlighting the emotional rationale. Nakagawa and Orita
[
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>
        ] also found that people most often entrusted spouses, children, and siblings. Still, as Harbinja [ 12]
notes, trust and emotional bonds don’t always align with family structures and can lead to conflicts.
      </p>
      <p>
        Trust was a central factor in choosing who should manage social media accounts. When asked to
rate their trust on a 1–5 scale, family received the highest scores (mostly 5), followed by friends (most
often 4), and social media platforms scored the lowest (mostly 2). This reflects Reeves et al. [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref>
        ], where
trusted individuals were also preferred, and aligns with reports of declining trust in platforms like
LinkedIn (17%), Instagram (8%), Facebook (5%), and X (4%) [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">18, 8</xref>
        ]. Bright, Lim, and Logan [32] attribute
this distrust to privacy concerns and digital fatigue.
      </p>
      <p>
        Demographics played a key role in shaping trust. As shown in Table 2, trust in companies was not
significantly afected by any demographic factor, consistent with Goyeneche et al. [ 33] and Reeves et al.
[
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref>
        ].
      </p>
      <p>In contrast, trust in friends was influenced by age, marital status, having children, and social media
usage. Younger participants were more likely to trust friends, perhaps due to stronger peer networks,
while older participants cited concerns about digital literacy. Married individuals and those with
children tended to trust friends more, possibly because of smaller but closer social circles [34]. Frequent
social media users also showed more trust in friends, potentially due to increased interaction and
familiarity.</p>
      <p>The findings show that trust in friends to manage social media accounts post-mortem is influenced
by several variables, including age, parental status, marital status, and social media usage. Age emerged
as a significant factor: younger individuals may rely more on friends, while older individuals may avoid
involving friends due to concerns about their digital literacy or limited trust in their peers [35]. Marital
status and having children are also positively associated with trust in friends, possibly because married
individuals and parents tend to have smaller, more intimate social networks, which may foster deeper
trust in close friendships [34].</p>
      <p>Social media usage was positively correlated with trust in friends. This suggests that people who
engage more frequently with social platforms may develop stronger online social ties, increasing comfort
with the idea of entrusting friends with their digital legacy.</p>
      <p>Trust in family members was also shaped by demographic factors, particularly marital status and
having children. Having children showed the most significant efect, which may be due to shifts in how
individuals define their closest family members. For example, parents might consider their spouse and
children as their primary family, while individuals without children might prioritise parents or siblings.
Parenthood may also introduce stress that afects interpersonal dynamics and reduces overall trust in
others [36, 37].</p>
      <p>A similar pattern applies to marital status, though its efect on trust is less pronounced. Still, a change
in marital status can alter how individuals conceptualise their family and whom they trust to manage
their digital accounts after death.</p>
      <p>To sum up, we found trust as a central theme, and it was clear that ‘trust’ is not a singular concept.
Respondents spoke of trusting family members not only because of emotional closeness but also because
they believed family would respect their wishes with integrity. In contrast, distrust toward social media
platforms was linked to concerns about privacy, data security, and fears of commercial exploitation.
These responses illustrate that trust spans several dimensions, such as security (protection from hacking
or misuse), integrity (that the deceased’s online identity will not be distorted), and privacy (that sensitive
content will not be exposed). A narrow view of trust risks overlooking these nuances. For example,
a family member may be trusted emotionally but not technically competent, while a platform may
be technically competent but distrusted in terms of motives. Recognising trust as multi-dimensional
highlights the complexity of designing solutions that address both emotional and technical needs.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-6">
      <title>6. Conclusions</title>
      <p>To conclude, we found that for RQ1, most Swedish citizens preferred converting their social media
accounts into memorial profiles, followed by complete deletion. A large majority also wished to preserve
photos. While most respondents were open to someone accessing their accounts after death, many
were uncertain or had not considered it. Overall, there is a preference for accounts to remain viewable
as spaces for mourning, though views on access vary. For the second RQ, respondents overwhelmingly
trusted family members to manage their accounts after death. When asked what factors influenced this
choice, “trust in an individual” ranked highest, followed by “family ties” and “technical competence.” In
rating trust on a 1–5 scale, family scored highest, followed by friends, with social media providers rated
lowest. These results show a strong preference for entrusting digital legacies to close family due to
emotional bonds and familiarity. For RQ3, demographic factors influenced trust diferently depending
on the entity. Trust in companies was unafected by demographics, reflecting general scepticism. Trust
in friends varied with age, marital status, parenthood, and social media use, suggesting that personal
relationships shape trust. Trust in family was influenced by marital status and whether the individual
had children. These patterns suggest that as family structures evolve, so do perceptions of who is
trusted to manage sensitive post-mortem data.</p>
      <p>Based on the findings, a set of recommendations on how to better address post-mortem data
management and improve user control over digital legacies for users, social media providers, and policymakers
can be formulated:</p>
      <p>Recommendations for users
• Create a digital will: Users should prepare a digital will, or include specific instructions in
existing wills, outlining how their social media accounts should be managed after death.
• Stay informed: Users should keep up to date with the available options on each platform and
regularly review their account settings as their preferences evolve.
• Discuss digital legacy with others: Having open conversations with family and friends can
prevent misunderstandings and ensure that digital wishes are respected. It is also helpful to speak
with elderly relatives who may be less familiar with digital platforms to help them articulate and
document their own wishes.</p>
      <p>Recommendations for social media providers
• Introduce clear and accessible legacy tools: Develop intuitive features that allow users to
specify their post-mortem preferences, such as account memorialisation, deletion, or transfer.
These options should be integrated during account creation or prompted periodically to keep
user choices up to date. While enforcing such settings may pose challenges, the successful
implementation of Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) across platforms shows that security and
customisation features can be achieved.
• Enhance transparency: Clearly communicate what happens to an account after a user’s death.</p>
      <p>Publicly available policies can reassure users that their digital wishes will be respected, helping
to build trust in platforms, which remains low.
• Ensure strong privacy safeguards: Introduce robust privacy controls to prevent unauthorised
access to deceased users’ data and reduce the risk of post-mortem data misuse.</p>
      <p>Recommendations for policymakers
• Promote public awareness: Government agencies should run campaigns to raise awareness of
digital legacy planning, helping individuals understand its importance and how to take action.
• Include post-mortem privacy in legislation: At present, regulations such as the GDPR and
Swedish national law do not explicitly cover post-mortem privacy. Legal frameworks should be
updated to protect user data after death and ensure that individuals’ digital wishes are legally
recognised and enforced.</p>
      <p>Finally, there are many aspects related to the topic to continue working on. One potential area is
the relational dynamics of digital legacy management, particularly when the deceased had stronger
online connections with non-family members. These cases highlight the complexity of digital identity
and the central role of emotional trust, beyond traditional family structures. Future research could
explore how online friendships and communities influence decisions around post-mortem account
management. Another topic is the role of digital literacy in users’ preparedness to plan for their digital
legacy. Understanding whether the barriers stem from a lack of awareness, technical complexity, or
emotional discomfort could help platforms design more accessible tools and guide policymakers in
crafting more supportive regulations.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-7">
      <title>Declaration on Generative AI</title>
      <p>During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT-4 and Grammarly in order to: Grammar,
spelling check, and improve clarity. They were not used to generate original content or provide factual
claims. After using these tools, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full
responsibility for the publication’s content.
[12] E. Harbinja, Post-mortem privacy 2.0: Theory, law, and technology, International Review of Law,</p>
      <p>Computers Technology 31 (2017) 26–42.
[13] C. Öhman, L. Floridi, The political economy of death in the age of information: A critical approach
to the digital afterlife industry, Minds and Machines 27 (2017) 639–662.
[14] S. Kaku, Navigating the digital landscape: Understanding and managing your digital footprint,</p>
      <p>Global Media Journal 22 (2024).
[15] N. Banta Lynner, Property interests in digital assets: The rise of digital feudalism, Cardozo Law</p>
      <p>Review 38 (2017) 1099–1157.
[16] T. Morse, M. Birnhack, The continuity principle of digital remains, New Media Society 26 (2022)
5240–5258.
[17] J. C. Buitelaar, Post-mortem privacy and informational self-determination, Ethics and Information</p>
      <p>Technology 19 (2017).
[18] eMarketer, Digital trust benchmark 2022, 2022. URL: https://www.emarketer.com/content/
user-trust-social-platforms-falling-according-our-new-study, accessed: 2025-04-17.
[19] OECD, OECD Reviews of Digital Transformation: Going Digital in Sweden,
OECD Publishing, 2018. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/
oecd-reviews-of-digital-transformation-going-digital-in-sweden_9789264302259-en.html.
[20] Lavendla AB, Pressmeddelande 200112: Vem ärver din digitala närvaro när du dör?, 2020. URL:
https://lavendla.se/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/pressmeddelande-2020-01-12.pdf, accessed:
202310-01.
[21] A. Klapp, Statistik – Storskaliga Undersökningar, Göteborg: Barn- och ungdomsvetenskaplig
forskning – teori och metod, 2012. Retrieved from 10.13140/2.1.4960.4806.
[22] V. Braun, V. Clarke, Using thematic analysis in psychology, Qualitative Research in Psychology 3
(2006) 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
[23] A. Blackstone, Principles of Sociological Inquiry: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods, Saylor
Academy Open Textbooks, 2012. URL: https://openlibrary-repo.ecampusontario.ca/jspui/handle/
123456789/296.
[24] K. G. Säfsten, Forskningsmetodik för Ingenjörer och Andra Problemlösare, Lund: Studentlitteratur,
2019.
[25] M. J. Albers, Quantitative data analysis-in the graduate curriculum, Journal of Technical Writing
and Communication 47 (2017) 215–233.
[26] C. Wohlin, P. Runeson, B. Regnell, M. Höst, M. C. Ohlsson, A. Wesslén, Experimentation in Software</p>
      <p>Engineering, 2 ed., Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, 2024.
[27] J. Chen, A. Gardner, Promoting inclusive environments through best practices in demographic
survey design, Global Surg Educ 1 (2022) 47. doi:10.1007/s44186- 022- 00045- w.
[28] T. Clark, A. Bryman, L. Foster, and L. Sloan, Bryman’s social research methods, 2021.
[29] C. Mellinger, T. Hanson, Methodological considerations for survey research: Validity, reliability,
and quantitative analysis, Linguistica Antverpiensia 19 (2020) 172–190. doi:10.52034/lanstts.
v19i0.549.
[30] R. Magalhães, F. S. Marcondes, D. Durães, P. Novais, Emotion extraction from likert-scale
questionnaires, in: P. Quaresma, D. Camacho, H. Yin, T. Gonçalves, V. Julian, A. J. Tallón-Ballesteros (Eds.),
Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning – IDEAL 2023, Springer Nature Switzerland,
Cham, 2023, pp. 166–176.
[31] C. Cote, What is regression analysis in business analytics?, 2021. URL: https://online.hbs.edu/blog/
post/what-is-regression-analysis.
[32] L. F. Bright, H. S. Lim, K. Logan, “should i post or ghost?”: Examining how privacy concerns
impact social media engagement in us consumers, Psychology &amp; Marketing 38 (2021) 1712–1722.
doi:10.1002/mar.21499.
[33] D. Goyeneche, S. Singaraju, L. Arango, Linked by age: A study on social media privacy concerns
among younger and older adults, Industrial Management + Data Systems 124 (2024) 640–665.
[34] B. J. Gillespie, J. Lever, D. Frederick, T. Royce, Close adult friendships, gender, and the life cycle,
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 32 (2014) 709–736. doi:10.1177/0265407514546977,
Appendix A - The Survey
6.1. Demograpic and introductory questions
• What is your gender? Check the option that best represents you</p>
      <p>– Man, Woman, Non-binary/Other
• What is your current marital status?
• What is your age?
– Partner, Single, Married, Divorced, Widowed
– 18–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64, 65–74, 75+
• What is your highest level of education?
• Do you have any children?</p>
      <p>– Yes, No
• What is your current employment status?
– University, High school, Elementary school or lower
– Free text (open-ended)
– 1–5
– Full-time employed, Student, Part-time employed, Self-employed, Unemployed, Retired
• How often do you use social media?</p>
      <p>– Every day, Every other day, Once a week, Once a month, I do not use social media
• Have you already appointed someone to manage your social media accounts after your death?
– Yes, No, I’ve thought about it, but haven’t decided
• Are there specific types of information or content on your accounts that you believe are especially
important to protect or manage in a specific way?
• How aware are you of the digital footprints you leave behind when using social media? Digital
footprints are traces of data you leave online, such as browsing history, posts, purchases, and
logins. (1 = Not at all aware, 3 = Neutral, 5 = Very aware)
6.2. Research Question 1
• Have you previously thought about what should happen to your social media accounts after your
death?</p>
      <p>– Yes, I have clear preferences, Yes, but I haven’t decided anything specific, No
• Do you think users should have the option to decide how their account and data should be
handled by social media platforms after death?
• Do you want someone else to have access to your social media accounts after your death?
• Motivate why you do or do not want someone else to access your social media accounts
• Is it important to you that someone else has control over your social media data after you’ve
passed away? (1 = Not at all important, 3 = Neutral, 5 = Very important)
• Is it important to you to protect your social media data after your death? (1 = Not at all important,
3 = Neutral, 5 = Very important)
• Is it important to you that your private posts remain private after your death? Private posts mean
that only selected people can see them. (1 = Not at all important, 3 = Neutral, 5 = Very important)
• Have you created a digital will or made any settings for how your account should be handled
after your death?</p>
      <p>– Yes, No, I didn’t know it was possible
• If no, why not?</p>
      <p>– Free text (open-ended)
• What would you prefer to happen to your social media accounts after your death?
– They are permanently deleted, They are converted to a memorial account, They are left as
they are, Some data is removed, I don’t know, Other (specify)
• Motivate why you want this to happen to your social media data
– Yes, No, I don’t know
– Yes, No, I don’t know
– Free text (open-ended)
– 1–5
– 1–5
– 1–5
– Free text (open-ended)
6.3. Research Question 2
– Yes, No, I don’t know
– Free text (open-ended)
• Would you like your loved ones to continue interacting with your account after your death (e.g.,
by commenting or sharing memories)?
• Please explain why you do or do not want your loved ones to continue interacting with your
account after your death
• Who would you trust to follow your instructions for your data after your death?
– Family member, Friend, Lawyer/legal professional, Social media platform (e.g., Facebook),</p>
      <p>Legal guardian/trustee
• If you do not make any settings yourself, who do you think should have the right to decide over
your accounts?
• Motivate why you chose this person
• Which of the following factors are most important to you when choosing who should manage
your social media after your death?
– Trust in the person, Legal competence, Technical competence, Family relationship, Ability
to follow your specific instructions
• Do you think social media companies should have clearer guidelines for managing accounts of
deceased users? (1 = Strongly disagree, 3 = Neutral, 5 = Strongly agree)
• How important is it to you that your social media accounts are managed according to your wishes
after your death? (1 = Not at all important, 3 = Neutral, 5 = Very important)
• How much trust do you have in the social media platforms’ built-in features to manage your
account? (1 = No trust, 3 = Neutral, 5 = Full trust)
• How much trust do you have in a friend managing your account? (1 = No trust, 3 = Neutral, 5 =</p>
      <p>Full trust)
• How much trust do you have in a family member managing your account? (1 = No trust, 3 =</p>
      <p>Neutral, 5 = Full trust)
• From your point of view, did we miss any perspective? This can be anything from a missing
question to a missing response option. Is there something we should have asked that you didn’t
get the chance to answer? (Optional)</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="ref1">
        <mixed-citation>
          [1]
          <string-name>
            <given-names>C.</given-names>
            <surname>Graham</surname>
          </string-name>
          ,
          <string-name>
            <given-names>M.</given-names>
            <surname>Arnold</surname>
          </string-name>
          ,
          <string-name>
            <given-names>T.</given-names>
            <surname>Kohn</surname>
          </string-name>
          ,
          <string-name>
            <given-names>M.</given-names>
            <surname>Gibbs</surname>
          </string-name>
          ,
          <article-title>Gravesites and websites: A comparison of memorialisation</article-title>
          ,
          <source>Visual Studies</source>
          <volume>30</volume>
          (
          <year>2015</year>
          )
          <fpage>37</fpage>
          -
          <lpage>53</lpage>
          .
        </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref2">
        <mixed-citation>
          [2]
          <string-name>
            <given-names>H.</given-names>
            <surname>Nakagawa</surname>
          </string-name>
          ,
          <string-name>
            <given-names>A.</given-names>
            <surname>Orita</surname>
          </string-name>
          ,
          <article-title>Using deceased people's personal data</article-title>
          ,
          <source>AI</source>
          Society
          <volume>39</volume>
          (
          <year>2022</year>
          )
          <fpage>1151</fpage>
          -
          <lpage>1169</lpage>
          .
        </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref3">
        <mixed-citation>
          [3]
          <string-name>
            <surname>Facebook</surname>
          </string-name>
          ,
          <article-title>What happens to your facebook account if you pass away</article-title>
          , n.d. Retrieved from https: //www.facebook.com/help/103897939701143/.
        </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref4">
        <mixed-citation>
          [4]
          <string-name>
            <surname>Instagram</surname>
          </string-name>
          ,
          <article-title>Report a deceased person's account on instagram</article-title>
          , n.d. Retrieved from https://help. instagram.com/264154560391256/?helpref=uf_share.
        </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref5">
        <mixed-citation>
          [5]
          <string-name>
            <given-names>D.</given-names>
            <surname>Mali</surname>
          </string-name>
          ,
          <string-name>
            <given-names>A. G.</given-names>
            <surname>Prakash</surname>
          </string-name>
          ,
          <article-title>Death in the era of perpetual digital afterlife: Digital assets, posthumous legacy, ownership and its legal implications</article-title>
          ,
          <source>National Law School Journal</source>
          <volume>15</volume>
          (
          <year>2019</year>
          )
          <fpage>123</fpage>
          -
          <lpage>141</lpage>
          .
        </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref6">
        <mixed-citation>
          [6]
          <string-name>
            <given-names>X</given-names>
            <surname>,</surname>
          </string-name>
          <article-title>How to contact x about a deceased family member's account</article-title>
          , n.d. Retrieved from X: https://help.x.com/en/rules-and
          <article-title>-policies/contact-x-about-a-deceased-family-members-account.</article-title>
        </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref7">
        <mixed-citation>
          [7]
          <string-name>
            <surname>Google</surname>
          </string-name>
          ,
          <article-title>Submit a request regarding a deceased user's account</article-title>
          , n.d. Retrieved from https://support. google.com/accounts/troubleshooter/6357590?hl=en.
        </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref8">
        <mixed-citation>
          [8]
          <string-name>
            <surname>Medieakademin</surname>
          </string-name>
          , Förtroendebarometern 2025 - rapport slutversion,
          <year>2025</year>
          . URL: https:// medieakademin.se/fortroendebarometern/, tillgänglig via Medieakademin.
        </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref9">
        <mixed-citation>
          [9]
          <string-name>
            <given-names>A.</given-names>
            <surname>Reeves</surname>
          </string-name>
          ,
          <string-name>
            <given-names>A.</given-names>
            <surname>Shaghaghi</surname>
          </string-name>
          ,
          <string-name>
            <given-names>S.</given-names>
            <surname>Krebs</surname>
          </string-name>
          ,
          <string-name>
            <given-names>D.</given-names>
            <surname>Ashenden</surname>
          </string-name>
          ,
          <article-title>Data after death: Australian user preferences and future solutions to protect posthumous user data</article-title>
          ,
          <source>in: Human Aspects of Information Security and Assurance</source>
          ,
          <year>2024</year>
          , pp.
          <fpage>213</fpage>
          -
          <lpage>227</lpage>
          .
        </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref10">
        <mixed-citation>
          [10]
          <string-name>
            <surname>European</surname>
            <given-names>Union</given-names>
          </string-name>
          , Direktiv - 2016/680,
          <year>2016</year>
          . Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2016/ 680/oj/eng.
        </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref11">
        <mixed-citation>
          [11]
          <article-title>Data Protection Comission, Does the gdpr apply to deceased persons?</article-title>
          , n.d. Retrieved from https: //www.dataprotection.ie/en/faqs/general/does
          <article-title>-gdpr-apply-deceased-persons.</article-title>
        </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
</article>